
Glass. 
Book 



a 



THE ROSE: ^ 



ITS 



HISTORY, POETRY, CULTURE 



AND 



CLASSIFICATION. 



BY S. B. PARSONS. 



NEW YOEK: 
WILEY & II A L S T E D , 

351 BROADWAY. 
1856. 



oO*^ 



Ta.s 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1847; by 

S. B. PARSONS, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New York, 



%3 



■^ 






PREFACE. 



The commencement and partial preparation of this work assisted 
to beguile the tedium of a winter's residence from home, where even 
Orange and Magnolia groves, with the luxuriant vegetation of a semi- 
tropical region, could scarcely dispel the ennui attending a life of 
idleness. Our especial object has been to throw around the culture 
of the Rose a halo of pleasant thoughts and associations ; and while to 
the mere cultivator there may seem much irrelevant matter of his- 
tory, poetry, and the like, we think that it will not thus seem to all. 
For the classical scholar, the early history of the Rose, and its con- 
nection with the manners and customs of the two great nations of a 
former age, will impart to it no slight interest ; while the various 
poetic effusions, which we have endeavored to string together in a 
multifarious garland, will clothe our favorite flower with additional 
charms in the eyes of many, and render it perhaps more attractive 
with the gentler sex, to whom pre-eminently belong the culture and 
the care of flowers. 

For many interesting facts in the History and Culture of the Rose, 
we are indebted to Deslongchamps, Vibert, Laffay, and several anony- 
mous writers. To the former we wish most fully to express our obli- 
gations, both for the plan of this work and for many interesting facts 
and researches, to which we cannot conveniently attach his name in 
the body of the work. 

Upon the classification we have bestowed much thought, and al- 
though we do not feel quite satisfied with the system we have adopted, 
it is the best that occurs to us in the present condition of rose culture. 
The amateur will, we think, find the labor of selection much dimin- 
ished by the increased simplicity of the mode we have adopted, while 
the commercial gardener will in nowise be injured by the change. 



iV PREFACE. 



In directions for culture, we give the results of our own experience, 
and have not hesitated to avail ourselves of any satisfactory results 
in the experience of others, which might enhance the utility of the 
work. 

The colored engravings were drawn from nature, by one of the best 
Parisian artists, and are deemed correct portraits. 

While we do not claim exemption from hyper criticism in any form, 
we readily express our willingness to be ever open to conviction, in a 
field where, among the varied results of experiment and skill, there 
is much room for difference of opinion. 

For our labor we shall feel abundantly compensated, if the publica- 
tion of this work shall in any way tend to produce a more general ad- 
miration and increased culture of the most beautiful denizen of the 
floral kingdom. S. B. P. 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER 1. PAQB 

Early History of the Rose, and Fables respecting its origin. - - 7 

CHAPTER II. 
Luxurious Use of the Rose, __-,-- 14 

CHAPTER III. 
The Rose in Ceremonies and Festivals, and in the A-dornment of Burial 
Places 21 

CHAPTER IV. 
The Rose in the Middle Ages, 29 

CHAPTER V. 
Perfumes of the Rose, -------------38 

CHAPTER VI. 
Medical Properties of the Rose, ----------51 

CHAPTER VII. 
General Remarks, --- ----56 

CHAPTER VIII. 
Poetry of the Rose, -----61 

CHAPTER IX. 
General Culture of the Rose, __-- 127 

CHAPTER X. 
Soil, Situation, and Planting, ___-. 14G 

CHAPTER XI. 
Pruning and Training, ----- 151 

CHAPTER XII. 

Potting and Forcing, ..-- 157 

1* 



VI CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER XIII. PAGE 

Propagation, ---- _____ 168 

CHAPTER XIV. 
Multiplication by Seed and Hybridizing, - - -181 

CHAPTER XV. 
Diseases of the Rose, ------------- 191 

CHAPTER XVI. 
Botanical Classification, -- 211 

CHAPTER XVII. 
Garden Classification, -..----- 237 



HISTOEY OF THE EOSE. 



CHAPTER I. 




THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE ROSE, AND FABLES RESPECTING 

ITS ORIGIN. 

^ERY little is known of the early history of the 
Rose, or who were its first cultivators ; and on 
this point all is conjecture. Mention of it is 
made in the ancient Coptic manuscripts, while 
nothing concerning it can be distinguished, with 
any degree of certainty, on the Egyptian 
monuments which are left us. Bocastre, the French traveler, 
observes, that he carefully searched all the monuments in 
Egypt, and could find neither sculpture nor painting, figure 
nor hieroglyphic, that would lead us to suppose that the Rose 
was cultivated by the ancient Egyptians. We are, however, 
induced to believe that this beautiful flower was known to 
them, from the fact that several varieties are now found in 
Egypt. Dr. Delile, Director of the Botanic Garden at Mont- 
pelier, and with whom we enjoyed some pleasant intercourse 
during a recent visit to that place, was with Napoleon in his 
expedition to Egypt. In his valuable published account of 
that expedition, he mentions that he found there two varieties 
of the Rose — Rosa alba and Rosa centifolia ; and there is also 
reason to believe, that under Domitian the Egyptians cultivated 



8 EARLY HISTORY OF THE ROSE. 



another variety — Rosa hifera. It is quite probable that the Rose 
was planted in the celebrated gardens of Babylon, the formation 
of which is attributed to Semiramis, about 1200 years before the 
Christian era ; and it also appears probable, from the testimony 
of modern travelers, that several kinds of roses crossed over 
into Persia. 

It is very certain that the Rose was cultivated by the Jews 
during the reign of Solomon, about two centuries after Semi- 
ramis ; for mention of this flower is made in the Scripture books 
attributed to that king. In the Song of Solomon, he says: 
" I am the Rose of Sharon and the Lily of the valleys ;" and in 
the Apocryphal Wisdom of Solomon — " Let us crown ourselves 
with rose-buds before they be withered." 

It also appears, by several passages of the Book of Ecclesi- 
asticus, the author of which lived about 700 years after Solo- 
mon, that the Jews possessed beautiful gardens of roses, particu- 
larly at Jericho. " I was exalted like a palm-tree in Engaddi, 
and as a rose-plant in Jericho :" xxiv. 14. " Hearken unto me, ye 
holy children, and bud forth as a rose growing by the brook of 
the field :" xxxix. 13. " And as the flower of roses in the 
spring of the year :" 1. 8. These passages prove that this 
most fertile and beautiful portion of Palestine abounded in 
roses, palms and cedars. They no longer, however, abound ; 
for while "the cedars wave on Lebanon," and the solitary 
palm stands in its isolated beauty, the Rose has entirely disap- 
peared ; and that now called the Rose of Jericho, is but a little 
plant of the family of Cruciferca. The Greeks cultivated the 
Rose at an early period, during the time of Homer, who lived 
about 200 years after the wise Hebrew monarch. In the 
Iliad and Odyssey he borrows the brilliant colors of the Rose to 
paint the rising of the sun. Aurora, according to this poet, has 
fingers of roses, and perfumes the air with roses. Few poets 
are more celebrated than Homer for beauty of conception, and 
for his frequent similes borrowed from natural objects. His 
selection, in this instance, evinces that the Rose was neither 
an unknown nor an unadmired flower. Herodotus, who lived 



EARLY HISTORY OF THE ROSE. 



about 400 years before the Christian era, mentions that in Mace- 
donia, in the gardens which were supposed to have belonged to 
Midas, there were roses of sixty petals, which grew spontaneously 
without culture, and emitted a most delightful perfume. 

Ancient writings are full of allusions to the Rose and fabulous 
accounts of its origin. From its brilliant colors, melting into 
each other as the shades of night melt into the glowing richness 
of the rising sun, it was frequently consecrated to Aurora. It 
was also consecrated to Harpocrates, the patron of Silence, of 
which it was considered the symbol. Thus the expression "5w6 
rosa'^ (under the Rose), signified that all that was said should 
remain secret ; and there is scarcely used a more expressive de- 
vice for a seal, than the simple figure of a Rose. It was the cus- 
tom, in some of the northern countries, to suspend a Rose over the 
table in the dining-room, reminding the guests that silence should 
be observed respecting all that might be said during the meal. 

Anacreon, Bion, Theocritus, Apollodorus, and others, relate 
various fables respecting its origin and its obtaining the bright 
color for which it is distinguished. 

One fable relates that Flora, having found the dead body of one 
of her favorite nymphs, whose beauty could only be equalled by her 
virtue, implored the assistance of all the Olympian deities, to aid 
her in changing it into a flower, which all others should ac- 
knowledge to be their queen. Apollo lent the vivifying power of 
his beams, Bacchus bathed it in nectar, Vertumnus gave its per- 
fume, Pomona its fruit, and Flora herself gave its diadem of 
flowers. A beetle is often represented on antique gems, as expir- 
ing, surrounded by roses ; and this is supposed to be an emblem 
of luxurious enervation ; the beetle being said to have such an 
antipathy to roses, that the smell of them will cause its death. 

From the earliest period, the Greeks gave to the Rose the pref- 
erence over all other plants, and distinguished it as the " Q,ueen 
of Flowers." In the fragments which still exist of Sappho, who 
lived about 600 years before the Christian era, there are lines in 
which the Rose is placed in the highest rank. 

It is, however, in the ode which Anacreon has especially 



10 EARLY HISTORY OF THE ROSE. 

devoted to the praise of the Rose, that there seems a truly enthu- 
siastic love for that beautiful flower. Nothing which has been 
written on this subject, can equal the beauty of this little gem, 
even clothed, as it is, in the somewhat inflated style of the au- 
thor. It will be found on another page. 

Since Sappho and Anacreon, many poets, both ancient and 
modern, have celebrated, in their songs, the charming qualities 
of the Rose. They have chosen it for an emblem of the most 
beautiful things — for the most pleasing and delightful com- 
parisons ; and they have united in making it the symbol of inno- 
cence, of modesty, of grace, and of beauty. Quite a volume 
might be collected of all the verses and pleasant sentences that 
have been inspired by the elegant form of the Rose — its charm- 
ing color and delightful fragrance. Some of these we have in- 
serted in another part of the work. Nothing proves better the 
preference which has always existed for this beautiful flower, 
than the thoughts expressed by Sappho. Anacreon and the 
other poets of antiquity have since imitated her in almost every 
language, and the lines of these have sacrificed nothing of her 
elegance and freshness. 

The poets and writers of the East have abundantly celebrated, 
in their works, the beauties of the Rose. According to the Boun- 
Dehesch, of Zoroaster, the stem of that flower was free from 
thorns until the entrance of Ahrimanus (the evil one) into the 
world ; the universal spirit of evil, accoiding to their doctrine, 
affecting not only man but also the inferior animals, and even 
the very trees and plants. The same work states, that every 
flower is appropriated to a particular angel, and that the hun- 
dred-leaved Rose (Rosa centifolia) is consecrated to an archangel 
of the highest order. Basil, one of the early fathers, had un- 
doubtedly seen these passages in oriental works, when he related 
that at the creation of the world the Rose had no thorns, and 
that they were gradually furnished with them as mankind be- 
came more corrupt. 

The oriental writers also represent the nightingale as sighing 
for the love of the Rose ; and many beautiful stanzas have arisen 



EARLY HISTORY OF THE ROSE. 11 

from this fable. According to the Language of Floivers ; " In a 
curious fragment by the celebrated Persian poet Attar, entitled 
Bulhul Nameh^ the Book of the Nightingale, all the birds appear 
before Solomon, and charge the nightingale with disturbing their 
rest, by the broken and plaintive strains which he warbles forth 
all the night, in a sort of frenzy and intoxication. The nightin- 
gale is summoned, questioned, and acquitted by the wise king ; 
because the bird assures him, that his vehement love for the Rose 
drives him to distraction, and causes him to break forth into 
those passionate and touching complaints which are laid to his 
charge." The same work also mentions that the Persians assert, 
that " the nightingale, in spring, flutters around the rose-bushes, 
uttering incessant complaints, till, overpowered by the strong 
scent, he drops stupified on the ground. The invention of these 
fables, extravagant as they are, evince the Persian fondness for 
this beautiful flower. The Ghebers, or Persian fire-worshipers, 
believe that Abraham was thrown into the fire by Nimrod, when 
the flame turned into a bed of roses. According to the Hindoo 
mythology. Pagoda Siri, one of the wives of Vishnu, was found 
in a rose. 

Among the many stories of roses in the East, is that of the 
philosopher Zeb, related by Madame de Latour. " There was at 
Amadan, in Persia, an academy with the following rules : Its 
members must think much, write a little, and be as silent as pos- 
sible. The learned Zeb, celebrated through all the East, learning 
that there was a vacancy in the academy, endeavored to obtain 
it, but arrived, unfortunately, too late. The academy was 
annoyed because it had given to power what belonged to merit, 
and the president, not knowing how to express a refusal without 
mortifying the assembly, caused a cup to be brought, which he 
filled so full of water, that a single drop more would have made 
it run over. The wise philosopher understood, by that emblem, 
that no place remained for him, and was retiring sadly, when he 
perceived a rose petal at his feet. At that sight, betook courage, 
seized the petal, and placed it so delicately on the water, that not 
a single drop escaped. At this ingenious allusion to the rules of 



12 EARLY HISTORY OF THE ROSE. 

the academy, the whole assembly clapped their hands, and the 
philosopher was admitted as a member." Madame de Genlis 
relates very nearly the same anecdote, but attributes it to Abdul- 
kadri, a person celebrated among the Turks, who was desirous of 
residing at Babylon, where they were unwilling to receive him. 

The Turks themselves, matter of fact as they are, have also 
seen something marvelous in the beautiful and vivid tints which 
the hand of nature has painted on the corolla of the Rose ; but 
their imagination, less glowing than that of the Greeks, furnished 
them an idea more singular than pleasing. They suppose that 
the Rose owed its origin to the perspiration which fell from 
Mahomet; for which reason they never tread upon a rose-leaf, 
or suffer one to lie on the ground. 

Meshilu, the Turkish poet, speaks of " a pavilion of roses, as 
the seat of pleasure raised in the garden ;" of " roses like the 
bright cheeks of beautiful maidens;" of the time when "the 
plants were sick, and the rose-bud hung its thoughtful head on 
its bosom ;" and of the "dew, as it falls, being changed into rose- 
water." They also sculpture a rose on the tomb-stone of a female 
who dies unmarried. 

The early Roman Catholics have made the Rose the subject of 
various miraculous events — one of which is attributed to the 
canonized Elizabeth, Queen of Hungary. As the French author, 
Montalembert, relates it in his history of that queen, Elizabeth 
loved to carry to the poor herself, by stealth, not only money, but 
even food and other things which she had provided for them. 
She went thus loaded and on foot, by the steep and hidden paths 
which led from the chateau to the town, and to the cottages in 
the neighboring valleys. One day, when, accompanied by her 
favority maid, she was descending by a rough and scarcely visi- 
ble path, carrying under her cloak some bread, meat, eggs, and 
other food, for distribution among the poor, she was suddenly met 
by her husband, w4io was returning from the chase. Astonished 
to see her thus bending under the weight of her burden, lie said 
to her, " Let me see what you are carrying." At the same time 
he threw open the cloak, which she held, with terror, to her 



EARLY HISTORY OP THE ROSE. 13 

breastj but found, as ihe legend says, nothing there but some 
white and red roses, the most beautiful he had ever seen. 

D'Orbessan, in his work on the Rose, states that, in the church 
of Sainte-IiUzanne, at Rome, is a mosaic of the time of Charle- 
magne, in which that prince is represented in a square mantle, 
and on his knees, while St. Peter is placing in his hands a stan- 
dard covered with roses. 

Midland, in his Biographie Universelle^ speaks of Clemence 
Isaure, a French lady, who lived in the latter part of the 15th 
century. She bequeathed to the academy of Toulouse a large 
income, exclusively for the celebration of floral games, and for 
the distribution of five prizes for as many pieces of poetry. The 
prizes consisted of an amaranth and rose of gold, and of a violet, 
marigold, and lily, of silver. The will also required that every 
three years, on the day of the commencement of the floral games, 
among other ceremonies to be observed, the members of the 
academy should visit and spread flowers upon her tomb. Ron- 
sard, the French poet, having gained the first prize in the floral 
games, received, in place of the accustomed rose, a silver image 
of Minerva. Mary, Queen of Scots, was so much delighted with 
Ronsard's beautiful poetry on the Rose, that she sent him a mag- 
nificent rose of silver, valued at £500, with this inscription : — 
" A Ronsard. VAjwllon de la source des Muses.'''' 



CHAPTER II. 



LUXURIOUS USE OF THE ROSE. 




HE ancients possessed, at a very early period, 
\\ the luxury of roses, and the Romans brought 
it to perfection by covering with beds of these 
flowers the couches whereon their guests 
were placed, and even the tables which were 
used for banquets ;* while some emperors 
went so far as to scatter them in the halls 
of their palace. At Rome, they were, at one time, brought from 
Egypt, in that part of the year when Italy could not produce 
them ; but afterwards, in order to render these luxuries more 
easily attainable during the winter, by the leaders of the ton in 
that capital city of the world's empire, their gardeners found the 
means of producing, in green-houses warmed by means of pipes 
filled with hot water, an artificial temperature, which kept roses 
and lilies in bloom until the last of the year. Seneca declaimed, 
with' a show of ridicule, against these improvements ;* but^ 
without being discouraged by the reasoning of the philosopher, 
the Romans carried their green-houses to such perfection, that^ 
at length, during the reign of Doinitian, when the Egyptians 



1 " Tempora subtilius pinguntur tecta coronie, 

Et latent injecta splendida mensa Rosa." (Ovid, lib. v.) 

2 '< Non yivunt contra naturam, qui hieme concupiscunt Rosam 7 Fomentoque 
aquaruu^ calentiiim, et calorum apta imitatione, bruma lilium florera vernum, 
exprimunt." (Seneca, epistle 122-8.) 



LUXURIOUS USE OF THE ROSE. 15 



thought to pay him a splendid compliment in honor of his birth- 
day, by sending him roses in the midst of winter, their present 
excited nothing but ridicule and disdain, so abundant had winter 
roses become at Rome, by the eiForts of art. Few of the Latin 
poets have been more celebrated for their epigrammatic wit than 
Martial ; and his epigram " to Csesar, on the Winter Roses," 
serves to show that the culture of roses at Rome was carried to 
such perfection, as to make the attempts of foreign competitors 
subjects only for ridicule.^ 

"The ambitious inhabitants of the land watered by the Nile 
have sent thee, O Csesar, the roses of winter, as a present valu- 
able for its novelty. But the boatman of Memphis will laugh 
at the gardens of Pharaoh as soon as he has taken one step in 
tliy capital city — for the spring, in its charms, and the flowers in 
their fragrance and beauty, equal the glory of the fields of Pees- 
tum. Wherever he wanders or casts his eyes, every street is bril- 
liant with garlands of roses. And thou, O Nile ! must now, 
yield to the fogs of Rome. Send us thy harvests, and we will 
send thee roses." 

By this passage it is evident that the cultivation of roses, 
among the ancients, was much farther advanced than is gene- 
rally supposed. In another epigram Martial speaks again of 
roses, wdiich were formerly seen only in the spring, but which 
in his time had become common during the winter. We are 

3 Ad CiESAREM DE ROSIS HiBERNIS. 

" Ut nova dona tibi, Caesa, Nilotiea tellus 
Miserat hibernas ambitiosa Rosas: 
Navita derisit Pharios Memphiticus hortos, 
Urbis ut intravit limina prima tuae. 
Tantus veris honos, et odore gratia florae, 
Tantaque Paestani gloria ruris erat. 
Sic quacumque vagus, gressum oculosque ferebat, 
Textilibus sertis omne rubebant iter. 
At tu Romanoe jussus jam cedere bruman, 
Mitte tuas messes, accipe, Nile, Rosas." 

Martial, lib. vi.. epig. 80. 



1(5 LUXURIOUS USE OP THE ROSE. 



also but copyists of the Romans, in the cultivation of flowers in 
windows ; for vases of every style of beauty, and filled with 
roses, were a frequent ornament of their windows. Martial says 
that a miserly patron had made him a present of a very small 
estate, and adds that he has a much better country place in his 
window. Much that illustrates the use which the ancients made of 
roses in their ceremonies, in their festivals, and in their domestic 
life, may be found in various authors, evincing still more how 
very common the use of them had become. Florus relates that 
Antiochus, king" of Syria, being encamped in the island of Eu- 
boea, under woven tents of silk and gold, was not only accompa- 
nied by a band of musicians, but that he might yet more enhance 
his pleasures, he wished to procure roses ; and although it was 
in the midst of winter, he caused them to be collected from 
every quarter. 

The gallants of Rome were in the habit of presenting their 
favorite damsels with the first roses that appeared in spring ; 
and " Mea rosa " was an affectionate expression they often used 
to their betrothed. 

We frequently find in old Latin authors, an entire abandon- 
ment to pleasure and excessive luxury signified by such expres- 
sions as, living in the midst of I'oses, sleeping on roses, &c. 
(Yivere in rosa, dormire in rosa.) 

Seneca speaks of Smyndiride, the most wealthy and voluptu- 
ous of the Sybarites, who could not sleep if a single one of the 
rose-petals with which his bed was spread, happened to be curled. 

Cicero, in his ^Ulejinibus" alludes to the custom which pre- 
vailed at Rome at that time, of reclining at the table on couches 
covered with roses ; and comparing the happiness w^hich virtue 
gives, to the pleasures of luxury, says that "Regulus, in his chains, 
was more happy than Thorius drinking on a couch of roses and 
living in such a manner that one could scarcely imagine any 
rare and exquisite pleasure of which he did not partake." 

The same author, in his celebrated speech against Yerres, the 
greatest extortioner whose name is recorded in history, reproached 
him not only with the outrageous robberies and cruelties which 



LUXURIOUS USE OF THE ROSE. 



It 



he committed during the three years that he was governor of 
Sicily, but yet more with his effeminacy and hcentiousness. 
" When spring commenced," said the Roman orator, " that season 
was not announced to him by the return of Zephyr, nor by the 
appearance of any heavenly sign ; it was not until he had seen 
the roses bloom, that spring was visible to his voluptuous eye. 
In the voyages which he made across the province, he was ac- 
customed, after the example of the kings of Bithynia, to be car- 
ried in a litter borne by eight men, in which he reposed, softly 
extended upon cushions made of transparent material and filled 
with roses of Malta, having in his hand a net of the finest linen, 
and equally full of these flowers, whose fragrance incessantly 
gratified his eager nostrils." 

Latinus Pacatus, in his eulogium on the Emperor Theodosius, 
inveighs against the luxury of the Romans, whose sensual de- 
sires, he says, were not satisfied until they had reversed the 
order of the seasons, and produced roses in the winter season to 
crown their cup of wine, and until their Falernian during the 
summer, was cooled in large vessels filled with' ice. The forcing 
of roses in winter, is no longer extensively practiced in Rome ; 
but during the summer they are more abundant, and we recollect 
being much struck with admiration of some beautiful hedges of 
the Daily rose in the villas near Rome. 

After reading the preceding statements of the abundance of 
roses among the ancient Romans, it is with some surprise that 
we recollect the great scarcity of that flower during the gayest 
and most animated festival of the modern Romans — the Carni- 
val. As we slowly walked along the Corso, submitting with as 
quiet a grace as possible to the various fantastic tricks of the 
masqued figures around us, and occasionally pelted with hands- 
ful of sugar-plums from the windows, or passing carriages, we 
looked in vain for roses or camellias in the numerous bouquets 
that were cleaving the air around us. Little bouquets of violets 
were numerous, and the air was thick with them, as our eyes, 
nose, and mouth could bear striking witness ; and we recollect, 
too, the contemptuous curl of the lip, and rush of the atls- 

2* 



18 LUXURIOUS USE OF THE ROSE. 

locratic blood into the face of a fair English girl, in one of 
tlic carriages, whose blue eyes had been nearly closed by an 
awkward cast of one of these petits bouquets from the hand of a 
plcbian performer. But we only recollect catching a glimpse 
now and then, of a sing-le rose or camellia, skilfully passed by a 
cavalier below, into the hands of some dark-eyed beauty in the 
balconies above ; the briglit sparkle of whose eye convinced us 
that the single flower was of value, and a mark of especial regard. 
The Rose appeared to be valued as some rare exotic, and not 
to be idly bestowed where there was small probability of its due 
appreciation ; it was indeed a " rara flora in urbe,''- and quite 
superseded by the very pretty and abundant violets. 

The modern Romans have not only lost many of the good 
qualities of their early ancestors, but they have also escaped 
much of the effeminate softness which characterized the Romans 
uiuler some of the later emperors; and as belonging to this state 
of luxury, the cultivation of the Rose has in modern times been 
much nes^lected. The homas^e of the Romans is now reserved 
for art, and the beautiful products of nature are in their opinion, 
worthy only of secondary consideration. The Rose is now 
mostly confined in that city to the residences of the wealthier 
classes, and can scarcely be said to have resumed its old place in 
Roman esteem, until it is again a favorite with the mass of the 
people. 

When Cleopatra went into Cilicia to meet Marc Antony, she 
gave him for several successive days festivals, in which she dis- 
played a truly royal magnificence. She caused to be placed in 
the banqueting hall twelve couches, each of which would hold 
three guests. The walls were covered with purple tapestry, in- 
terv.^oven with gold ; all the vases were of gold, admirably ex- 
ecuted and enriched with precious stones. 

On the fourth day, the queen carried her sumptuousness so 
far as to pay a talent (about six hundred dollars) for a quantity 
of roses, with which she caused the floor of the hall to be covered 
to the depth of eighteen inches. These flowers were retained by 
a very fine net, in order that the guests might walk over them. 



LUXURIOUS USE OP THE ROSE. 19 



In connection with this fact, it is curious to notice the following 
anecdote related by Pliny. 

"At the time that Marc Antony was preparing for tlie battle 
of Actium, he felt suspicious of Cleopatra, and made her taste of 
all the dishes which were served up to him, she all the while 
ridiculing his fears. 

" One day, while giving him a banquet, she placed on his 
head a crown, bordered with poisoned flowers ; and when 
Antony was heated with wine, she proposed that each should 
drink his crown. He at once consented, and hastening to 
tear off his crown, placed it in his cup and was about to drink it, 
when the queen stopped him, saying : ' Why do you suspect 
me of deadly intentions towards your person ? if it were pos- 
sible to live without you, see how easy I could send you from 
the world.' At the saine time having ordered a criminal from 
prison, she gave him the cup to drink, and he expired in a 
moment." 

At a later period, and after the loss of the battle of Actium, 
Antony, not wishing to survive his defeat, from fear* of faUing 
into the hands of Augustus, thrust himself through with his 
sword, and requested Cleopatra to scatter perfumes over his tomb 
and to cover it with roses. 

The greatest profusion of roses mentioned in ancient history, 
and which is scarcely credible, is that which Suetonius attributes 
to Nero. This author says, that at a fete which the emperor 
gave in the gulf of Baia3, when inns were established on the 
banks, and ladies of distinction played the part of hostesses, the 
expense incurred for roses alone, was more than four millions 
of sesterces — about $100,000. Since Nero, many of his succes- 
sors have nearly equalled him in prodigal enjoyment of the 
luxury of roses. Lucius Aurelius Verus, whose licentiousness 
and destitution of every manly quality equalled that of the worst 
emperors, but whom no one reproaches with any act of cruelty, 
was the inventor of a new species of luxury. He had a couch 
made, on which were four raised cushions, closed on all sides by 
a very thin net, and filled with leaves of roses. Heliogabalus, 



20 LUXURIOUS USE OF THE ROSE. 

celebrated for luxury and vice of every kind, caused roses to be 
crushed with tiie kernels of the pine (Pinus maritima), in order 
to increase the perfume. The same emperor caused roses to hi 
scattered over the couches, the halls, and even the porticoes of th< 
palace, and he renewed this profusion with flowers of every kind, 
lilies, violets, hyacinths, narcissus, &.c. Gallien, another equall) 
cruel and luxurious prince, lay, according to some authors, undei 
arbors of roses ; and, according to others, on beds covered with 
these flowers. And finally, Carrius, another licentious and pro- 
digal emperor, who reigned only a few months, caused roses to 
be scattered over the chambers of his palace, and on the couches 
upon which w^ere placed his guests. 



CHAPTER III. 




THE ROSE, IN CEREMONIES AND FESTIVALS, AND IN THE ADORN- 
MENT OF BURIAL PLACES. 

MONG the ancients, the Rose was con- 
spicuous in all the sacred ceremonies, 
and in public and private fetes. The 
Greeks and the Romans surrounded the 
statues of Venus, of Hebe, and of Flora, 
with garlands of roses. They were lavish 
of these flowers at the festivals of flora ; 
in those of Juno, at Argos, the statue of the Olympian Queen 
was crowned wtth lilies and roses. In the festivals of Hymen, 
at Athens, the youth of both sexes, crowned with roses and 
adorned with flowers, mingled in dances which were intended to 
represent the innocence of primeval times. At Rome, in the public 
rejoicings, they sometimes stiewed the streets with roses and other 
flowers. It is thus that Lucretius gives a description of the man 
ner in which was celebrated the festivals of Cybele.^ 

To scatter flowers on the passage of the funeral procession 
of a private citizen, was an honor not common at Rome. Pliny 
informs us, however, that a Scipio, belonging to the illus- 
trious family of that name, who while he was tribune, fulfilled 

' " Ergo cum primum, magnas invecta per urbes 
Munificat tacita mor tales muta salute ; 
JEre atque argento, sternunt iter omne viarum. 
Largifica stipe dilant**:,, ninguntque Rosarum 
Floribus, umbra':tes matrem comitumque catervas." 

Lucretius, lib. ii., ver. 625. 



22 THE ROSE IN CEREMONIES, FESTIVALS, ETC. 

his duties to the satisfaction of the people, dying without leaving 
sufficient to pay his funeral expenses, the people voluntarily con- 
tributed to pay them, and on the appearance of the body, cast 
flowers upon its passage. • 

At Baise, when fetes were given upon the water, the whole 
surface of the lake of Lucina, appeared covered with roses. 

The custom of encircling the head, of surrounding the neck, 
and also the breast with crowns and garlands of roses, on dilfer- 
ent occasions, and particularly during the last days of a gay 
festival, when, after the solid dishes, they passed to the dessert 
and the rare wines, is well known by the odes of Anacreon, and 
from the w ritings of several of the ancient poets. 

The voluptuous Horace, when he abandoned himself to plea- 
sures, was always supplied with roses. In congratulating one of 
his friends on his safe return from Spain, he recommended that 
these flowers should not be w^anting at the festival. On another 
occasion, he told his favorite servant that he cordially disliked 
the pompous displays of the Persians, and escaped them by 
searching in what place the late Rose w^as found. Drawing 
a picture of luxurious ease for his friend Hirpinus, he speaks 
of " lying under the shade of a lofty Plane or Pine tree, per- 
fuming our spotless hair w^ith Assyrian spikenard, and crown- 
ing ourselves with roses." We can very Avell judge how general 
had become the custom of making crowns of roses, from the 
number of times which it is mentioned in Pliny, and the fre- 
quency with which Martial speaks of it in his epigrams. The 
latter author also informs us, that in the very height of Roman 
luxury and reveling, the most favorable time for soliciting and 
obtaining a favor was w-hen the patron was entirely given up 
to the pleasures of the table and of roses. =^ 

Whatever doubt may exist of the use of crow^ns of roses, as 
objects of luxury, it is well authenticated, that among medical 

2 " Hkc hora est tua, diun furit LyiEus 
Cum regnat Rosa, cum madent capilli, 
Tunc me vel rigidi legant Catones." 

Lib. X., epig. 19. 



THE ROSE IN CEREMONIES, FESTIVALS, ETC. 23 

men of antiquity, endeavors were made to determine what kinds 
of flowers were suitable to place in crowns without detriment to 
health ; and according to the leport made on this subject, the 
parsley, the ivy, the myrtle, and the Rose possessed peculiar 
virtues for dissipating the fumes of the wine. According to 
Athenseus, a crown of roses possessed not only the property of 
alleviating pain in the head, but had a very refreshing effect. 

Pliny mentions two Greek physicians — Mnesitheus and Cal- 
limachus, who wrote on this subject. 

The custom of crowning with roses had passed from the Greeks 
to the Romans, and it also existed among the Hebrews, who had 
probably borrowed it from some of the neighboring nations, either 
from the Egyptians, in the midst of whom they had spent many 
years, or from the Babylonians, with whom they had in the cap- 
tivity much connection. The practice of this custom among the 
Israelites, is attested by the previously quoted passage, in the apoc- 
ryphal "Wisdom of Solomon." 

At Rome it was not only at the religious festivals that they 
crowned themselves with roses and other flowers, but it was the 
custom to wear these crowns during public and private fetes ; 
they were strictly forbidden at some other times, and above all 
on certain public occasions, where to appear with such an orna- 
ment, would pass for an insult to a public calamity. Pliny 
informs us, that during the second Punic war, which lasted six- 
teen years, a banker named Lucius Fulvius, for looking from his 
gallery on the Forum, and wearing a crown of roses on his head, 
was, by order of the Senate, sent to prison, from which he was 
not liberated until the end of the war. 

This anecdote, moreover, proves that crowns of roses were in 
fashion at Rome at an early period, and before licentiousness and 
luxury had yet made many inroads upon the national char- 
acter. 

It may readily be supposed, that at Rome, under the emperors, 
the use of crowns of flowers was hke every other species of luxury 
at that time, constantly on the increase. At first they wore the 
crowns interwoven with leaves of flowers, then they wore tlicm 



24 THE ROSE IN CEREMONIES, FESTIVALS, ETC. 

composed partly of loses, and finally they were not satisfied unless 
they consisted of these flowers only. 

Martial, as we have already mentioned, speaks often of his 
crowns of roses. The crown sent by this poet to his friend 
Sabinus, was composed entirely of these flowers, and he was 
desirous that they should be considered the production of his own 
gardens. 

From the poverty of Turkish history, little is known of the 
early use of the Rose among them. We have, however, some 
account of its use among the Mohammedan Persians. 

Although wine was forbidden by the laws of Mahomet, the 
Persians frequently made use of it ; and in the time of Tavernier 
and of Chardin, they frequently drank it to excess. One of their 
kings, Soliman III., was intoxicated almost every day ; and it 
was the custom then in Persia, to serve the wine in crystal decan- 
ters, which, when the season permitted, they corked with roses. 

The most interesting purpose to which roses were devoted, 
was the adornment of tombs and burial-places. The Greeks 
employed generally for this object, the myrtle and the amaranth ; 
but the Romans gave the preference to the lily, the salfron-plant, 
and above all, the Rose. 

The ancients Avere careful to renew the plants which were 
placed around the sepulchral urn, in order that it might be sur- 
rounded by a continual spring. These flowers were regarded as 
sacred, and as a relic of the deceased. 

The Romans considered this pious care so agreeable to the 
spirits of the departed, that wealthy citizens bequeathed by will 

NaT 

entire gardens, to be reserved for furnishing their tombs with 
flow^ers. They also often ordered that their heirs, or those to 
whom they left a legacy for the care of their ashes, should meet 
together every year, on the anniversary of their death, and dine 
near their tomb, scattering roses about the place. This custom 
is attested by several stories of ancient Roman tombs. One with 
an ancient inscription was found at Ravenna, and others in some 
other parts of Italy. 

D'Orbessaiij in his ^^Essai sti?' les Roses^^ mentions having 



THE ROSE IN CEREMONIES, FESTIVALS, ETC. 26 

seen, at Torcello, a city about five miles from Venice, an inscrip- 
tion of this kind, mentioning a donation made by an emanci- 
pated slave to the assembly of the Centum^ consisting of gardens 
and a building to be employed in celebrating his obsequies and 
those of his master. It requested that roses should not be spared, 
and that food should be then distributed in abundance. Gene- 
rally, the donation made on condition of covering the funeral 
monument with roses, was transferred to another, if that con- 
dition was not fulfilled. Sometimes the most terrible maledic- 
tions threatened those who dared to violate these sacred gardens. 
That wliich proves how frequent among the Romans was this 
custom of ornamenting tombs with roses, is, that those who were 
not rich enough to make such bequests, often directed to be 
engraved upon the stone which covered their remains a request 
to the passers by to scatter roses upon their tomb. Some of these 
stones still exist, with the following inscription: ^^ iSparge, pre- 
cor, Rosas supra mea husta, viator P It was, perhaps, because 
they compared the short duration of human life to the quick 
fading existence of the Rose, that this flower was devoted to the 
burial place of the dead ; and there can certainly be chosen no 
more beautiful emblem of this transitory state of existence. This 
supposition is somewhat strengthened by the following passage 
from Jerome, one of the early Christian fathers : 

" The ancients scattered roses over the urns of the deceased, and in their wills 
ordered that these flowers should adorn their graves, and should be renewed everv 
year. It was also the custom for husbands to cast roses, violets and lilies on the 
urns which enclosed the ashes of their wives. These modest flowers were emblr 
matic signs of their grief Our Christians were content to place a Rose amon ■ 
the ornaments of their graves, as the image of life." 

In Turkey, females that died unmarried had a rose sculptured 
at the top of their monument. 

At the well-known cemetery of Pere la Chaise, which has 
often excited the ecstasy, admiration or praise of many travelers, 
but which in reality exhibits neither elegance, sentiment nor taste, 
wreaths of roses and other flowers are frequently seen upon the 
thickly crowded tombs, either as mementos of aflection, or in 

3 



20 THE ROSE IN CEREMONIES, FESTIVALS, ETC. 

compliance with a popular custom ; while the street leading to 
the cemetery is filled with shops in w hich are exposed for sale the 
wreaths of liowers. 

The prevalence of the same custom in Denmark, is alluded to 
1)}^ Shakespeare, in Hamlet, in the scene of Ophelia's burial. 

The custom still remains also in some parts of Great Britain. 
In Wales, when a young girl dies, it is customary for her female 
companions to bring flowers with them to her funeral, and place 
ihem in her coffin. They plant lilies and snow-drops over the 
graves of children, and wild and cultivated roses over tiiose of 
adults. 

Gwillym, a Welsh poet, thus speaks of the custom in one of 
liis elegies : — " Oh ! while the season of flowers and the tender 
r^prays, thick of leaves, remain, I will pluck the roses from the 
l;»*akes, to be offered to the memory of a child of fairest fame ; 
humbly w411 1 lay them on the grave of Ivor." 

Evelyn tells us that "the white rose was planted at the grave 
of a virgin, and her chaplet was tied with white riband, in token 
of her spotless innocence; though sometimes black ribands were 
intermingled, to bespeak the grief of the survivors. The red 
rose was occasionally used in remembrance of such as had been 
remarkable for their benevolence ; but roses in general were ap- 
propriated to the graves of lovers." 

Drummond, the Scotch poet, requested one of his friends to 
have the following couplet placed over his grave : 

" Here Damon lies, whose songs did sometimes grace 
The murmuring Esk : — may roses shade the place." 

The first Christians disapproved of the use of these flowers, 
either at their festivals or as ornaments for their tombs, on 
account of its connection with the pagan mythology, and the 
custom thus became extinct. Tertullian wrote a book against 
crowns and garlands. Clement of Alexandria thought it im- 
proper that Christians should crown themselves with roses. A 
little later, however, Christians relaxed from this strictness, and 
the Christian poet Prudence, did not fear to invite his brethren 
•'to rover with violets and with verdure, and to surround with 



THE ROSE IN CEREMONIES, FESTIVALS, ETC. 27 

perfumes those bones which the voice of the All-Powerful would 
one day restore to hfe." 

The Roman Catholics of this day admit flowers to their 
churches and ceremonies, and on feast days they adorn the altars 
with bouquets and garlands. At the most imposing of these 
solemnities, the day of the " Fete-Dieu," rose petals, during the 
processions, are scattered in the air, and blended with the per- 
fume of censers, directed towards the Host ; in many of the 
towns, particularly those in the south of France and of Europe, 
the streets through which the procession passes are scattered 
throughout with fragrant herbs and flowers of every kind. 

Since the extinction of paganism in a greater part of the 
world, the custom of wearing crowns of flowers at festivals has 
passed entirely away. Women only use roses as an ornament 
for their iiair, or employ them in diflerent parts of their toilet. 
In our own country the toilet of a bride is never considered per- 
fect unless she wears a wreath of roses and other flowers, whose 
snow-white hue is an emblem of her departing maidenhood. 
Sometimes she is provided only with a bouquet of white roses 
and camellias, and her bridesmaids wear similar ornaments of 
nature's manufacture. 

The Rose is abundantly used by children in their beautiful ' 
celebration of May-day. We well recollect our own enjoyment 
of one of these scenes some seven years since. We were return- 
ing from a ride in the vicinity of Charleston, S. C, on the flrst 
day of this, the sunniest of the months of Spring — a day dedi- 
cated not to the spirit of motion, and celebrated not by proces- 
sions of furniture carts, amid the bustle and noise of a populous 
city, but dedicated there, at the sunny south, to innocent and 
joyous festivity, and celebrated amid all the fresh and fragrant 
luxuriance of southern vegetation, surrounded by the delicate 
sweetness of the magnolia, the Rose, and other flowers, while 
the mocking-bird, with its sweet and varied note, is the min- 
strel for the occasion. Riding quietly along the road, v. e were 
suddenly stopped by a procession which had just dismounted from 
a number of carriages in a beautiful grove hard by. It consisted 

3* 



28 THE ROSE IN CEREMONIES, FESTIVALS, ETC. 



mostly of noble-looking boys and beautiful girls, of all ages under 
fourteen, the latter dressed in wliite and crowned with wreaths 
of roses and other flowers. The manly attention of the boys to 
the fair creatures with whom they walked hand in hand, would 
not have disgraced the gallantry of Bayard, or the politeness of 
Chesterfield. As the procession wound slowly from our view, 
under the shade of the lofty live oak and the rich magnoHa, we 
coiikl not help reflecting how beautiful was this graceful enjoy- 
ment of the sunny days of childhood, and how preferable to the 
mental excitement and precocious training of many of the infant 
philosophers of this most enlightened nineteenth century. 

It is much to be rescretted that in circles where fashion reierns 
supreme, nature is gradually giving way to art, and instead of 
the fresh and natural beauty of a newly-gathered Rose, various 
I' rms of artificial flowers are found upon the center table, or in 
the hair of those whose quick discernment and refined taste 
should lead them to perceive the great inferiority of tiiese arti- 
ficial to3^s to the delicate beauty and welcome fragrance of a 
Rose just from its parent plant. 

Very much additional matter could be inserted respecting the 
early history of the Rose, and its connection with ancient 
superstitions. Sufficient, however, has been given to show the 
esteem in which the Rose was held by the ancient Greeks and 
Romans. 



CHAPTER IV. 







THE ROSE IN THE MIDDLE AGES. 

N Great Biitiin, according to Loadon, "one of 
the earliest notices of the Rose occurs in Chau- 
cer, who wrote early in the 13th century ; and 
in the beginning of the 15th century, there is 
evidence of the Rose having been cultivated for 
~^ commercial purposes, and of the water distilled 
"^ '' ' from it being used to give a flavor to a variety 

of dishes, and to wash the hands at meals — a custom still pre- 
served in some of the colleges, and also in many of the public 
halls within the city of London." 

In 1402, Sir William Clopton granted to Thomas Smyth a 
piece of ground called Dokmedwe, in Haustede, for the annual 
payment of a rose to Sir William and his heirs, in lieu of all ser- 
vices. The demand for roses formerly was so great, that bushels 
of them were iVequently paid by vassals to their lords, both in 
England and France. The single rose, paid as an acknowledg- 
ment, was the diminutive representation of a bushel of roses — 
as a single peppercorn, which is still a reserved rent, represents a 
pound of peppercorns — a payment originally of some worth, but 
descending by degrees to a mere formality. Among the new- 
year gifts presented to Q,ueen Mary in 1555, was a bottle of rose- 
water ; and in 1570 we find, among the items in the account of 
a ditnier of Lord Leicester, when he was Chancelor of the Uni- 
veisity of Oxford, three ounces of rose-water. In an account of 
a grant of a great part of Ely House, Holborne, by the Bishop of 

3* 



30 THE ROSE IN THE MIDDLE AGES. 

Ely, to Christopher Hatton, for twenty-one years, the tenant 
cov^enants to pay, on midsummer-day, a red rose for the gate- 
house and garden, and for the ground (fourteen acres) ten loads 
of hay and £10 per annum ; the Bishop reserving to himself 
and successors free access through the gate-house, for walking in 
the gardens and gathering twenty bushels of roses yearly. In 
1 597, w^e find Gerard speaking of the Damask rose of Damascus 
and tlie Cinnamon rose as common in English gardens. Hak- 
luyt says that the rose of Damascus was brought to England by 
De Linaker, physician to Henry IX. ; and his successor. Sir 
Richard AVeston, who wrote in 1645, says, " We have red roses 
from France." In the reign of James I., the keeper of the robes 
and jewels at Whitehall, among a variety of other offices, had 
separate salaries allowed him, '"for fire to air the hot-houses, 40s. 
by the year ;" and, " for digging and setting of roses in the 
sp-ii ng gardens, 40s. by the year." 

It would seem, by these incidents, that previous to the seven- 
teenth century, roses were far from being abundant, and indeed 
w^ere so rare, that a bottle of distilled water was a fit present for 
Royalty, and a few roses an amply sufficient rent for house and 
land. 

In the times of chivalry, the Rose was often an emblem that 
knights were fond of placing in their helmet or shield, implying 
that sweetness should always be the companion of courage, and 
that beauty was the only prize worthy of valor. It was not, 
however, always taken for such emblems, nor did it always 
bring to mind pleasant and agreeable images, but was often the 
signal for bloodshed in a desolating civil war which raged in 
England for more than thiity years. 

The rival factions of the White and the Red Rose arose in 
1452, during the reign of Henry VI., between the houses of Lan- 
caster and of York. The Duke of York, a descendant of 
Edward III., claimed that his house possessed a nearer title to 
the crown than the reigning branch. He adopted a white rose 
on his shield, for his device, and the reigning monarch, Henry 
VI., of the house of Lancaster, carried the j^ed rose. After sev- 



THE ROSE N THE MIDDLE AUEj5. 'Jl 



eral furious civil war?, after having flooded the whole kingdom 
with blood, and after the tragical death of three kings, Henry 
VII., of the house of Lancaster, re-united, in 1486, the two fam- 
ilies by marrying Elizabeth, the heiress of the house of York. 

The adoption of the red rose, by the house of Lancaster, was 
at a period far prior to these civil wars. Ai)out 1277, the Count 
of Egmont, son of the King of England, and who had taken tlie 
title of Count of Champagne, was sent by the King of France to 
Provence, with some troops, to avenge the murder of William 
Pentecote, mayor of the city, Avho had been killed in an insurrec- 
tion. 

When this prince returned into England, after executing hi.-^ 
orders, he took for his device the red rose, that Thibaut, Count 
of Brie and of Champagne, had brought from Syria, on his re- 
turn from the crusade some years before. — That Count of Eg- 
mont was the head of the house of Lancaster, who preserved the 
red rose on their arms, while the house of York, on the other 
hand, adopted the white rose as their device. 

An anecdote is told of the Prince of Bearne. afterwards Henry 
IV. of France, who was not 15 years of age when Charles IX. 
came to Nerae, in 1566, to visit the court of Navarre. 

The fifteen days that he spent there, were marked by sports 
and fetes, of which, the young Henry was already the chief orna- 
ment. Charles IX. loved to practice archery ; in providing for 
him that amusement, they thought that none of his courtiers, 
not even the Duke of Guise, who excelled at this sport, would 
venture to prove himself more adroit than the monarch. The 
young Henry, however, advanced, and at the first shot, carried off 
the orano^e. which served for a mark. Accordinar to the rules of 
the sport, he wished, as victor, to shoot first in the next trial ; the 
King opposed it, and repulsed him with warmth ; Henry stepped 
back a little, drew his bow, and directed the arrow against the 
breas: of his adversary ; the monarch quickly took shelter behind 
the largest of his courtiers, and requested them to take away 
" that dangerous little cousin." Peace being made, the same 
sport was continued on the following day ; Charles found an 



32 THE ROSE IN THE MIDDLE AGES. 

excuse for not coming. This lime the Duke of Guise carried 
away the orange, which he split in two, and no other could be 
found for a mark. 

The young prince perceived a Rose in the bosom of a young 
girl among the spectators, and seizing it, quickly placed it on the 
mark. The Duke shot first, and missed ; Henry succeeding him, 
placed his arrow in the middle of the flower, and returned it to 
the pretty villager w^ith the victorious arrow which had pierced 
its stem. 

At Salency, a village of France, the Rose is the reward of ex- 
cellent traits of character ; they attribute the origin of the fete of 
La Rosiere, in that country, to Medard, bishop of Noyou, who 
lived at the end of the fifteenth, and beginning of the sixteenth 
century, during the reign of Clovis. That bishop, who was also 
Lord of Salency, had established a fund, giving a sum of 
twenty-five livres (five dollars), and a crow^n or hat of roses to 
the young girl on his estate, wdio enjoyed the greatest reputation 
for amiability and excellence of character. Tradition states that 
the prelate himself gave this desired prize to one of his sisters, 
whom the public voice had named to be Rosiere. Before the 
revolution of 1789, there could be seen, beneath the altar of the 
chapel of St. Medard, at Salency, a tablet, where that bishop Avas 
represented in pontifical dress, and placing a crown of roses on 
the head of his sister, who was on her knees, with her hair 
dressed. 

The bishop had set aside, on a part of his domain, since called 
the "Manor of the Rose," an annual rent of twenty-five livres, 
at that time a considerable sum, for paying all the expenses of 
' this ceremony. It is stated that Louis XIIL, being at the chateau 
of Varennes, near Salency, about the time of this ceremony, v/as 
desirous of adding to its eclat by his personal presence; but 
finding himself indisposed, he sent to La Rosiere, by a marquis 
of rank and first captain of his guards, a ring and his blue riband. 
"Go," said he to the marquis, "and present this riband to her 
who shall be crowned. It has been long the prize of honor ; it 
shall now become the rev.ard of virtue." Since that time La 



THE ROSE IN THE MIDDLE AGES. 33 

Rosiere has received a ring", and she and lier conipanions have 
worn the bhie riband. 

The liord of Salency at one time enjoyed the right of choosing 
La Rosiere from three of the village girls, who were presented 
hy the inhabitants. But in 1773 a new lord, who purchased the 
estate of Salency, wished to take away the right enjoyed by the 
inhabitants, of naming and presenting to him the three candi- 
dates for the Rose. He assumed the nomination of La Rosiere, 
without any assembling, election, or presentation, and suppressed 
entirely the pomp and ceremonies which until that time had 
always been observed. On the complaint of the iiihabitants of 
Salency, the Court of Chancery at once set aside the pretensions 
of their lord ; but he, not wishing to yield them, instituted a civil 
process before the Parliament of Paris, which gave a decree in 
favor of the inhabitants of the place, by which it confirmed to 
them all the ancient customs of the fete of La Rosiere, of which 
the Lord of Salency was ordered to pay all the expenses. 

The ceremony of La Rosiere was suppressed during the ex- 
cesses of the Revolution, but was again re-established when the 
tunes had become more quiet. The celebration takes place in 
the first summer month, and would be well worthy the attend- 
ance of foreign travelers. 

We have mentioned this custom very much in detail, as it is 
one of the few ceremonies still existing, in which the Rose occu- 
pies a prominent positicn, and is made alone the reward of merit. 
Other festivals of the Rose, similar to those of Salency, w^ere 
established in several other villages of France and the neighbor- 
ing countries. When Louis XVIIL was staying at Blakenbourg, 
in Germany, during the years of his exile, he was invited to 
assist at a festival of La Rosiere. When he had placed the 
crown on the head of the young girl wdio was designated as the 
most virtuous, she said to him, ingenuously, "My Prince, may 
yoiir crown be restored you." 

There exists a touching custom in the valley of Engadine, in 
Switzerland. If a man accused of a crime is ahle to justify 
himself the same day on which he is liberated from prison, a 



34 THE ROSE IN THE MIDDLE AGES. 

young and beautiful girl offers him a white rose, called the Rose 
of Innocence. 

It is somewhat singular that, although the Rose was in these 
instances employed as the emblem of virtue and innocence, it 
has been considered, at other times and places, as a sign of dis- 
o^race and dishonor. 

The synod held at Nismes, about the year 1284, ordered the 
Jews to wear on their breast a rose to distinguish them from 
Christians, in order that they might not receive the same atten- 
tions. At one time, in certain German provinces, a crown of 
red roses was the punishment of immorality. 

It appears that, in the middle ages, roses were much more 
abundantly cultivated in certain provinces than they have been 
since ; for the following passage is found in Marchangy's History 
of France in the 14th century : " For the ornament of certain 
festivals, they cultivate, in the vicinity of Rouen, fields of flowers 
of several roods; and the annual sale of bouquets and wreaths 
of roses is valued at 50,000 francs. The business of maker of 
loreaths^ and that of 7'ose rnerchant^ is in France very common 
and very profitable. The above sum will not seem surprising, 
when we think of the enormous consumption of rose-water at 
that time. In all family parties, companies and associations, 
many bouquets were presented ; at table, during festivals, they 
crowned themselves w^ith flowers, and scattered them on the 
table-cloth and the floor." 

The Marquis de Chesnel, in his History of the Rose, mentions 
that, among the old customs of Auvergne, Anjou, Tours, Lodu- 
nois, and Maine, there was one in the noble families, that a father 
who had sons, frequently gave to his daughters, on their mar- 
riage, only a wreath of roses. In Normandy, also, the daughters 
received, for their legitimate portion, a hat adorned w^ith the 
same flow^ers. Among the ancient seignorial rights in France, 
in the 14th century, was one by which each tenant was obliged 
to furnish a bushel of roses for the manufacture of rose-water for 
the lord of the soil. Madame de Genlis mentions, however, that 
about the same period, every one was not allowed to cultivate 



THK ROSE IN THE MIDDLE AGES. ii5 

these flowers ; but permission to do so was granted to privileged 
persons. Wliether it was ever a royal monopoly she does not 
state ; but it would certainly be no more singular than the 
monopoly of the sale of butter by the King of Naples at the 
present day. 

We have already mentioned the wars of the White and Red 
Rose, which during so long a time deluged England with blood. 
There is also an instance in French history, where this flower, 
associated as it is with innocence and pleasant thoughts, served, 
under the reign of Charles YL, as the rallying sign of the faction 
of Burgundy against that of Armagnac. The Parisians, urged 
b)^ the agents of the Duke of Burgund)", established the order of 
St. Andre for their partisans, in order to manage them more 
easily ; and the church of St. Eustache was chosen as their ren- 
dezvous. Each church member wore a crown of red roses, of 
v/hich more than seven hundred vVfere made in the space of 
twelve hours, and the flowers were suflicientiv abundant to per- 
fume the whole church. 

According to an ancient custom, the dukes and peers of France 
were formerly obliged to present roses to the Parliament of Paris^ 
at certain periods of its session. The peer who was chosen to- 
do the honors of this ceremony, caused all the chambers of Par- 
liament to be scattered with roses, flowers, and fragrant herbs ; 
and entertained at a splendid breakfast the presidents, councilors, 
and even the notaries and door-keepers of the court. He after- 
wards went into each chamber, accompanied by a page with a 
large silver basin, which contained as many bouquets of roses 
and other flowers as there were public officers, with an equal 
number of crowns composed of the same flowers. The Parlia • 
ment also had its cultivator of roses, called the Rosier de let 
Cour^ from whom the peers could obtain the roses for their 
presents. 

Under the reign of Francis I., in 1541, there was a dispute 
between the Due de Montpensier and the Due de Nevers respect- 
ing the presentage of the roses to Parliament. It was decided 
that the Due de Montpensier, from his rank as prince of the 



THE ROSE IN THE MIDDLE AGES. 



blood, should be entitled to the first piesentage. Among the 
princes of the royal family who submitted to this ceremony at 
later periods, arc numbered the dukes of Vendome, Beaumont, 
Angouleme, and several other distinguished names. Henry IV., 
while only King of Navarre, proved to the procureur-general 
that neither he nor his predecessors had ever failed to perform 
that duty. 

About the year 1631, there was published a very curious book 
on the Rose, by a German iKimed Rosenberg. About 250 octavo 
pages are devoted entirely to the praise of the curative properties 
of the Rose in almost every known disease, making, in fact, this 
flower a universal panacea for the many ills to w^hich flesh 
is heir. The author also claims for it supernatural qualities, 
particularly for driving away evil spirits. The work closes by 
asserting, as a positive fact, supported by several authorities 
which he quotes, the remaijvable regeneration or resurrection of 
the Rose. He gives also the process of this reproduction, which 
is scarcely worth inserting here, being, like the story of the 
Phoenix, a fable engendered by superstition upon ignorance. It 
is somewhat surprising that this fable should have been very 
gravely reproduced, in a French work on the Rose, published in 
ISOO. The author states that, "notwithstanding the many 
marvelous things which we already know respecting the im- 
proving, forcing, changing, and multiplying of roses, we have yet 
to describe the most surprising of all — that of its regeneration ; 
or, in other words, the manner of reproducing that flower from 
its own ashes. This is called the imperial secret^ because the 
Emperor Ferdinand HI. purchased it of a foreign chemist, at a 
very high price." The conclusion is a rather amusing instance 
of Munchausenism in the 19th century. " Finally, all this 
material being placed in a glass vessel, with a certain quantity 
of pure dew, forms a blue powder, from which, Avhen heat is 
applied, there springs a stem, leaves, and flowers, and a whole 
?ind perfect plant is formed from its own ashes." 

It is diflicult to credit the fact that, in any part of this 
enlightened age, an author could be found w^ho would gravely 



THE ROSE IN THE MIDDLE AGES. 37 

and ill sincerity advance such opinions and slate sucli facts as 
the above ; and it is but an additional proof, if sucli were want- 
inij, that nothinar can be advanced too monstrous or too incredi- 
ble to be entirely without believers. 

If the sight of roses, or their delicate fragrance, has been gene- 
rally delightful and pleasing, there have also been those who 
could not endure them. Anne of Austria, wife of Louis XIII. , 
of France, although otherwise very fond of perfumes, had such 
an antipathy to tlie rose, that she could not bear the sight of 
one even in a painting. The Uuke of Guise had a still stronger 
dislike, for he always made his escape at the sight of a rose. 
Dr. Ladelius mentions a man who was obliii^ed to become a re- 
cluse, and dared not leave his house, during the season of roses ; 
because, if he happened to imbibe their fragrance, he was imme- 
diately seized with a violent cold in his head. 

The odor of the rose, like that of many other flowers, has 
often occasioned serious injury, particularly in closed apartments ; 
and no one should venture to sleep with them in his chamber. 
Some authors of credibility mention instances of death caused 
by a large C[uantity of roses being left during the night in a 
sleeping apartment. Thus it is, that the most beautiful tilings 
in hfe contain the elements of death. 

4 



CHAPTER V. 



PERFUMES OF THE ROSE. 




T an early period in the cultivation of 
the Rose, and after its admission among 
the luxuries of the wealthy, human skill 
Avas exerted to extract its delightful per- 
fume. 

Several authors have considered the 
invention of the essence of the Rose very 
ancient, and have even traced it back as far as the siege of Troy. 
This however can scarcely be admitted, for nothing relating to 
the essence, or essential oil of roses can be found in Homer, or 
in any other author for many sabsequent years. The discovery 
of these valuable articles of commerce was made at a much later 
period. If the essential oil of roses had been known to the 
ancient Greeks or Romans, it would probably have been more 
particularly mentioned by Pliny, and the mode of preparation 
even would have been described. In speaking, however, of vari- 
ous perfumes, he says nothing of any distillation from the petals 
of the Rose, but simply mentions that as early as the siege of 
Troy, the expressed juice of roses was known, and being mixed 
wiih a delicate oil, formed an agreeable perfume. 

In speaking of artificial oils in general, Pliny also observes 
that the oil of roses was made by simply steeping the rose-petals 
in oil. According to the same author, oil was the body of nearly 
all the perfumes used at that day, and for a perfuming substance 



PERFUMES OF THE ROSE. 39 

roses were most frequently used, because they grew everywhere 
in the greatest abundance. 

Perfumes of every kind w^ere more abundantly used among 
the ancient Greeks and Romans, than at the present day. 
Atheneeus, in his Feast of Wise Men, states that nearly all of 
these were drawn from the Rose, and says that the most sweet 
were those of Cyrene, while those of Naples, Capua, and Faseoli, 
were the best and most delightful of all. 

This agrees with the subsequent researches made on the same 
subject, by D'Orbessan. "The cities of Naples, Capua, and Pre- 
neste," says the latter, " obtained their roses from Campania, where 
there is yet a considerable tract of land, commonly called 11 maz- 
zone delle Rose. 

" This field is sometimes called Rosethins, on account of the 
prodigious quantity of roses which grow there without culture, 
and in greater abundance than in any other section of that 
country." 

Athenseus states that the perfume of roses was frequently used 
in culinary preparations, and gives a curious receipt for a sort of 
pot-pourri, made by the cook of the King of Sicih^ " This is 
what I call potted looses, and it is tlius prepared ; I first pound 
some of the most fragrant roses in a mortar ; then I take the 
brains of birds and pigs, well boiled and stripped of every particle 
of meat ; I then add the yolks of some eggs, some oil, a little 
cordial, some pepper, and some wine : after having beaten and 
mixed it well togetlier, I throw it in a new pot, and place it over 
a slow, but steady fire." "As he said these things," so runs the 
story, "the cook uncovered tlie pot, and there issued forth a 
most delicious fragrance, perfuming the whole dining-hall and 
overcoming the guests with delight." This is a point in gastro- 
nomic luxury to which Americans have not yet attained. 

Although the perfume of roses was considered more choice 
than any other, it was frequently used when men were least in 
the state to enjoy it; for D'Orbessan states that slaves were made 
to burn it around their masters while sleeping. 

If the essential oil of roses was known in the time of Pliny, 



40 PERFUMES OF THE ROSE. 

tliat r.uthor would have mentioned it among the most esteemed 
and precious perfumes. So far from this, however, he only 
speaks of the " Royal Perfume," so called because it was pre- 
pared expressly for the King of the Parthians. This was com- 
posed of the oil of Ben, an Arabian tree, with several aromatic 
substances. Accordinsf to Lansrles, who has carefully examined 
a great number of oriental works, no writer previous to the 16th 
ccntur}^ has mentioned the essential oil of roses, although these 
flowers abounded at that time, and mention is made of rose- 
water as an agreeable perfume. Besides these negative proofs 
against the ancient existence of this perfume, Langles quotes 
several oriental historians, from which it seems evident that its 
discovery dates about the 3^ear 1612, and was owang entirely to 
accident. 

According to Father Catron, in his Histo?y of the Mogul 
Empire^ in the fetes which the sultana Nourmahal gave to the 
great Mogul Jehan-guire, their chief pleasure was sailing together 
in a canal which Nourmahal had filled with rose-water. 

One day that the Emperor was thus sailing with Nourmahal, 
they perceived a sort of froth forming and floating upon the water. 
They drew it out, and perceived that it was the essential oil 
which the heat of the sun had disengaged from the water and 
collected together on the surface. The whole seraglio pro- 
nounced the perfume the most exquisite known in the Indies; 
and they immediately endeavored to imitate by art that which 
nature had made. Thus was discovered the essence, essential 
oil, otto or attar of roses. 

According to Langles, the word A'^ther, A^tlir or Othr^ which 
the Arabs, Turks, and Persians use to designate the essential oil 
of Roses without adding the name of that flower, is Arabic, and 
signifies perfume. It is necessary, the same author stales, to 
recollect the distinction between AHher or AHlier giil and gu- 
lab, which is simply rose-water. 

From the very small quantity congealed on the surface of 
the water, the manufacture is limited and the cost of the arti- 
cle immense. Langles states that the rose-water is left ex 



PERFUMES OF THE ROSE. 41 

posed to the freshness of the nighi, and in the morning a very 
small quantity of attar is found collected on the surface. 

Dr. Monro, according to Loudon, gives the manner of making 
tlie attar in Cashmere, whicli is apparently more simple, Avithout 
the tedious process of distilling. 

"The rose-petals are put into a wooden vessel with pure water, 
and exposed for several days to the heat of the sun. The oily 
particles being disengaged by the heat, float upon the surface of 
the water, whence they are taken up from time to time, by ap- 
plying to them some very fine dry cotton wool. From this wool 
the oil is pressed into little bottles, which are immediately after- 
wards sealed hermetically." 

Another method is, exposing the rose water to strong heat, 
then suddenly cooling it, and collecting the drops of congealed 
oil which float upon the surface. 

Bishop Heber describes the method used in India, which is very 
similar to that of Langles. The attar has the consistency of 
butter, and never becomes liquid except in the warmest weather. 

Loudon states that " a wretched substitute for otto of roses, is 
said to be formed by the apothecaries of Paris. The petals of 
Rosa daniascena are boiled in a large caldron of water, along* 
with as much hog's lard as will cover its surface with a thin 
stratum of giease. The oil of the rose-petals, on separating from 
them by boiling, unites with this grease, from which it is again 
separated by spirits of wine." A large portion of the attar im- 
ported into the United States is probably of this manufacture ; 
and the corn-fed animals of the West yield a part of their unctu- 
ous bodies to be sent to France, and returned to us in a shape fit 
for the lady's handkerchief or boudoir. 

The quantity of genuine attar produced from a given weight 
of rose-petals is not always the same ; it is very liable to vary 
acicording to the nature of the climate, the temperature of differ- 
ent seasons, the period of bloom at which the roses are picked, 
the process of manufacture, and the skill of the manufacturers. 
Generally a hundred pounds of roses will scarcely produce a 
drachm of attar, sometimes only half a drachm, and at others a 

4* 



42 PERFUMES OP THE ROSE. 

drachm and a half. Bishop Heber states that in India, at Gha- 
zepoor. two huiulre(i thousand well grown roses are required to 
produce one rupee's (105 grains) weight of attar. The calyx is 
sometimes used with the petal, but as the oil of that contains 
little or no perfume, although it may increase the quantity of 
attar, it must sensibly weaken its properties. 

The color of attar is generally green, sometimes lemon or rose 
color, and occasionally brownish. Tliese ditlerences in color are 
owino^ to the various processes of manufacture, and the different 
periods at which the roses are picked. The attar is prepared in 
Barbary, Syria, Arabia, Persia, India, in the island of Scio, at 
Fayoum in Egypt, at Tunis, and many other places in the East. 
That made in Syria and Barbary is considered very inferior; 
while the best is made in Ghyraz, Kerman, and Cashmere. In 
some parts of France and Italy, it is also prepared, but in com- 
paratively small quantities. 

The attar is very costly, although not so dear as formerly. 
The French traveler Tavernier, who visited Ispahan about the 
year 1066, stated that the price of attar at Chyraz rose and fell 
every year, on accouut of the unequal produce of flowers; and 
that an ounce of that article sold at one period for ten tomans 
(about 92 dollars). 

At the time another Frenchman, Chardin, traveled in Persia, 
some years after Tavernier, the attar was sometimes much 
higher. He states that forty pounds of rose-water were recjuired 
to produce half a drachm of attar, an ounce of which some- 
times sold in India for 200 ecus. Langles states that in India, 
half an ounce of attar is worth about forty dollars. Bishop 
Heber also speaks of its enormous price at Ghazepoor, where 
the variation in price is also very great, being, according to 
Langles, sometimes as low as eight dollars an ounce. 

At one time, soon after its discovery, it was valued at dbout 
five times its weight in gold. Until quite recently it was w orth 
its weight in gold, but now sells in Paris for about one (jii irter 
that value. 

Attar is rarely found pure in commerce ; it is always moie or 



PERFUMES OF THE ROSE. 43 

Jess adulterated. In the countiies where it is manufactured, 
they frequently increase the quantity of the attar, by mixing 
scrapings of sandal-wood with the rose-petals during the process 
of distillation. Ksempfer, a German writer, states this mode of 
adulteration to have been known a long time, and adds that the 
sandal-wood gives additional strength to the attar ; but another 
author, who has also made some researches on the subject, 
asserts that the sandal-wood injures the delicacy of the attar, 
which is more sweet and agreeable when mild, than when 
strong. 

The quality, as well as the quantity of attar, which they ob- 
tain from roses, depends upon the proportion of aroma which they 
contain ; and this is found more developed at tlie south and in 
a warm climate. The kinds of roses used in distillation have 
also a great influence on the quality of the attar. In Persia 
and the East, the Musk Rose is generally used ; and the Damask 
is employed in France. 

Although roses are distilled in large quantities at Paris, for 
perfumery and for medical purposes, very little attar is made, 
because the proportion of the manufactured article to the roses 
required, is in that climate extremely small ; so small in fact, 
that, according to one writer, five thousand parts in weight of 
rose-petals, will scarcely produce one part of essential oil. This 
limited manufacture exists only at Grasse and Montpelier in 
France, and at Florence in Italy. 

Some years since, the adulteration of attar was successfully 
practised in the south of France, by mixing with it the essence 
distilled from the leaves of the Rose Geranium [Pelargonium 
odoratissimum). This adulteration is very difficult to detect, 
because this last essence possesses the same properties as the 
attar ; its odor is almost the same — like that, it is of a lemon 
color, it chrystalizes at a lower temperature, and its density is 
very little greater. 

The attar, when pure, is, beyond comparison, the most sweet 
and agreeable of all piMfumes. Its fragrance is the most delicate 
conceivable, and equals that of the freshly expanded Rose. It is 



44 PERFUMES OF THE ROSE. 

also SO strong and penetrating, that a single drop, or as much as 
will attach itself to the point of a needle, is sufficient to perfume 
an apartment for several days ; and if the small flask in which 
it is sold, although tiglitly corked and sealed, is placed in a 
drawer, it will perfume all the contents. 

When in a congealed or chrystalized state, the attar will 
liquify at a slight heat, and if the flask is merely held in the 
hand, a few minutes will suffice to render it liquid. In the 
East, much use is made of the attar, particularly in the harems. 
In Europe and America, it is employed in the manufacture of 
cordials and in the preparation of various kinds of perfumery. 

Rose-water, or the liquid obtained from rose-petals by distilla 
tion, is very common, and is found in almost every country 
where the arts and luxuries of life have at all advanced. 

Pliny tells us, that rose-water was a favorite perfume of the 
Roman ladies ; and the most luxurious used it even in their 
baths. This, however, must have been some preparation differ- 
ent from that now known as rose-water, and was probably a 
mere tincture of roses. 

The ancients could have known nothing of rose-water, for 
they were entirely ignorant of the art of distillation, which only 
came into practice after the invention of the alembic by the 
Arabs. Some attribute this discovery to Rhazes, an Arabian 
physician who lived in the early part of the tenth century ; and 
others attribute it to Avicenna, who lived at Chyraz, in the latter 
part of the same century. It is also attributed to Geber, a cele- 
brated Arabian alchemist, who lived in Mesopotamia in the 
eighth century. Subsequent, therefore, to this discovery of the 
alembic, we find, according to Gmelin, in his history of the pre- 
paration of distilled waters, that the first notice of rose-water is 
by Aben-Zohar, a Jewish physician, of Seville, in Spain, who 
recommends it for diseases of the eye. From the Arabs this in- 
vention passed among the Greeks and Romans, as we are in- 
formed by Actuarius, a writer of the eleventii or twelfth century. 

in France, the first distillation of rose-water appears to have 



PERP^UMES OF THE ROSE. 45 



been made by Arnaud do Viileneuve, a physician, who Hved in 
the latter part of the thirteenth century. 

The Orientals made great use of this water in various ways 
in their houses, and in the purification of their temples, Avhen 
they thought they had been profaned by any other worship than 
that of Mahomet. There are many anecdotes told by historians, 
of the use of rose-w^ater bv the Sultans on various occasions ; 
and several of these, as Chateaubriand remarks, are stories 
worthy of the East. It is related of Saladin, that when he took 
Jerusalem from tbe Crusaders, in 1187, he would not enter tbe 
Mosque of Omar, which had been converted into a church by 
the Christians, until the w^alls and courts had been thoroughly 
washed and purified with rose-water brought from Damascus. 
Five hundred camels, it is stated, were scarcely suflficient to 
convey all the rose-water used for this purpose. An Arabian 
writer tells us, that the princes of the family of Saladin, hasten- 
ing to Jerusalem to worship Allah, Malek-Abdul and his nephew, 
Taki-Eddin, distinguished themselves above all others. The 
latter' repaired with all his followers to the " Chapel of the Holy 
Cross," and taking a broom himself, he swept all the dirt from 
the floor, w^ashed the walls and the ceiling several times with 
pure water, and then w^ashed them with rose-water ; having 
thus cleansed and purified the place, he distributed large alms to 
the poor. 

Bibars, the fourth Sultan of the Mameluke dynasty, w4io 
reigned from 1260 to 1277, caused the Caaba of the temple of 
Mecca to be washed with rose-water. 

Mahomet XL, after the capture of Constantinople, in 1453, 
would not enter the Mosque of St. Sophia, which had been for- 
merly used as a church, until he had caused it to be w^ashed 
with rose-water. 

It is stated by a French historian, that the greatest display of 
gorgeous magnificence at that period, was made in 1611, by the 
Sultan Ahmed I., at the dedication of the new Caaba, which 
had been built or repaired at his expense ; amber and aloes were 
burnt in profusion, and, in the extravagance of eastern language, 



46 PERFUMES OF THE ROSE. 



oceans of rose-water were set afloat, for washing' the courts and 
interior surface of the walls. Kose-water is by no means so 
generally used now, as for a few hundred years subsequent to its 
invention. In France, during the reign of Philip Augustus, it 
was a necessary article at court. It was formerly the custom to 
cany large vases, filled with rose-water, to baptisms. Illustrat- 
ing this custom, Bayle relates a story of RoAsard, the French 
poet: "It nearly happened that the day of his birth was also 
that of his death; for when he was carried from the Chateau de 
La Poissoniere to the church of the place, to be baptized, the 
nurse who carried him carelessly let him fall; his fall, however, 
was upon the grass and flowers, which received him softly ; it so 
happened that a young lady, who carried a vase fiMed with rose 
water, and a collection of flowers, in her haste to aid in helping 
the child, overturned on his head a large part of the rose-water. 
This incident was considered a presage of the good odor with 
which France would one day be filled, by the flowers of his 
learned writins^s." 

At one time rose-water was largely consumed in the prepara- 
tion of food, and the seasoning of various dishes. In the " Pri- 
vate life of the French," it is mentioned that in the fourteenth 
century, the Comte d'Etampes gave a feast, in which a large 
part of the dishes, and even the chestnuts were prepared with 
rose-water. It is still used to flavor various dishes, but its prin- 
cipal use is in aflfections of the eyelids, or as a perfume for the 
toilet. The principal consumption of rose-water is however in 
the East, where the inhabitants are very fond of perfumes. In 
Persia a very large quantity is made annually, for domestic use. 
They deem it an excellent beverage mixed with pure water. 

The Corinth Grape, mixed with rose-water, and a slight infu- 
sion of spices, is the nectar so much in vogue among the Greeks 
of Morea. The Persians, according to Lebruyn, sprinkle with 
rose-water those who visit them. They also make it an impor- 
tant article of commerce; large quantities are sent to different 
parts of the East, and entire cargoes are sometimes shipped 
to India. 



PERFUMES OF THE R$SE. 47 

In Egypt, the nobles and wealthy inhabitants consume large 
quantities of rose-water; they scatter it over their divans, and 
other pla«',cs where they spend their time ; they also offer it with 
confeofiojiary, to their visiters. 

The custom of offering rose-water to a guest, is alluded to by 
Shakspeare, who makes one of his characters in Padua say : 

" What is it )'our honor will command '? 
Let one attend him with a silver bason 
Full of rose-ivaier, and bestrewed with flowers." 

Almost all the rose-water used in this country is distilled in 
the province of Fayoum, from the pale rose. "About the mid- 
dle of Februaiiy, in Fayoum," says a French writer, " they pluck 
the roses every morning before sunrise, while the dew is yet 
upon them ; they then place them immediately in the alembic, 
not allowing them to become dry or heated by remaining too 
long a time without distillation. This lucrative branch of manu- 
facture has not escaped the monopoly of Mchernet Ali. No 
private individual can now distil roses in Egypt, and those who 
cultivate them are obliged to sell the petals to government at a 
low price. The value of all the rose-water distilled in Fayoum, 
annually, is estimated at 50,000 or 60,000 francs." Of the pro- 
fusion with which rose-water is used in India, some idea may 
be formed from the narrative of Bishop Hcber, who was shown, 
in the ruins of the palace of Ghazep*oor, a deep trench round 
an octagonal platform of blue, red, and white mosaic pavement. 
This trench, he was told, was filled with rose-water when the 
Nawab and his friends were feasting in the middle. "The 
ancient oil of roses," according to Loudon, "is obtained by bruising 
fresh rose-petals, mixing them with four times their weight of 
olive oil, and leaving them in a sand -heat for two days. If the 
red Rose de Provins is used, the oil is said to imbibe no odor ; 
but if the petals of pale roses are employed, it becomes per- 
fumed. This preparation was celebrated among the ancients. 
Pliny says that, according to Homer, roses were macerated for 
their oil in the time of the Trojans. The oil is chiefly used for 



48 PERFUMES OF THK ROSE. 

the hair, and is generally sold in perfumers' shops, both in 
France and England, under the name of Vhuile antique de Rose.''^ 

Spirit of roses is made by distilling rose-petals with a small 
quantity of spirits of wine, and forms an agreeable article for 
external applications. The green leaves of the sweet briar are 
sometimes, in France, steeped in spirits of wine, to impart a fra- 
grance ; and in England they are frequently used to flavor cow- 
slip wine. 

As the petals of the rose preserve their fragrance for a long 
time after being dried, many are in the habit of making annu- 
ally little bags filled with them. These, being placed in a 
drawer or wardrobe, impart an agreeable perfume to the linen 
or clothing with which they may come in contact. The petals 
can be obtained from almost any garden, in sufficient quantity 
for this purpose, and can be dried by the process mentioned here- 
after. The confectioners, distillers, and perfumers, of France, 
draw from the Rose the greater part of their perfumes, particu- 
larly from damascena and centifolia^ in fixing their sweet odors 
in sugar-plums, creams, ices, oils, pomatum, essences, and fra- 
grant powders. 

The petals of the Rose, after being freshly picked and bruised 
in a marble mortar, until they are reduced to a sort of paste, are 
employed in the preparation of different kinds of confectionary. 
Of this paste the French also make little perfume balls, of the 
size of a pea. They are made round in the same manner as 
pills, and before becoming hard, they are pierced with a needle 
and thread on a piece of silk. In a little while they become hard 
like wood, assume a brownish color, and emit a deligliiful per- 
fume. This rose scent continues very long, and one writer re- 
marks, that he has known a necklace, made in this style, possess, 
at the end of 25 years, as strong a perfume as when first made. 

In Great Britain, in the vicinity of the large cities, and in many 
private gardens, the flowers are gathered for making rose-water 
or for drying as perfumes. In Holland, the Dutch hundred- 
leaved and common cabbage-rose are grown extensively at 
Noordwich, between Leyden and Haarlem, and the dried leaves 



PERFUMES OF THE ROSE. 49 

are sent to Amsterdam and Constantinople. In Fiance, the 
Provins Rose is extensively cultivated near the town of Provins, 
about 60 miles south-east of Paris, and also at Fontenay aux 
Roses, near Paris, for the manufacture of rose-water, or for 
exportation in a dried state. The petals of the Provins Rose 
{Rosa gallica) are the only ones that are said to gain additional 
fragrance in drying ; all the other varieties losing in this process 
more or less of their perfume. A French writer states, that 
apothecaries employ both pale and red roses; the pale give the 
most pe if Lime, while the red keep the longest. 

Loudon states, that " the petals of roses ought always to be 
gathered as soon as the flower is fully expanded ; and the gath- 
ering should never be deferred until it has begun to fade ; be- 
cause, in the latter case, the petals are not only discolored, but 
weakened in their perfume and their medical properties. They 
should be immediately separated from the calyx, and the claws 
of the petals pinched off; they are then dried in the shade, if the 
weather is dry and warm, or by a stove in a room, if the season 
is humid ; care being taken, in either case, not to spread them on 
the ground, but on a platform raised two or three feet above it. 
The drying should be conducted expeditiously, because it has 
been found that slow^ly dried petals do not exhale near so much 
odor as those which have been dried quickly ; which is also the 
case with hay, sweet herbs, and odoriferous vegetables generally. 
After the petals are dried, they are free from any sand, dust, or 
eggs of insects, which may adhere to them, by shaking them and 
rubbing them gently in a fine seive. After this the petals are put 
into close vessels, from which the air is excluded, and which are 
kept in a dry, airy situation. 

" As it is extremely difficult to free the rose-petals entirely from 
the eggs of insects, they are taken out of these vessels two or three 
times a year, placed in selves, rubbed, cleaned, and replaced." 

I have been careful to give the details of the above process, 
because it may be useful to those who embark extensively in 
the cultivation of roses, for the exportation of petals in a dried in 
state. Judging from facts in vegetable physiology, we should 

5 



50 PERFUMES OF THE ROSE. 

suppose that rose-petals produced in this latitude, where the Rose 
has a long period of hibernation, would produce more perfume 
and be more v^aluable in a dried state than those grown under the 
tropics. The Provins and Damask Rose are both known to suc- 
ceed well here and to produce abundant flowers. Their fra- 
grance is unsurpassed, and our summer's sun would be abundantly- 
sufficient to dry the petals without any artificial heat. It is not 
too much to hope that the attention of our cultivators may yet 
be directed to this subject, and that the manufacture of rose-water 
and the preparation of dried petals may yet be an important 
branch of domestic industry, and form an important addition to 
the list of exported articles. 



CHAPTER VI. 



THE MEDICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ROSE. 




E have hitherto viewed the Rose as the chief 
ornament of our gardens, and if we have 
found it abounding with charms of fragrance 
and beauty, we shall now find it occupying 
a prominent place in materia medica. Some 
authors have, with a degree of exaggeration, 
endeavored to make its medical as brilliant as its floral reputa- 
tion. Rosenberg, in his work on the Rose, makes it a specific in 
every disease, and even attributes to it supernatural virtues. 

In the opinion of most medical men, the medical properties of 
the Rose are about the same in all the kinds, while some writers 
assert that the Rosa gallica is superior to all others in a greater 
or less degree. We will mention those principall}* used in medi- 
cine, and the properties which are especially attributed to each. 

The most valuable properties of the Rose reside in its petals, 
and in order to preserve these properties, it is highly essential 
that the petals should be quickly and perfectly dried. Those of 
the Provins Rose [Rosa gallica) have an astringent and some- 
what bitter taste, and are tonic and astringent in their eflfects. 

According to an analysis recently made in France, they con- 
tain, besides vegetable matter and essential oil, a portion of gallic 
acid, coloring matter, albumen, tannin, some salts, with a base of 
potash or of chalk, silex and oxyde of iron. A small dose in pow- 
der strengthens the stomach and assists digestion. Their pro- 



52 MEDICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ROSE. 

longed use will sometimes cause a slight constipation of the 
bowels, while in a much stronger dose they act as purgatives. 

The co)iserve of the Provins Rose has much reputation in 
France, for the treatment of all chronics and affections of the 
bowels, caused by weakness and inactivity of the digestive organs ; 
it is also employed in colic, in diarrhoea, in cases of hemorrhage 
and leucorrhoea. 

The conserve of any variety of roses is considered excellent in 
cases of cold or catarrh. It is prepared by bruising in a mortar 
the petals with their weight in sugar, anr uioistening them with 
a little rose-water, until the whole forms a n ^^ogeneous mass. 
Some receipts prescribe powdered petals mixed with an equal 
part of sugar ; others direct to use two layers of sugar and only 
one layer of pulverized petals. 

Opoix, a physician of Provins, states that the true Rose of Pro- 
vins has a more sweet and penetrating fragrance than the same 
rose grown elsewhere, and even goes so far as to say that they 
have acquired properties which they do not possess in their native 
country, the Caucasus. On account of the supposed superior 
qualities of this rose, the citizens of Provins, in 1807, addressed 
a petition to government to encourage in their territory the culti- 
vation of the true Provins Rose, by giving it the preference in all 
the hospitals and military dispensaries. This gave rise to a dis- 
cussion between two French chemists, but without deciding the 
fact whether the Rosa gallica was superior in medical properties 
to any other rose. It seems to be acknowledged that those culti- 
vated at Provins were superior to the same kind grown else- 
wdiere, and this superiority is attributed by some to the presence 
of iron in the soil about that city. It was probably owing also 
to the very careful cultivation practised there. The petals are 
used extensively in several medical preparations, as the sugar of 
roses, the ointment of roses, the treacle of roses, (fee. Rose-water 
is, hoAvever, more extensively used in medicine than any other 
preparation of the rose. This water, when manufactured from 
the gallica or any other variety of the centifolim, is employed 
internally as an astringent, and is sometimes mixed with other 



MEDICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ROSE. 53 

medicine? to destroy their disagreeable smell and taste. In exter- 
nal applications, it is used principally for affections of the eyes, 
either alone or with some ointjnent. 

The alcoholic tincture of roses, or spirit of roses before described, 
which was formerly given as a stimulus in many cases, has noAv 
fallen very much into disuse, medical opinion being very much 
against the employment of any alcoholic medicines excepting in 
very rare cases. 

The syrup of roses, manufactured from the pale or damask 
rose, is sometimes employed as a purgative, and was once highly 
esteemed and recommended as a mild laxative. It is now, how- 
ever, scaicely considered purgative, and its laxative properties are 
probably owing in a great measure to the senna and other arti- 
cles which enter into its preparation. 

The electuary of roses, which is now no longer used, was also 
probably indebted for its medical qualities to the addition of 
scammony, a very strong purgative. 

Vinegar of roses is made by simply infusing dried rose-petals 
in the best distilled vinegar, to which they communicate their 
perfume. It is used for cooking and for the toilet, and is valu- 
able for headaches when applied in the same way as common 
vinegar. The ancierits prepared this vinegar, and also the wine 
and oil of roses, which are no longer used. 

Honey of roses is made by beating up rose-petals with a very 
small portion of boiling water ; the liquid, after being filtered, is 
boiled with honey. This is esteemed for sore throats, for ulcers 
in the mouth, and for anything that is benefited by the use of 
honey. 

The fruit of the rose is said also to possess some astringent 
properties ; the palp of the fruit of the wild varieties, particularly 
of the dog-rose, after being separated from the seeds and beaten 
up in a mortar with sugar, makes a sort of conserve know n in 
medicine under the name of Cynorrhodon. 

Children in the country sometimes eat these fruits after they 
have attained perfect maturity, and have been somewhat mel- 
lowed by the frost ; they then lose their pungent taste and be- 



54 MEDICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ROSE. 



come a little sweet. Belanger, a French writer who traveled in 
Persia in 1825, found in that country a rose whose fruit was very 
agreeably flavored. The apple-bearing rose {R. vlllosa pomifera) 
produces the largest fruit of all, and is the best adapted for pre- 
serving; but an English writer remarks, that the fruit of R. sys- 
tyla and R. arvensiSj although of a smaller size, bears a higher 
flavor than that of any other species. Rose-buds, like the fruit, 
are also frequentl}?^ preserved in sugar, and pickled in vinegar. 
Tea is sometimes made of the leaves of the rose, which are also 
eaten readily by the domestic animals. 

The ends of the young shoots of the sweet briar, deprived of 
their bark and foliage, and cut into short pieces, are sometimes 
candied and sold by the confectioners. 

The Dog-Rose takes its name from the virtue which the an- 
cients attributed to its root, as a cure for hydrophobia. 

The heathen deities themselves, according to Pliny, revealed 
this marvelous property, in dream, to a mother whose son had 
been bitten by a dog affected with this terrible disease. 
■ The excrescences frequently found on the branches of the Rose, 
and particularly on those of the wild varieties, known to drug- 
gists by the Arabic name of bedeg-uar, and which resemble in 
form a little bunch of moss, partake equally of the astringent pro- 
perties of the Rose. These excrescences are caused by the punc- 
ture of a little insect, known to naturalists as the cy^nips rdscB, 
and occasionally nearly the same effects are produced by other 
insects. 



CHAPTER VII. 



GENERAL REMARKS. 




HE name of the Rose is very similar in most 
i\^ languages, but of its primitive derivation very 
litlle or nothing is Icnown. It is rhodon in 
Greek ; rhos, in Celtic ; rosa^ in Latin, Ital- 
ian, Spanish, Portuguese, Hungarian, and 
Polish : rose^ in French, Saxon, and Eng- 
lish ; roseif,^ in German ; roose, in Dutch ; 
rhosha^ in Sclavonic ; ros^ in Irish ; ruoze^ in Bohemian ; ouas- 
rath^ in Arabic; nisri7i, in Turkish; chabhatzeleth, in Hebrew; 
and gul, in Persian. These are the various names by which 
the flower has been known from very early times, and a strong 
resemblance can be traced through all. The Latin name, rosa, 
also forms a component part of terms used to designate several 
other things. 

The name of ro5a7'y was given to a string of beads used in the 
Romish Church to represent a certain number of prayers ; it was 
instituted about the year 667, but was not much used until Peter 
the hermit excited the Christian nations to the Crusade, about 
1096. Dominique, a Romish saint, established, in 1207, the 
brotherhood of the Rosarv. and the festival of the Rose was in- 
stituted in 1571 by Pope Pius Y., in thanksgiving for the victory 
gained by the Christians over the Turks at Lepante. Subse- 



56 GENERAL REMARKS. 



quent popes gave to that ceremony more eclat, and caused it to 
be established in Spain. The name of rosary was formerly also 
given to the vessel used in distilling rose-water. This flower has 
also given the idea of new forms of beauty in architecture and 
the arts. A rose is sometimes sculptured in the centre of each 
face of a Corinthian capital. It is also frequently seen in iron 
castings for the banisters of the stone steps of a house, and it 
is sometimes displayed upon the pavement in front of some 
splendid mansion. This, however, is rare in the United States, 
although frequent in Europe. 

Among all the imitations of the Rose, none can compare with 
those painted on glass, some of which can be found in the win- 
dows of celebrated European Cathedrals in Canterbury, Cologne, 
Milan, Rheims, St. Denis and others. We can scarcely imagine 
anything more beautifuliy soft than these paintings on glass, as 
seen from the interior of a church, in the rich light of a glowing 
sun-set ; the Rose thus painted seems to possess all the freshness 
and beauty of the real flower. 

The nave of the Cathedral of Paris, besides twenty-four large 
windows, is lighted by three others, large and magnificent, in 
the shape of a Rose, which are each forty feet in diameter. The 
paintings on glass which ornament these windows were executed 
in the 13th century, and still retain their fresh and bright colors : 
that over the grand entrance represents the signs of the zodiac, 
and the as^ricultural labors of each month. 

In heraldry, the rose frequently forms part of a shield, in full 
bloom, with a bud in the centre, and with five points to imitate 
thorns ; it is an emblem of beauty and of nobility acquired with 
difliculty. 

The Golden Rose was considered so honorable a present, that 
none but monarchs were worthy to receive it. 

In the 11th century, the Pope introduced the custom of bless- 
ing a golden Rose, whicli he presented to some church, or to 
some prince or princess, as an especial mark of his favor. 

In 1096, the Pope Urban II. gave a Golden Rose to the Comte 
d'Anjou. Alexander III. sent one to Louis, King of France, 



GENERAL REMARKS. 57 



in acknowledgment of the attentions of that prince duiing- the 
pope's visit to France, as stated in a letter which he wrote the king. 

" In accordance with the custom of our ancestors, in carrying 
a rose of gold in their hands on Dimanche Laetare, we do not 
think we can present it to one who merits it more than yourself, 
from your devotion to the Church and to ourselves." 

Pope John, in 1415, sent the Golden Rose to the Emperor Sigis- 
mund. Martin V., in 1418, sent another to the same prince. Pius • 
II., in 1461, sent one to Thomas Paleologue, emperor of Con- 
stantinople. Henry VIIL, of England, before his separation from 
the Church of Rome, received the Golden Rose twice ; the first 
from Julius II., and the second from Leo X. : and recently, in 
1842, the Pope's Nuncio Capaccini presented it to Donna Maria, 
Queen of Portugal, 

The public ceremony of blessing the Rose was not instituted 
until 1366, by Urban V. : that pontiff, wishing to give a particu- 
lar mark of his esteem to Joanna, Queen of Sicily, solemnly 
blessed a Golden Rose, which he sent her, and made at the same 
time a decree, that a similar one should be consecrated every 
year. For fifty or sixty years, the Pope gave the Rose to princes 
who came to Rome ; and it was the custom to give 500 louis to 
the officer who carried it for the Pope, The Rose, in its intrinsic 
value, was however sometimes worth double that sum. 

We have thus given all the information we have been able 
to collect respecting the history of the Rose. 

We shall feel abundantly gratified if the facts and anecdotes 
we have cited, shall tend to enhance the already growing interest 
in this flower ; and by thus connecting it with the lore of an- 
tiquity, cast around it a bright halo of pleasant associations. 

Among the various riches of the garden, there are many flowers 
of great attractions : some we admire for their beautiful forms, 
others for their brilliant colors ; and others again for their delight- 
ful fragrance : and we scarcely know w^hich to pronounce the 
most pleasing. But whatever may be our feelings of admiration 
for these beautiful flowers, a desire for something still more 



58 GENERAL REMARKS. 



beautiful draws us to the Rose, and compels us to pronounce it 
superior to all its rivals. It is the Rose alone that never fatigues, 
that always exhibits some new beauty, and that is never affected 
by fashion ; for while DahUas and other flowers have had their 
hour of favor, and have passed out of notice, the Rose lias been 
a favorite for some three thousand years, and is still the first and 
most beautiful, — the chef d'muvre of the vegetable kingdom. 

The Rose is rendered a favorite by many pleasant associations. 
It has been, as we have shown, the cherished flower of the an- 
cient poets, and it will be shown again, that with modern poets, 
it has lost none of its charms, but is still apostrophized and made 
an object of frequent comparison. With the ancients, it was, 
as we have seen, the ornament of their festivals, their altars, and 
their tombs : it was the emblem of beauty, youth, modesty and 
innocence, and was full of tender sentiment and pleasant images. 
A French v/riter, in a somewhat more extravagant vein of lau- 
dation, says, " Its name alone gives birth in all sensible minds to 
a crowd of pleasant thoughts, v^^hile, at the same time, it excites 
a sensation of the most delightful pleasures, and the most sweet 
enjoyments." The name of " dueen of Flowers," has been 
given to the Rose, almost from time immemorial ; but this name 
is particularly applicable to the centifolia and the hybrids from 
it, among which the Rose figured in this work — La Reine — stands 
conspicuous. For size, form and brilliant color, it stands indeed 
the Glueen among Roses. But the little, modest wild-rose, found 
only in woods and hedges, adorns the solitude where it grows, 
and possesses for many a charm not surpassed by that of any 
of the cultivated varieties : its regularly formed corolla, of a soft 
and delicate color, combines in its simplicity many an attraction 
not found in the most beautiful flowers of the garden ; and late 
in the season, when the fields are stripped of their verdure, the 
landscape is enlivened by the bright appearance of its red, coral- 
like fruit. 

The beauty of the Rose has preserved it and its reputation for 
many ages. The most populous nations, the largest cities, the most 
wealthy and powerful kingdoms, have disappeared from the earth, 



GENERAL REMARKS. 50 



or have been involved in the revohitions and subversions of em- 
pires, while a simple flower has escaped them all, and still remains 
to tell its story. It has seen a hundred generations succeed each 
other, and pass away ; it has traveled through ages without 
changing its destiny or losing its character : the homage ren- 
dered and the love borne it has been always the same : now, as 
in the earliest periods of the world's history, it is decreed the first 
place in the floral kingdom. In these days, as in those of an- 
tiquity, it is par excellence^ the Queen of flowers, because it is 
always the most beautiful, and because no other flower can fur- 
nish half its "harms. To elegance and beauty of form it unites 
the freshness and brilliance of the most agreeable colors, and, as 
if nature had showered upon it all her most precious gifts, it adds 
to its other qualities a delightful perfume, which alone would 
suffice to entitle it to a distinguished place among the beautiful 
and pleasant things of the vegetable kingdom. 



POETRY OF THE EOSE. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

" Round every flower there gleams a glory, 
Bequeathed by antique song or story ; 
To each old legends give a name, 
And its peculiar charm proclaim. 
O'er smiling lawn, through shady grove, 
Our dreaming poets pensive rove, 
And strive to read their language rare, 
And learn the lesson latent there." 




OETRY has been defined to be that which 
suggests to the mind glowing thoughts and 
pleasant images. We have the poetry of mo- 
tion, whether displayed m the beautiful and 
bounding steps of a noble stag, the spirit-stir- 
ring course of the Arabs' favorite, or the grace- 
ful gait and winning gestures of a beautiful 
and highly cultivated woman. We have, too, the poetry of form, 
whether dwelling in the quiet beauty of Trinity spire, leaning 
against the clear, blue sky, or whether breathing in the many 
forms of natural beauty around us — the ever-varying expression 
of an intellectual human face, the rippling course of flowing 
and shaded waters, the stately oak of the forest, the quivering 
leaf upon the tree, or the simple flower of the field. WilHs dis- 
courses eloquently upon unwritten music and the various pleas- 
ant tones breathed by Nature into the ear of him whose spirit is 
attuned to their harmony. So, also, the world is full of unwrit- 
ten poetry ; it is everywhere around us, and always visible to 
the eye that is accustomed to look for its presence. There is 
poetry in the dreariness of winter, in the purity of the quiet- 

6 



62 POETRY OF THE ROSE. 

falling snow-llake, in the glittering splendor of a whole land- 
scape encased with ice, and the rose-bushes bending under the 
weiofht of (heir ^eni-like coverinsf'. And when the bonds of 
winter are loosened, and the plant, just awakening from its long 
sleep, begins to put forth its energies, it is poetry to watch the grad- 
ual swelling of tlie leaf-bud, the first appearance of the delicate 
leaflets, and the full development of the mature leaf and branch. 
And when the sun's rays are becoming more powerful, and the 
infant bud appears, it is poetry to watch the gradual unfolding 
of the flowers, the opening of the calyx to its ruby-pointed in- 
mate, the appearance of the beautifully formed bud, and the full 
expansion of the perfect flower. At midsummer, too, it is poetry 
to lie under the shade of a noble forest tree, and gaze upon the 
various forms of beauty displayed in the roses scattered about 

the lawn. 

" 'T is poetry to lie 
By the clear brook, where the long bennet dips: 
To press the rose-bud, in its purity, 
Unto the burning lips." 

It is this poetry, this appreciation of the various forms of 
natural beauty that are always around us, which tends, more 
than anything of earth, to elevate the mind and to improve the 
moral aflections of him who yields himself to their influence. 
Its effect is truly conservative, and productive of the happiest 
results, when duly appreciated. 

This species of poetry cannot, however, be readily put upon 
paper ; it is too etherial to pass under the press. 

The poetry for our purpose we must define to be the graceful 
expression of a beautiful thought ; and these expressions and 
thoughts we have gathered from various fields into a bouquet, 
which we hope will present some features of beauty. Our 
selections have in some cases been made from collections of 
fugitive poetry, where the authors' names are not given, and we 
cannot therefore attach due credit. 

Our object in this work is to interest all ; and we liope that 
those whose ears are not open to pleasant sounds, will endure 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 63 

this chapter for the sake of the more practical matter contained 
elsewhere, while some will perhaps be attracted to other chapters 
by the pleasure they have derived horn this. 



TO THE ROSE, 

Fruitless and endless were the task, I ween, 

With every flower to grace my votive lay ; 
And unto thee, their long acknowledged Queen, 

Fairest and loveliest ! and thy gentle sway. 
Beautiful Rose, my homage I must pay ; 

For how can minstrel leave thy charms unsung, 
Whose meek supremacy has been alway 

Confess'd, in many a clime and many a tongue, 
And in whose praise the harp of many a bard has sung? 

Mine is unw^orthy such a lovely theme ; 

Yet, could I borrow of that tuneful bird 
Who sings thy praises by the moon's pale beam — 

As fancy's graceful legends have averr'd — 
Those thrilling harmonies at midnight heard, 

With sounds of flowing waters, — not in vain 
Should the loose strings of my rude harp be stirr'd 

By inspiration's breath ; but one brief strain 
Should re-assert thy rights and celebrate thy reign. 

I love the Rose — it is a noble flower ; 
In color rich, and opulent of leaves : 
And when her summer garland Flora weaves, 

She sees no fairer beauty in her bower, — 

None which, so redolent of perfume, flings 

A sweeter fragrance on the zephyr's wings. 



64 POETRY OP THE ROSE. 

I love the Rose — that simple, single one, 
Which decks the hedges delicately white ; 
Or, blushing like a maiden's cheek so slight, 
The eye looks anxious lest the tint be gone 
Ere it hath gazed enough, or ere the spray 
Can from the parent tree be shpp'd away. 

I love the Rose — that monthly one, which blooms 
In cottage windows ; which is tended there 
With maiden constancy, by maiden care; 

Which through all seasons decorates the rooms, 

Like her whose opening charms appear to be 

A lovely blowing bud on beauty's tree. 

I love the Rose — nor least when I perceive 
The thistle's pride in Scotia's bonnet worn ; 
The shamrock green on Erin's banner borne : 
O, then imagination loves to weave 
Of England's emblem flowers a garland meet 
To place on beauty's brow, or lay at valor's feet. 

I love the Rose — its presence to my eye 

Like beauty, youth, like hope and health appears, 
Recalling the gay dreams of early years : 

And when I smell its fragrance wafted by, 

I think of virtue, love, benevolence. 

Which moral perfumes round life's paths dispense. 

I love the Rose — for bards have ever loved 

The queen of flowers — the flower of beauty's queen, 
When in the hedgerow or the garden seen, 

Or pluck'd and proffer'd, by some friend belov'd, 

To gentle lady, and by her caress'd. 

Then braided with her hair, or worn upon her breast. 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 



65 



I love the Rose — what time the smiling year 
Leads forth in summer giory Flora's train ; 
When orchard, garden, woodland, bower and plain, 

Dress'd in their richest garments all appear ; 

Then — then I love the humblest flower that blows, 

But chief of all the tribe — I love the Rose. 

Bernard Barton. 



THE WILD ROSE. 



Welcome ! oh, welcome once again, 

Thou dearest of all the laughing flowers 
That open their odorous bosoms when 

The summer birds are in their bowers !/- 
There is none that I love, sweet gem, like thee, 

So mildly through the green leaves stealing ; 
For I seem, as thy delicate flush I see, 
In the dewy haunts of my youth to be ; 

And a gladsome youthful feeling 
Springs to my heart, that not all the glare 
Of the blossoming East could awaken there. 

Glorious and glad it were, no doubt. 

Over the billowy sea to sail, 
And to find every spot of the wide world out, 

So bright and fair in the minstrel's tale : 
To roam by old Tiber's classic tide 

At eve, when round the gushing waters 
Shades of renown will seem to glide. 
And amid the myrtle's flowery pride 

Walk Italy's soft daughters : 
Or to see Spain's haughtier damsels rove 
Through the delicious orange grove. 



00 POETRY OF THE ROSE. 

Glorious it were, where the bright heaven glows, 

To wander idly far away, 
And to scent the niusk'd, voluptuous rose 

Of beauty, blest Circassia ! 
To spy some languid Indian maid, 

Wooing at noon the precious breeze, 
Beneath the proud magnolia's shade ; 
Or a Chilian girl at random laid 

On a couch of amaryllides : 
To behold the cocoa-palm, so fair 
To the eye of the southern islander. 

Glorious Camellian blooms to find. 

In the jealous realms of far Japan, 
Or the epidendrum's garlands twin'd 

Round the tall trees of Ilindostan. 
All this were glad, and awhile to be 

Like a spirit wand'ring gaily ; 
But oh ! what souls, to whom these are free, 
Would give them all to share with me 

The joys that I gather daily, 
When, out in the morning's dewy spring, 
I mark the wild Rose blossoming ! 

When the footpath's winding track is lost 

Beneath the deep o'erhanging grass, 
And the golden pollen forth is tost 

Thickly upon me as I pass ; 
When England is paradise all over ; 

When flowers are breathing, birds are singing; 
When the honeysuckle I flrst discover 
Balming the air, and in the clover 

The early scythe is ringing ; 
When gales in the billowy grass delight, 
And a silvery beauty tracks their flight ; 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 67 



And, more than all, the sweet, wild Rose, 

Starring each bush in lanes and glades, 
Smiles in each lovelier tint that glows 

On the cheeks of England's peerless maids : 
Some, with a deeper, fuller hue, 

Like lass o'er the foamy milk-pail chanting ; 
Lighter are some, and gemm'd with dew. 
Like ladies whose lovers all are true, 

And nought on earth have wanting ; 
But their eyes on beauteous scenes are bent, 
That own them their chief ornament. 

And some — alas ! that a British maid 

In beauty should ever resemble them ! — 
Like damsel heart-broken and betray'd, 

Droop softly on their slender stem : 
Hid in the wild-wood's deepest shade, 

Flow^ers of such snowy loveliness, 
That almost without light fancy's aid, 
Seem they for touching emblems made, 

Of beauty smitten by distress. 
But enough — the wild Rose is the queen of June, 
When flowers are abroad and birds in tune. 

Mary Howitt. 



THE WILD ROSE. 

Gorgeous and bright is the garden, I ween, 
Where thousand-leaved roses are richest in sheen ; 
But, lady, the plain little wild Rose for me. 
That blooms in the shade of the tall forest-tree. 

The proud multiflora, so vain of its charms. 

Flaunts wide in the sunshine its broad-spreading^ arms , 



68 POETRY OF THE ROSE. 

But give me the wild Rose, ashamed to be seen, 
That blushes and hides in its mantle of green. 

The Rose of the garden may boast its perfume, 
And true it smells sweetly while lingers its bloom ; 
But give me the Eglantine, blushing alone, 
That still scents the gale when its blossoms are gone. 

Let others encircle their brows with the flowers 
By culture made bright for a few fleeting hours ; 
Far dearer to me is the wild flower that grows 
Unseen, by the brook w^here in shadow it flows. 

There hie, gentle maid, where the wild blossoms grow, 
And cull me a wreath to encircle my brow : 
One sweet little Rose for my bosom shall be ; 
And, lady, that sweet little Rose shall be thee. 



THE CHILD AND THE ROSE, 

When stirring bud and songful bird 
Brought gladness to the earth. 

And spring-time voices first were heard 
In low, sweet sounds of mirth ; 

A little child, with pleasant eyes, 
Reclined in tranquil thought. 

And, half communing with the skies. 
His pretty fancies wrought. 

He turned where, cased in robe of green, 

A rose-bud met his eye. 
And one faint streak the leaves between, 

Rich in its crimson dye. 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 69 



The warm light gathereth in the sky, 

The bland air stirreth round, 
And yet the child is lingering by, 

Half-kneeling on the ground : 

For broader grew that crimson streak, 

Back folds the leaf of green. 
And he in wonder, still and meek, 

Watch'd all its opening sheen. 

" 'T is done, 'tis done !" at length he cried, 

With glad amazement wild ; 
The Rose, in new-created pride, 

Had opened for the child. 

O, had we hearts like thine, sweet boy, 

To watch creative power. 
We, too, should thrill with kindred joy 

At every opening flower. 

E. Oakes Smith, 



THE ROSE GIRL'S SONG. 

Come^ buy my sweet Roses, je fair ladies all, 

And bless my poor mother and I ; 
Nor fresher, nor sweeter, boasts basket or stall : 

Come, buy my sweet Roses, come, buy. 

Here are scarlet, and damask, and delicate white, 
And some with a blush's sweet dye ; 

With beautiful moss'd ones, the lover's delight: 
Come, buy my fine Roses, come, buy. 



70 POETRY OF THE ROSE. 



These butla for your bosoms, those blown for your rooms, 

Wore nursed in warm smiles of July ; 
These posies are all of tlie loveliest blooms : 

Come buy my nice Roses, come, buy. 

All fresh as the morninji^, and fragrant as May, 

And bright as a young lover's eye, 
We gather'd them all at the da\Vning of day: 

Come, buy my fresh Roses, come buy. 



THE ROSE-BUD. 

When nature tries her fmost touch, 

Weaving her vernal wreath, 
Mark ye how close she veils her round, 
Not to be traced by sight or sound, 
Nor soird by ruder breath ? 

Whoever saw the earliest Rose 
First open her sweet breast ? 
Or, when the summer sun goes down, 
The first, soft star in evening's crown 
Light up her gleaming crest ? 

Fondly we seek the dawning bloom 

On features wan and Aiir ; 
The gazing eye no change can trace^ 
But look away a little space. 

Then turn, and lo ! 'tis there. 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 71 

But there's a sweeter flower than e'er 

l^lushd oil the rosy spray — 
A brighter star, a riclier bloom, 
Than e'er did western lieaven illume 

At close of summer day. 

'T is love, the last best gift of heaven — 

Love gentle, holy, pure; 
But tenderer than a dove's soft eye : 
The searching sun, the open sky, 

She never could endure. 

Even human love will shrink from sigi 

Here in the coarse, rude earth : 
How then should rash, intruding glance 
Break in upon her sacred trance, 

Who boasts a heavenly birth ! 

So still and secret is her growth, 

Ever the truest heart. 
Where deepest strikes her kindly root 
For hope or joy, for flower or fruit, 

Least known its happy part. 

God only and good angels look 

Behind the blissful screen — 
As when, triumphant o'er his woes, 
The Son of God by moonlight rose, 

By all but heaven unseen : 

As when the Holy Maid beheld 

Her risen Son and Lord : 
Thought has not colors half so fair 
That she to paint that hour may dare, 

In silence best adored. 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 



The gracious dove, that brought from Iieaven 

The earnest of our bUss, 
Of many a chosen witness' telling, 
On many a happy vision dwelling, 

Sings not a note of this. 

So, truest image of the Christ, 

Old Israel's long-lost son, 
What time, with sweet forgiving cheer. 
He called his conscious brethren near, 

Would weep with them alone. 

He could not trust his melting soul 

But in his Maker's sight ; 
Then why should gentle hearts and true 
Bare to the rude world's withering view 

Their treasures of delight? 

No — let the dainty Rose awhile 

Her bashful fragrance hide — 
Rend not her silken veil too soon, 
But leave her, in her own soft noon, 

To flourish and abide. 



Kebi.e. 



THE SUMMER ROSE. 

O, nowhere blooms so bright the Summer Rose, 
As where youth cropt it from the valley's breast ; 

O, nowhere are the downs so soft as those 
That pillow'd infancy's unbroken rest. 

From the Danish of Apzelius. 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 73 



TO THE SWEET-BRIER. 

Our sweet autumnal western-scented wind 
Robs of its odors none so sweet a flower. 
In all the blooming waste it left behind, 
As that the sweet-brier yields it ; and the shower 
Wets not a rose that buds in beauty's bower 
One half so lovely ; yet it grows along 
The poor girl's pathway — by the poor man's door. 
Such are the simple folks it dwells among ; 
And humble as the bud, so humble be the song. 

I love it, for it takes its untouch 'd stand 
Not in the vase that sculptors decorate ; 
Its sweetness all is of my native land ; 
And e'en its fragrant leaf has not its mate 
Among the perfumes which the rich and great 
Bring from the odors of the spicy East. 
You love your flowers and plants, and will you hate 
The little four-leaved Rose that I love best, 
That freshest will awake, and sweetest go to rest ? 

J. G» C. Brainard. 



THE TULIP AND EGLANTINE. 

The Tulip called to the Eglantine ; 

•'• Good neighbor, I hope you see 
How the throngs that visit the garden come 

To pay their respects to me. 

" The florist admires my elegant robe, 

And praises its rainbow ray. 
Till it seems as if, through his raptured eyes 

He was gazing his soul away." 

T 



74 POETRY OF THE ROSE. 



" It may be so," said tlie Eglantine ; 

" In a humble nook I dwell, 
And what is passing among the great 

I cannot know so well. 

But they speak of me as the flower of love, 
And that low-whispered name 

Is dearer to me, and my infant buds, 
Than the loudest breath of fame." 



THE ROSE. 

How beautiful the Rose, as it unfolds its vernal dyes 
And breathes a holy fragrance round, like incense from the skies ; 
Casts to the breeze the sparkling dews that glitter on its stem, 
And wreaths around its blushing brows a crystal diadem. 

But while the bee, with honey'd lip, salutes the vernal flower 
That 's daily brightened by the sun and cherished by the shower, 
The blast of desolation comes and sweeps it to the dust, 
When all its beauties perish, as all mortal beauties must. 

Behold that gentle maiden, in the fair, fresh morn of youth ! 
Upon her cheek the holy glow of innocence and truth ; 
The sudden shock of sorrow strikes — the blush no longer glows, 
But verifies the fate of her fragile type, the Rose. 

Destruction comes alike to all, the meanest and the best, 
'T is oft the harbinger of wo, as suffering is to rest ; 
Here beauty is the sure but smiling herald of decay, 
As oftentimes the darkest night succeeds the brightest day. 

Robert Gaunter. 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 75 



THE QUEEN OF FLOWERS, 

Most glorious Rose ! 
You are the queenly belle. On you all eyes 
Admiring turn. Doubtless you might indite 
Romances from your own sweet history. 
They 're all the fashion now, and crowd the page 
Of many a periodical. Wilt tell 
None of your heart adventures ? Never mind ! 
All can detect the Zephyr's stolen kiss 
In your deep blush ; so, where's the use to seal 
Your lips so cunningly, when all the world 
Call you the flower of love ? 

And now good-bye ; 
A pleasant gossip have I had with you, 
Obliging visitants, but must away 
To graver toils. Still keep your incense fresh 
And free to rise to Him who tints your brows, 
Bidding the brown mould and unsightly stem 
Put forth such blaze of beauty as translates 
To dullest hearts His dialect of love. 

From " Gossip with a BouauET." 



A THOUGHT OF THE ROSE. 

How much of memory dwells amid thy bloom. 
Rose ! ever wearing beauty for thy dower ! 

The bridal day — the festival — the tomb, — 

Thou hast thy part in each, thou stateliest flower ; 

Therefore with thy soft breath come floating by 
A thousand images of love and grief — / 

Dreams, filled witli tokens of mortality, 

Deep thoughts of all things beautiful and brief. 



^/ 



70 POETiJV ov 'I'm: kosi-,. 



Not such thy spells oVr (hose (ha I. Iiailod thee first, 

In (he clear lii»ht ol' h^loirs ooIiUmi ilay ! 
T/icrr thy rich leaves to crimson i;lory burst, 

LinkM \vi(h no dim KMnemhrauce of decay. 

Rose ! lor (he himqntM. j^nthered and (he bier ! 

Kose ! colored now by human ho[)(^ or pain ; 
Surely Nvh(M-e dt^xli is no(, — nor chani;(\ nor fear, 

Vet may we meet (bee, Joy's own (lower, ai^ain. 

Fki.icu IIemans. 



A SONG OF THE ROSE. 

Rose! wlia( doi<\ (hou 1um(^ ? 

Ihidal, ro\al Kosc ! 
How, 'mids( i^riiM and (ear, 

(^uis( (h()n (bus disi'lose 
That lervitl hu(^ oi' lo\ e wbicli (o (by beart-leaf glows? 

Ixose ! too much arrnyM 

l'\>r (rinmpJKd lu)urs, 
iiOok'st (bou (brouj^b tlu^ shade 

Of these mortal bt>wers, 
Not to disturb my st)ulj thou crown'd one of all tlowcrs ! 

As an ea^le soarini;- 

Throuu'b a sunny sky, 
As a clarion pouring" 
Notes of victory. 
So dost ///()// kindle (hougbts for earthly life too high — - 

Thoughts of ra[>ture Hushing 

Viuubbd poet's cbeek, 
Tlunigbts oi' glcMy rushing 

l'\)r(h in song to break, 
l>i!t fiiuling" (be spring-(iile of rapid song ioo weak. 



]>oi;'('j{,v oi' 'nil-: ROSE. 77 



Yet, oil, festal lioH(; ! 

I have He<;n Uirc. lyin^ 
In (Jiy briji'lit r<;|M>s(;, 

Pill()w'<l wii.li i.lie i\y\i\ii; ; 
7'Ay crirriHon by Uie lile'H quick blood wan flyinr^. 

Summer, lio[)o, and love 
()'(•)• lli;i.t (»«;(! of pairj, 
Mi'A'l in tlie(;, yet, vv<w(j 
Too, too frail a eliairi 
In its rtnihracinr,^ links the lov(ily to detain. 

Suiilest. thou, f^or^^eous I]ovv(;j? 
1 Oil! within the Kpelln 1/ ,/ 

J or thy hciauty'H ()ovver 

Somethinf^- dimly dwells. 
At varianc(i with a world of HorrowH and farewelln. 

All tJie Houl forth flowinj,^ 

In that rich perfume. 
Ail the. proud life ^lowin^ 

Iri that radiant l>h)om, 
JIave Ih.^y no place hut here, heneath th' o'erHliadowirig 

tomh '!' 

Crown'wt thou hut the daughter.s 

Of our tearful race ? 
Heaven's own purest waters 

Well mij^ht bear tin; trace 
Of thy consummate form, melting to softer grace. 

Will that clime enfold thee 

With iirimortal air? 
Shall we not behold thee 
J5rirrht and deathless there, 
In spirit-luHtre clothed, transcendently more fair? 



^y POETRY OF THE ROSE. 



Yes ! jny fancy sees thee 

In that light disclose, 
And its dream thus frees thee 

From the midst of woes, 
Darkening thine earthly bowers, O bridal, royal Rose. 

Femcia IIkmans. 



THE ROSE. 

Of all llowers, 

Methinks a Rose is best 

It is the very emblem of a maid ; 
For when the west wind courts her gently, 
How modestly she blows and paints the sun 
With her chaste blushes ! AVhcn the north comes 

near her, 
Rude and impatient, then, like chastity, 
She locks her beauties in her bud again, 
And leaves him to base briers. 

Beaumont and Fletcher. 



THE MOSS ROSE 

O, I love the sweet-blooming, the pretty moss-rose, 
'T is the type of true pleasure and perfected joy ; 
O, I envy each insect that dares to repose 
'Midst its leaves, or among its soft beauties to toy. 

I love the sweet lily, so pure and so pale, 
With a bosom as fair as the new fallen snows ; 
Her luxuriant odors she spreads through the vale. 
Yet e'en she must yield to my pretty moss-rose. 



POETRY Oh' 'I'llK UOSK. 79 



O, I love the gay heait's-case and violet blue, 

The sun-floAver and blue-bell, each flowiet that blows ; 

The fir tree, the pine tree, acacia, and yew, 

Yet e'en these must yield to my pretty moss-rose. 

Yes, I love my moss-rose, for it ne'er had a thorn, 
'T is the type of life's pleasures, unmixed with its woes ; 
^T is more gay and more bright than the opening morn — 
Yes, all things must yield to my pretty moss-rose. 

Anon, 



THE MvSS-ROSE, 

Mossy rose on mosjs^ stone. 
Flowering 'mid tlie ruiL. ^ lone, 
I have learnt, beholding tL p, 
Youth and Age may well agree. 

Baby germ of freshest hue, 
Out of ruin issuing new ; 
Moss a long laborious growth, 
And one stalk supporting both : 

Thus may still, while fades the past, 
Life come forth again as fast ; 
Happy if the relics sere 
Deck a cradle, not a bier. 

Tear the garb, the spirit flies, 
And the heart, unshelter'd, dies ; 
Kill within the nursling flower. 
Scarce the green survives an hour. 



80 POETRY OF THE ROSE. 



Ever thus together live, 
And to man a lesson give, 
Moss, the work of vanished years, 
Rose, that but to-day appears. 

Moss, that covers dateless tombs ; 
Bud, with early sweet that blooms ; 
Childhood thus, in happy rest. 
Lies on ancient AVisdom's breast. 

Moss and Rose, and Age and Youth, 
Flush and Verdure, Hope and Truth, 
Yours be peace that knows not strife. 
One the root and one the life. 

John Steruno. 



LEGEND OF THE ROSE. 



Ah, lady ! list my tale, 

I was the summer's fairest pride, 
The nightingale's betrothed bride ; 
In Shiraz's bowers I sprung to birth 
When Love first lighted on the earth ; 
And then my pure, inodorous bosom, 

Blooming on its thorny tree. 
Was snowy as its mother's blossom, 

Rising from the emerald sea. 
Young Love rambling through the wood, 
Found me in my solitude, 
Bright with dew and freshly blown. 
And trembling to the zephyr's sighs. 
But as he stood, to gaze upon 
The living gem with raptured eyes, 
It chanced a bee was busy there. 
Searching for its fragrant fare ; 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 81 



And Cupid stooping, too, to sip, 

The angiy insect stung his lip — 

And gushing from the ambrosial cell. 

One bright drop on my bosom fell ! 

Weeping, to his mother he 

Told the tale of treachery ; 

And she, her vengeful boy to please, 

Strung his bow with captive bees ; 

But placed upon my sJcnder stem 

The poisoned sting she plucked from them : 

And none since that eventful morn 

Have found the flower without a thorn. 



FLOWER FANTASIES. 

Oh, there is music to the spirit's ear 

In every sigh 
Heaved by the Rose's bosom to the air 

That winnows by ; 
And there is poetry in every leaf, 
Whose blush speaks pleasure, or whose tears tell 

There is romance in every stem that bends 

In motion soft 
Beneath the wind that rustles in the tall 

Tree-tops aloft, 
And 'mid their branches whistlingly doth blow, 
While it but fans the flowers that sleep below. 

The fragrance is the spirit of the flower, 

E'en as the soul 
Is our ethereal portion. We can ne'er 

Hold or control 
One more than other. Passing sweet must be 
The visions, gentle things, that visit ye ! 



82 POETRY OF THE ROSE. 



How happily ye live in the pure light 

Of loveliness ! 
Do ye not feel how deeply — wondiously — 

Ye cheer and bless 
Our checker'd sojourn on this weary earth, 
Whose wildest, dreariest spots to Flowers have 
given birth ? 

Do not ye joy to know the pure delight 
With which we gaze 

Upon your glorious forms ? Are ye not glad, 
E'en in the praise 

Which our enraptured wonder ever tells, 

While poring o'er the wealth that in ye dwells : 

That wealth of thought, of beauty, and of love, 
Which may be found 

In each small common herb that springs from out 
The teeming ground ? 

Do not ye feel that ye do deeply bless 

Our harsher souls by your dear loveliness ? 

Oh, if 'tis given unto ye to know 

The thrilling power 
Of memories and thoughts that can be read 

E'en in a flower, 
How ye must all rejoice beneath each look 
Which reads your beauty, like an open book ! 

We love its silent language : strong, though still, 

Is that unheard 
But all-pervading harmony : it breathes 

No utter'd word. 
But floats around us, as, in happy dream. 
We feel the soft sisfh of a waveless stream. 



POETRY OF THE HOSE. 



83 



So, love of nature's harmony can bless 

And gladden ever 
The heart and fancy, as pellucid wave 

Of fount or river 
Flings back more bright what bright doth on it fall, 
And its own radiance lends where else were none at all. 

Louisa Ann Twamley. 



THE ROSES. 

I saw them once blowing, 

While morning was glowing ; 
But now are their wither'd leaves strew'd o'er the ground, 

For tempests to play on, 

For cold worms to prey on, 
The shame of the garden that triumphs around. 

Their buds which then flourish'd, 

With dew-drops were nourish'd. 
Which turn'd into pearls as they fell from on high ; 

Their hues are all banish'd, 

Their fragrance all vanish'd. 
Ere evening a shadow has cast from the sky. 

I saw, too, whole races 

Of glories and graces 
Thus open and blossom, but quickly decay ; 

And smiling and gladness. 

In sorrow and sadness. 
Ere life reach'd its twilight, fade dimly away. 



84 POETRY Oli THE ROSE. 

Joy's light-hearted dances, 

And melody's glances, 
Are rays of a moment — are dying when born 

And pleasm'e's best dower 

Is nought but a flower, 
A vanishing dew-drop — a gem of the morn. 

The briglit eye is clouded. 

Its brilliancy shrouded. 
Our strength disappears, we are helpless and lone j 

No reason avails us. 

And intellect fails us ; 
Life's spirit is wasted, and darkness comes on. 

BOWRINO. 



THE ROSE. 

Loved daughter of the laughing May 
The hght of all that's pure is thine ; 
The rosy beams that wake the day. 
Upon thy cheeks of velvet shine. 
Thy beauty paints the evening skies 
It mingles with the rainbow's dyes : 
In. love's own light its blushes speak 
On ruby lip and vermeil cheek. 

No wooing zephyrs ever strayed 

To whisper love or steal a kiss, 
Or dancing sunbeam ever played 

Upon a sweeter flower than this. 
The night fays o'er thy bosom strew 
The sparklet of the nectar dew ; 
And on their shrine the pearls have slept 
Like tears the dying stars have wept. 



Poetry of the rose. 85 

Many a pouting lip has llusli'd 

In rival beauty by thy side ; 
Many a maiden cheek has blush'd 

In vain to match thy crimson pride. 
The pink may burst its varied hue, 
The violet its azure blue, 
The lily claim the snow its own ; 
But still thou reign'st, undimmed, alone. 

Thou hast the tale of love express'd, 
In words the faltering tongue forebore ; 

And answering from the heart confess'd, 
What eye and cheek had told before. 

Young hearts have whieper'd to thy ears 

The secret of their hopes and fears ; 

When, nestled in a gentle breast, 

Thou had'st thy tender folds carest. 

Ah ! anxious hope long watch has kept. 

Despairingly beneath thy cover ; 
While fond heart sighed and bright eye wept 

The absence of a faithless lover. 
And many a vow of love is made, 
And fond heart pledged beneath thy shade ; 
While friendly moonbeams light thy bower. 
And glides too soon the stolen hour. 

I love thee, emblem of my youth ! 

Thou bring'st to mind fond memories — 
When fancy wore the garb of truth. 

And love made earth a paradise. 

But as those dreamy hours have fled 

Before the light stern truth has shed 

So will thy fleeting beauty fade, 

And join the wreck that time has made. 

D, Everett Rose. 

8 



86 POETRY OF THE ROSE. 



CUPID AND THE DIAL. 

Olio (lay, young frolic Cupid tried 

To scatter roses o'er the hours, 
And on the dial's face to hide 

The course of time with many flowers. 

By chance, his rosy wreaths had wound 
Upon the hands, and forced them on ; 

And when he look'd again, he found 

The hours had pass'd, the time was done. 

" Alas !" said Love, and dropp'd his flowers, 
'' I've lost my time in idle play ; 

The sweeter I would make the hours, 
The quicker they are pass'd away." 



ANACREON TO THE ROSE. 

While we invoke the wreathed spring, 
Resplendent Rose ! to thee we'll sing, 
Resplendent Rose ! the flower of flowers. 
Whose breath perfumes Olympus' bowers ; 
Whose virgin blush, of chasten'd dye, 
Enchants so much our mortal eye : 
Oft has the poet's magic tongue 
The Rose's fair luxuriance sung ; 
And long the Muses, heavenly maids, 
Have rear'd it in their tuneful shades. 
When, at the e:aly glance of morn. 
It sleeps upon the glittering thorn, 
'Tis sweet to dare the tangled fence. 
To cull the timid floweret thence, 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 87 



And wipe, with tender hand, away 

The tear that on its blushes lay ! 

'Tis sweet to hold the infant stems, 

Yet dropping with Aurora's gems. 

And fresh inhale the spicy sighs 

That from the wxeping buds arise. 

When revel reigns, when mirth is high, 

And Bacchus beams in every eye, 

Our rosy fillets scent exhale. 

And fill with balm the fainting gale ! 

Oh, there is naught in nature bright. 

Where Roses do not shed their light ! 

Where morning paints the orient skies, 

Her fingers burn with roseate dyes ! 

And when, at length, with pale decline. 

Its florid beauties fade and pine, 

Sweet, as in youth, its balmy breath 

Diflfuses odors e'en in death ! 

Oh, whence could such a plant have sprung? 

Attend — for thus the tale is sung : — 

When humid from the silvery stream, 

Effusing beauty's warmest begim, 

Venus appeared in flushiug hues, 

Mellowed by Ocean's briny dews ; 

When, in the starry courts above, 

The pregnant brain of mighty Jove 

Disclosed the nymph of azure glance ! 

The nymph who shakes the martial lance ! 

Then, then, in strange, eventful hour. 

The earth produced an infant flower. 

Which sprung with blushing tinctures dress'd, 

And wanton'd o'er its parent breast. 

The gods beheld this brilliant birth. 

And hail'd the Rose, the born of earth ! 

With nectar drops, a ruby tide. 

The sweetly orient buds they dyed, 



88 I'OI'.tIjV Ol' 'VWV. HOSE. 



And Undo tlicni hlooin, the flowois divine 
(If liiin wlio sIkhIs (lie l,(MMniii«j: vine; 
And l);i(l<' (lieni on llie s|);in',i,l('d (horn 
I'ixpnnd iheir hosonis lo (he niorn. 



THE QUEEN OF THE GARDEN. 

If Jove wonhl i;ive (he h'Mfv hovvcsrs 
A qiicrn lor ;ill ihrir world of flowers, 
The Rose wonld he (he clioice of Jove, 
And reiijcn (he (jncMMi olfnery i^rove. 
ISweetesl. child of W(5ej)int»- inorninu^, 
Gem, tli(> vest, of e;nl,h ndorninj^-, 
Eye of llowerels, j^low ol lawns, 
\\\\(\ of he;inly, nnised l)y dawns; 
8ofl (lie sonl of love il. hreatlies — 
Cypiia's hrow \\\\\\ niai;ie wreathes. 
And to the zephyrs warm eiircsses 
Dillnses all its verdant tresses, 
Till, i^lowin^" with the wanton's play. 
It hlushes a diviner ray ! 



Anacreon. 



THE THORNS OF THE ROSE. 

Where i»rew the Ivose, Imc ofl(M» sped 

To i^athi^r fresh snpplies, 
And daily from their mossy bed 

The new-blown heaulies rise. 

One morn — a sad and Incklcss morn — 

She hither IhmU, her way; 
But ah ! less heedful of return, 

Her wishes went astray. 



iMM/rifv ()/•• 'riii: iiohd. HU 

Her f',yc ifio tree of knowledf^e cruj^^it, 

Willi i^()\(\r,n fnjita^e crown'cJ ; 
JJut wfieii a free acceHH nhe H(ju^fit, 

No free acceHH Hhe found. 

f\)r Hlirul) .'i,n(l Uovvcj lliere Uiickly Hpninj(, 

To (JmjcJc Ik'J' wayward fool,, 
And in derp Hie Uieir hranclios flun^- 

Around (fie Hacred fiuil,. i 

Vel,, niMcd by SaJan'H falne pretence, 

Prime Hourt^e. of all our woen 
SIkj dareci to break the. blooming f(;nce, 

And trarn()b;(l on tfje Kone. 

Unrnov'd, nbe ntretcii'd tlu; iinpioun band, 

'J'b(5 allurin|:( Hweetn to [ji'ove, 
Regard leHH of fier liOitj/H command, 

Kegar(JI(;HH of llin love. 

The injurecJ flf)wer [j(;ljeld tlic; tfieft. 

And, wounderj, \mtii^ itn fiead ; 
The native wliite itH j)etalH l(;ft, 

Wbicfj bluKliin/.^, cliarj^'d to ii'a\. 

ItH foliage wept a dewy Hhower, 

And mourn'd the Htran^e event; 
i']v«j turn'(J arjd saw tfie im[)aHHiorj'd flower, 

And m.'irvel'd wfiot it nx-.ant. 

Awhile nlie Htood and ^^azed thereon, 

Till, tremblinf(, nhe withdrew, 
UncouHciouH nfie luirl trarrjpled on 

The fairest /lower fliat f/vcAV. 

Ere this event of sin and nbarne. 

No prickly thoruK were fourjd ; 
But now they burnt from <tv<-Ay :-;tern. 

And vvitli the rose abound. 

J. W;;-f<UM«. 
8* 



90 POETRY OP THE ROSE. 



TO THE ROSE. 

Rose of my heart ! I've raised for thee a bower — 

For thee have bent the pUant osier round, 

For thee have carpeted with earth the ground, 
And trained a canopy to shield thy flow^er, 
So that the warmest sun can have no power 

To dry the dev/ from off thy leaf, and pale 

Thy living carmine, but a woven veil 
Of full-green vines shall guard from heat and shower. 
Rose of my heart ! here, in this dim alcove, 

No worm shall nestle, and no w^andering bee 

Shall suck thy sweets — no blights shall wither thee ; 
But thou shalt show the freshest hue of love. 
Like the red stream that from Adonis flow'd, 

And made the snow carnation, thou shalt blush, 
And fays shall wander from their bright abode 

To flit enchanted round thy loaded bush. 
Bowed with thy fragrant burden, thou shalt bend 

Thy slender twigs and thorny branches low ; 
Vermillion and the purest foam shall blend ; 

These shall be pale, and those in youth's first glow 
Their tints shall form one sweetest harmony. 

And on some leaves the damask shall prevail, 
Whose colors melt like the soft symphony 

Of flutes and voices in the distant dale. 
The bosom of that flower shall be as white 

As hearts that love, and love alone, are pure ; 
Its tip shall blush as beautiful and bright 
As are the gayest streaks of dawning light, 

Or rubies set within a brimming ewer. 
Rose of my heart ! there shalt thou ever bloom, 

Safe in the shelter of my perfect love ; 

And, when they lay thee in the dark, cold tomb, 

I'll find thee out a better bower above. 

Peecival. 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 91 



TO A WITHERED ROSE. 

/ 

' Pale flower — pale, fragile, faded flower ; 
What tender recollections swell, 
What thoughts of deep and thrilling power 
Are kindled in thy mystic spell ! 

A charm is in thy faint perfume, 

To call up visions of the past. 
Which, through my mind's o'ershadowing gloom, 

" Rush like the rare stars, dim and fast." 

And loveliest shines that evening hour, 
More dear by time and sorrow made. 

When thou wert cull'd ('love's token flower !') 
And on my throbbing bosom laid. 

On eve's pale brow one star burned bright, 
• Like heavenward hope, whose soothing dream 
Is veiled from pleasure's dazzled sight, 
To shine on sorrow's diadem. 

Bright as the tears thy beauty wept. 

The dewdrops on thy petals lay, 
Till evening's silver winds had swept 

Thy cheek, and kissed them all away. 

Whitman. 



TO THE ROSE. 

Dear flower of heaven and love ! thou glorious thmg 
That lookest out the garden nooks among ; 
Rose, that art ever fair and ever young ; 
Was it some angel or invisible wing 
Hover'd around thy fragrant sleep, to f .ag 



92 POETRY OF THE ROSE. 

His glowing mantle of warm sunset hues 
O'er thy unfolding petals, wet with dew^s 
Such as the flow^er-fays to Titania bring? 

flower of thousand memories and dreams, 
That take the heart with faintness, while we gaze 
On the rich depths of thy inwoven maze ; 

From the green banks of Eden's blessed streams 

1 dream'd thee brought, of brighter days to tell, 

Long pass'd, but promised yet with us to dwell. 

C. P. Cranch. 



THE BRIDAL FLOWER. 

The married are compared by the Italian poet to the young Rose, which the 
lover places in the bosom of his betrothed, first stripped of thorns. 

Thou virgin Rose ! whose opening leaves, so fair, 
The dawn has nourish'd with her balmy dews ; 

While softest w^iispers of the morning air 
Call'd forth the blushes of thy vermeil hues. 

That cautious hand which cropt thy youthful pride, 
Transplants thy honors, where from hurt secure, 

Stript of each thorn offensive to thy side. 
Thy nobler part alone shall bloom mature. 

Thus thou, a flower, exempt from change of skies. 
By storms and torrents unassail'd shalt rise, 

And scorn the winter colds and summer heats ; 
A guard more faithful then thy growth shall tend, 
By whom thou mayest in tranquil union blend 

Eternal beauties w4th eternal sweets. 

From Metastasio. 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 93 



THE VIRGIN ROSE. 

Ah ! see, deep-blushing in her green recess, 
The bashful virgin Rose, that, half revealing, 
And half within herself herself concealing, 
Is lovelier for her hidden loveliness. 
Lo ! soon her glorious beauty she discovers ; 
Soon droops, and sheds her leaves of faded hue : 
Can this be she — the flower erewhile that drew 
The hearts of thousand maids — of thousand longing 
lovers ? 

So fleeteth in the fleeting of a day 
Of mortal life, the green leaf and the flower, 
And not, though spring return to every bower. 
Buds forth again soft leaf or blossom gay. 
Gather the Rose ! beneath the beauteous morning 
Of this bright day that soon will over-cast ; 
Oh, gather the sweet Rose, that yet doth last ! 

From Tasso. 



THE LITTLE RED ROSE, 

< 

/ A boy caught sight of a rose in a bower — 
A little rose, slily hiding 
Among the boughs ; Oh, the rose was bright 
And young, and it glimmer d like morning light 
The urchin sought it with haste ; 'twas a flower 

A child indeed might take pride in — 
A little rose, little rose, little red rose, 
Among the bushes hiding. 



94 POETRY OF THE ROSE. 

The wild boy shouted — " I'll pluck thee, lose, 

Little rose vainly hiding 
Among the boughs ;" but the little rose spoke — 
" I'll prick thee, and that will prove no joke ; 
Unhurt, O then will I mock thy woes, 

Whilst thou thy folly art chiding." 
Little rose, little rose, little red rose, 

Among the bushes hiding ! 

But the rude boy laid his hands on the flower. 

The little rose vainly hiding 
Among the boughs ; Oh, the*i-ose was caught ! 
But it turned again, and pricked and fought, 
And left with its spoiler a smart from that hour, 

A pain for ever abiding ; 
Little rose, little rose, little red rose, 

Among the bushes hiding ! 

From Goethe. 



THE VOICE OF THE FLOWERS. 

Blossoms that lowly bend, 
Shutting your leaves from evening's chilly dew. 
While your rich odors heavily ascend. 

The flitting winds to woo ! 

I walk at silent eve. 
When scarce a breath is in the garden bowers, 
And many a vision and wild fancy weave, 

'Midst ye, ye lovely flowers : 

Beneath the cool green boughs. 
And perfumed bells of the fresh-blossom'd lime, 
That stoop and gently touch my feverish brow, 

Fresh in their summer prime ; 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 9^ 

Or in the mossy dell, 
Where the pale primrose trembles at a breath ; 
Or where the lily, by the silent well, 

Beholds her form beneath ; 

Or where the rich queen-rose 
Sits, throned and blushing, 'midst her leaves and moss ; 
Or where the wind-flower, pale and fragile, blows ; 

Or violets banks emboss. 

Mary Anne Browne, 



THE LAST ROSE OF SUMMER. 

'Tis the last Rose of summer, 

Left blooming alone ; 
All her lovely companions 

Are faded and gone : 
No flower of her kindred. 

No rose-bud is nigh. 
To reflect back her blushes 

And give sigh for sigh. 

I'll not leave thee, thou lone one, 

To pine on the stem ; 
Since the lovely are sleeping. 

Go sleep thou with them. 
Thus kindly I scatter 

Thy leaves on the bed, 
Where thy mates of the garden 

Lie scentless and dead. 

So soon may I follow 

When friendships decay, 
And from love's shining circle 

The gems drop away. 



u> 



I'oirrKv (»!•' 'riii; uosi',. 



Wlirii liiK' IksiiIh Vu) willioiM 
And loud (UKv; :\\r. (lowii, 

( )li, who would iidialtil. 
Tliis cold world aloiio '/ 



T. MtM»wK 



WHITE ROSES. 

'IMk y wric nalliciM lor ri bridal ! 

I knew il l»\ I lu-ir liiK' : 
l'\iir as lilt' siiiiiiucr iiioonli<>,IU 

I '|)oii (lie ,';|(M'|»in;'; drw. 
I''r«)m (heir lair and lairy sImMmh 

'l^li('\ wrrc horiir, w iliioul a si'jjil, 
l'\»r one rcnieinlxMM (ncninj; 

To hioMSonj and lo die. 

'IMi('\' wen* oalluaM lor a bridal ! 

And rasl,«Mrd in a w rcalli ; 
Hut. |)ur(M' wcvc the r()S(^s 

Than (he heart ihal lay Ix'nealh ; 
Yd (he l)eannni;" eye was lovidy, 

And lh(^ i'oral li|) was lair, 
And llu^ i;Mzer lookM and ask'd not, 

l'\)r (he seer<'l hidden (here. 



'IMi(\v wer«' i;alherM lor a hridal ! 

V\ iiere a (housand torches i;lis(,en'(l, 
\\ luai (he hoI\ wttrds were spoken, 

And (he lalsi^ and lailhless listenM 
And answeriMl (o (he vow 

W hich anolher hearl had (ak(Mi ; 
Y<M he was present. t.luMi 

The onc<* loved, (he forsaken. 



poETiiv OF 'j'lii; itosii:. 97 

Tlicy were gather'il for :\ \nkhi\ I 

And now, now tliey are dyin^, 
And youn<j^ Love at tlie altar 

or broken laitli is si<^liin<»-. 
Tiieir suirnjier lile was stainless, 

And not like lier's who wore them ; 
They are faded, and tlic farewell 

Of beauty lingers o'er them ! 

Sarah Louisa P. Smith. 



THE DESOLATE ONE. 

As wandering, I found on my ruinous walk, 

By the dial-ston(i aged and green, 
One rose of the wilderness left on its stalky 

To mark where a garden had been ; 
Like a brotherless hermit, the last of its raee, 

All wild in the silence of nature, it drew 
Prom each wandering sunbeam a lovely embrace, 
For the nightweed and thorn overshadowed the place 

Where the ilower of my forefathers grew. 

Sweet bud of the wilderness ! emblem of all 

That survives in this desolate heart ! 
The fabric of bliss to its centre may fall, 

But patience shall never d(ij)art ; 
Though the wilds of enchantment, all vernal and bright, 

In the days of delusion by fancy combined 

With the vanishing [)hantoms of wo and delight, 

Abandon my soul like a dream of the night, 

And leave but a desert behitid. 

Campbell. 
9 



^j^ POETRY OP THE ROSE. 



ROSES. 

We are blushing roses, 

Bending with our fullness, 
'Midst our close-capp'd sister buds, 

Warming the gi'een coolness. 

Whatsoe'er of beauty- 
Yearns and yet reposes, 

Blush, and bosom, and sweet breath, 
Took a shape in roses. 

Hold one of us lightly : 

See from what a slender 
Stalk we bower in heavy blooms. 

And roundness rich and tender. 

Know you not our only 

Rival flower — the human ? 
Loveliest weight on lightest foot — 

Joy-abundant woman ? 

Leigh Hunt. 



THE LILY AND THE ROSE. 

The nymph must lose her female friend, 

If more admired than she ; 
But where will fierce contention end, 

If flowers can disagree ? 

Within the garden's peaceful scene 

Appeared two lovely foes, 
Aspiring to the rank of queen : 

The Lily and the Rose. 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 99 



The Rose soon redden'd into rap-e, 
And, swelling with disdain. 

Appeai'd to many a poet's page 
To prove her right to reign. 

The Lily's height bespoke command, — 

A fair, imperial flower ; 
She seemed designed for Flora's hand, 

The sceptre of her power. 

This civil bickering and debate 
The goddess chanced to hear ; 

And flew to save, ere yet too late, 
The pride of the parterre. 

" Yours is," she said, " the noblest hue, 

And yours the statelier mien ; 
And till a third surpasses you, 
Let each be deem'd a queen." 



Thus soothed and reconciled, both seek 

The fairest British fair ; 
The seat of empire is her cheek, 

They reign united there. 



COWPER. 



THE ROSES. 

Two Roses on one slender stem 

In sweet communion grew, 
Together haiPd the morning ray. 

And drank the evening dew • 
While, sweetly wreath'd in mossy green, 
There sprang a little bud between. 



100 POETRY OF THE ROSE. 

Through clouds and sunshine, storms and showers, 

They open'd into bloom, 
Mingling their foliage and their flowers, 

Their beauty and perfume ; 
While foster'd on its rising stem, 
The bud became a purple gem. 

But soon their summer splendor pass'd, 

They faded in the wind ; 
Yet were these Roses, to the last. 

The loveliest of their kind — 
Whose crimson leaves, in falling round, 
Adorn'd and sanctified the ground. 

When thus were all their honors shorn, 

The bud-unfolding rose. 
And blush'd and brighten'd, as the morn 

From dawn to sunrise glows ; 
Till o'er each parent's drooping head 

The daughter's crowning glory spread. 

My friends, in youth's romantic prime. 

The golden age of man, 
Like these twin Roses spend your time. 

Life's little less'ning span ; 
Then be your breast as free from cares, 

Your hours as innocent as theirs. 

And in the infant bud that blows 

In your encircling arms, 
Mark the dear promise of a Rose, 

The pledge of future charms, 
That o'er your withering hours shall shine, 
Fair and more fair as you decline : 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 101 

Till, planted in that realm of rest 

Where Roses never die, 
Amid the gardens of the blest. 

Beneath a stormless sky, 
You flower afresh, like Aaron's rod, 
That blossom'd at the sight of God. 

Montgomery. 



THE AUTUMN ROSES. 

" My brother had a beautiful Rose-tree, standing directly under the window of 
his study, which he cultivated with great care, and which rewarded him every 
Spring with a large number of the loveliest white roses I ever saw. On the Spring, 
however, preceding his decease, it did not blossom; but in the Fall, when every- 
thing else was going to decay, how were we surprised to behold this sweet tree 
drooping beneath an unusual quantity of snow-white flowers. We did not allow 
one of them to be plucked until my poor brother's death, when we strewed them 
over his grave." 

Gently looked the morning sun 

Into a quiet room ; 
Softly, through a broken pane, 

Stole a rich perfume : 
" Is not that the Rose's scent ?" 

A dying sufferer said ; 
And a fair one o'er his pillow leant, 
And raised his feeble head, 
Whispering, the while, a few low words 
But they soothed not the spirit's vibrating chords ; 
For the pallid cheek of the student flushed. 
And a flood of tears from his dim eyes gushed. 

" Roses on my beauteous tree ? 

Roses, didst thou say ? 
Roses, when all sights and sounds 

Wliisper but decay ? 



102 POETRY OF THE ROSE. 

duickly, quickly, sister dear, 

Lead my footsteps where 
These imtrii sting eyes may feast 
On a sight so rare." 
And they made him a seat by the window's side, 
Where the bright flowers clung in their dewy pride, 
Smiling above the unburied leaves 
Which the frost had cast from the vine- wreathed eaves. 

" Wherefore, children of the light," 

(Whisper'd he again,) 
" Come ye, in these gloomy days. 

Near the couch of pain ? 
Would ye mock the fading flower 

Of a human tree. 
Boasting for its deathless root 
Immortality ? 
Would ye mock with your purity the heart 
Whence sinful passions so Avildiy start ? 
Or bring ye the hope of a cleansing power 
For the sin-dyed soul in its parting hour ? 

" Ye are emblems, lovely flowers. 
Of unnumber'd things — 
\ Emblems of unsullied hopes. 
With their airy wings — 
Emblems of the love which burns 

With a hueless ray, 
Spreading o'er the lamb-like mind 
An eternal day ; 
Also of hearts where a living faith 
Rises up coldly, 'mid fields of scathe, 
Startling the eye in a wintry hour 
With its healing fruit and its fragrant flower. 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 103 

" Autumn flowers ! ye come to me 

As a voice might coma 
To the wave-toss'd manner 

From his mountain home : 
Bringing all sweet summer sounds 

From the forests deep. 
And the music low which makes his heart 
With a mournful joy to weep : 
Ye come to me as the star-lit eves 
To the exile lone, when his spirit grieves. 
Kindling a thought with your tender light, 
Which guides me on through the closing night 

" Ye are spirits of the blest, 

Gentle, gentle flowers ! 
Spirits of that sweet-voiced land, 

Missed in all our bowers : 
They who pass'd like twilight gleams 

On a summer sea, 
Leaving the wail of a billowy grief 
For their heavenward minstrelsy : 
O come ye not, with your music breath, 
Beautiful ones, to wrest from death 
This soul's dim germ, and plant it where 
It may gather strength from a purer air ?" 

Softly shone the morning sun 

On a new-made grave ; 
Slowly o'er a marble fresh 

Did a willow wave ; 
Faintly stole the southern breeze 

Through the dewy grass, 
Scarcely stirring the tall blades 

As its wings did pass : 



104 POETRY OP THE ROSE. 

When a frail and drooping form drew near, 

And strew'd fresh roses beside the bier ; 

Murmuring, as each pale offering fell, 

" Brother ! thou lovedst them passing well !" 

J. H. S. 



FROM SHAKSPEARE.- 

JEmiL Of all flowers, 
Methinks the Rose is best. 

iServ. Why, gentle madam ? 

Emil. It is the very emblem of a maid ; 
For, when the west wind courts her gently, 
How modestly she blows and paints the sun 
With her chaste blushes ! When the north comes near her. 
Rude and impatient, then, like Chastity, 
She locks her beauties in her bud again, 
And leaves him to base briars. 

##*##*■*### 
O how much more doth beauty beauteous seem 

By that sweet ornament which truth doth give \ 

The Rose looks fair ; but fairer we it deem 
For that sweet odor which doth in it live. 

The canker-blooms have full as deep a dye 
As the porfumed tincture of the Roses ; 

Hang on such thorns, and play as wantonly, 
When summer's breath their masked buds discloses ; 

But, for their virtue only is their show, 
They live unwoo'd, and un respected fade ; 

Die to themselves. Sweet Roses do not so ; 
Of their sweet deaths are sweetest odors made : 

And so of you, beauteous and lovely youth, 

When that shall fade, my verse distils your truth. 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 105 



— To endure the livery of a nun; 

For aye to be in shady cloister mewed — 

To undergo such maiden pilgrimage : 

But earthher happy is the Rose distill'd 

Than that which, withering on the virgin thorn, 

Grows, lives, and dies, in single blessedness. 

Some to kill cankers in the Musk Rose-buds. 

Why should I joy in an abortive birth 7 

At Christmas I no more desire a Rose 

Than wish a snow in May's new-fangled shows. 



FROM THE PERSIAN OF HAFIZ. 

When the young Rose, in crimson gay. 

Expands her beauties to the day, 
And foliage fresh her leafless boughs o'erspread ; 

In homage to her sovereign power, 

Bright regent of each subject flower, 
Low at her feet the violet bends its head. Ode IX. 



See where the Rose and Spring to mirth awake ! / 
So cheerful looks the Rose, 'twere wisdom's part 
To tear the root of sorrow from the heart. 

Soft comes the morning wind ; the wanton Rose 
Bursts from its cup to kiss the gale that blows ; 
Its silken garment wounds in tender play, 
And leaves its body naked to the day. Ode XIV. 



106 POETRY OF THE ROSE. 



O cease with delight to survey the proud Rose^ 
Whose soft leaves must too soon feel decay ; 

For, ah ! the dark wind, as it churlishly blows, 

At our feet all its honors shall lay. Ode XVI. 

The youthful season's wonted bloom 

Renews the beauty of each bower, 
And to the sweet-song'd bird is come, 

Glad welcome from its darling flower. Ode VIII. 

The love-struck nightingale's delightful strain, 

The lark's resounding note, are heard again ; 

Again the Rose, to hail Spring's festive day, 

From the cold house of sorrow hastes away. Ode XIII. 



AN IDEAL FLOWER. 

So when the nightingale, in eastern bowers, 
On quivering pinions woos the queen of flowers. 
Inhales her fragrance as he hangs in air. 
And melts with melody the blushing fair ; 
Half Rose, half bird, a beauteous monster springs. 
Waves his thin leaves and claps his glossy wings : 
Long horrent thorns his mossy legs surround. 
And tendril talons root him to the ground ; 
Green films of rind his wrinkled neck o'erspread, 
And crimson petals crest his curled head ; 
Soft-warbling beaks in each bright blossom move, 
And vocal rose-buds fill th' enchanted grove. 
Admiring Evening stays her beamy star 
And still Night listens from his ebon car ; 
While on white wings descending houris throng, 
And drink the floods of odor and of song. 

Dr. Darwin 



POETRY OP THE ROSE. 107 



REMEMBRANCE. 

I turn to the cot where roses bloom 

In beauty rare, and Avith rich perfume ; 

Where they raise their heads at dawning hght, 

Sparkhng with gems of the dewy night ; 

And I think of the days, when a merry boy, 

I phick'd the fairest with gleesome joy,/ 

And wished — how vain ! — that its blushing hues 

Might never change ; but, hke early dews. 

They faded, while yet with care 'twas prest 

As a matchless rose to my youthful breast. 

My wish was cross'd, and the tear-drop fell 

On the faded rose I loved so well. 

It taught my heart, what I since have found, 

That the dearest thing to affection bound, 

Like the sweet rose pluck'd 'neath the summer sky, 

Is sure to wither, and fade, and die. 



FROM "FLORA'S PARTY." 

There were Myrtles and Roses from garden and plain, 
And Venus's Fly-Trap they brought in their train ; 
So the beaux cluster'd round them, they hardly knew why 
At each smile of the lip, or each glance of the eye. 
Madame Damask a robe had from Paris brought out. 
The envy of all who attended the rout ; 
Its drapery was folded her form to adorn, 
And clasp'd at the breast with a diamond-set thorn. 
Yet she, quite unconscious, 't would seem, of the grace 
That enchanted all groups who frequented the place, 
Introduced, with the sweetest of words in her mouth. 
The young Multiflora — her guest from the south I 



108 POETRY OP THE ROSE. 

Neiglibor Cinnamon prated of household and care — 
How she seldom went out, e'en to breathe the fresh air ; 
There were so many young ones and servants to stray, 
And the thorns grew so fast if her eye was away. 
"Cousin Moss-Rosc," she said, "you who live like a queen, 
And ne'er v/et your fingers, scarce know what I mean." 
So that notable lady went on with her lay, 
'Till the auditors yawned and stole softly away. 



ROSE-BUDS IN HER HAND. 

" How beautiful those rose-buds are !" 

The happy brother said. 
Whose hopeful heart cpuld have no thought 

That sister could be dead : 
" I'll pluck them for sweet sister now, 

And take them where she lies ; 
I know she '11 love to see them there, 

When open are her eyes." 

He pluck'd them for his sister dear. 

And bore them to her hand ; 
But to his trustful soul there came 

No dark and shadowy band, 
As to the eye so often comes 

Around the form of Death, 
To bring but sorrow when at last 

Is breathed the parting breath. 

O beautiful those buds appear'd. 
Sweet types of childhood's trust, 

That opens only to give sweets 
To breathe o'er human dust ! 



I'OKTRY OF THE ROSE. 1(]0 



And from my fervent soul went up — 

" O Father ! list to me ! 
Let to his soul all thoughts of death 

Like those sweet rose-buds be !" 

O let us, with the youthful dead, 

Unite the budding- flowers, 
That while we weep the faded eye 

And love's entrancing flowers. 
He on the beautiful may gaze 

Beyond the changes here. 
And let the smiles of angels play 

Through every falling tear : 

Bright rainbow of the Christian sky, 

That tends to hallow earth. 
And wake in storm-bound souls again 

The music of its mirth, 
And give to thought a holy way 

To tread unto the skies — 
To see the joy of ransom'd souk 

With hope-anointed eyes. 



THE ROSE. 

Ah, see the virgin Rose ! how sweetly she 
Doth first peep forth with bashful modesty, 

That fairer seems the less ye see her way ! 

Lo ! see soon after, how more bold and free 

Her bared bosom she doth broad display ! 

Lo ! see soon after, how she fades away and falls ! 

Spenser. 

10 



110 POETRY OF THE ROSE. 



FLORA'S CHOICE. 

When Flora, from her azure home, 
Came gently down to grace the earth. 
She called around her every sprite 
To which the sunny air gives birth, 
And bade them search each distant realm 
Of tropic heat or temperate clime, 
Prom cold New England's rocky hills 
To Santa Crusian groves of hme, 
And bring each floweret, rich and rare, 
For her to choose her favorite there. 

Q,uick flew the sprites o'er land and sea, 
Through cloud, and mist, and storm afar, 
Catching, with rapid, eagle glance, 
The beauties of each opening flower : 
From Alpine heights they bore a prize, 
From Persia and from Hindostan ; 
For many a bud of beauty rare 
They searched the central, flowery land, 
And, filled with treasures rich and sweet. 
They hasten'd to their mistress' feet. 

Camellia, with its lustrous white 

And glossy leaves of emerald hue ; 

Verbena, with its brilliant red, 

And Heath just touch'd with mountain dew ; 

Azalea, whose aerial form 

Seems scarcely of terrestrial birth ; 

And Cinerara's purple star, 

Gracing full well its mother earth ; 

And many a flower from tropic skies 

Strove mingled there to gain the prize : 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. HI 



But not the richest tropic blooms, 

CuU'd from the fairest climes on earth, 

Could vie with nature's fairest flower, 

Of Iran's sun-clad soil the birth ; 

Though clothed in rich and gorgeous hues. 

They bore no charm of fragrance there, 

In form and color, sweetness, grace — 

None with the Rose could once compare : 

She bore the palm in Flora's eyes. 

Who to the Rose adjudged the prize. 

S. B. P. 



A FABLE. 

Once, in the heart of a desert, 

Blossomed a rose-bush unseen : 
Only the sands were around it ; 

Nought but its leaf was there green. 
Ever, at evening and morning. 

Trickled its flowers with dew ; 
And then, in light circles, around it 

Fondly a nightingale flew. 

Over the sands strayed a pilgrim. 

Lost in the midst of the wild. 
When on his faint eyes, at evening, 

Sweetly the rose-blossom smiled ; 
Sweetly the nightingale wooed him, 

Under its shade to repose ; 
There his song charmed him to slumber. 

Wet by the dew of the Rose. 

Freshly he rose in the morning — 
Dug in the sand by the flower. 

And a bright fountain upsparkled, 
Welling with bubbling shower : 



12 POETRY OF THE ROSE. 

Over the sands as it murmured, 
Green sprung the grass by its side ; 

Round it a garden soon blossom'd, 
Fed by its life-giving tide. 

There, too, a wild vine up-started 

Under its shelter he dwelt : 
Morning and evening, yet ever 

Low by the rose-bush he knelt. 
So in the far waste forgotten, 

Still flowed his pure life along, 
Soothed by the rose-blossom's fragrance, 

Charmed by the nightingale's song. 



THE FEAST OF ROSES, 

Who has not heard of the Vale of Cashmere, 

With its Roses, the brightest that earth ever gave, 
Its temples and grottos, and fountains as clear 
As the love-lighted eyes that hang over their wave ? 

But never yet, by night or day, 
In dew of spring or summer's ray, 
Did the sweet Yalley shine so gay 
As now it shines — all love and light, 
Visions by day and feasts by night ! 
A happier smile illumes each brow, 

With quicker spread each heart uncloses 
And all is extasy, — for now 

The Valley holds its Feast of Roses. 
That joyous time, when pleasures pour 
Profusely round, and in their shower 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 113 



Hearts open, like the Season's Rose, — 

The flow'iet of a hundred leaves, 
Expanding while the dew-fall flows. 

And every leaf its balm receives ! 
» * # # # 

A thousand restless torches play'd 
Through every grove and island shade ; 
A thousand sparkling lamps were set 
On every dome and minaret; 
And fields and pathways, far and near, 
Were lighted by a blaze so clear, 
That you could see, in wandering round, 
The smallest rose-leaf on the ground. 
* # # # # 

And all exclaim'd, to all they met. 
That never did the summer bring 

So gay a Feast of Roses yet ; — 
The moon had never shed a light 

So clear as that which bless'd them there 
The Roses ne'er shone half so bright, 

Nor they themselves look'd half so fair. 
And what a wilderness of flowers ! 
It seem'd as though from all the bowers 
And fairest fields of all the year. 
The mingled spoil were scatter'd here. 
The Lake, too, like a garden breathes. 

With the rich buds that o'er it lie, — 
As if a shower of fairy wreaths 

Had fall'n upon it from the sky ! 
And then the sounds of joy — the beat 
Of tabors and of dancing feet ; 
The merry laughter echoing 
From gardens, where the silken swing 
Wafts some delighted girl above 
The top leaves of the orange grove ; 

10* 



114 POETRY OP THE ROSE. 

Or, from those infant groups at play 
Among the tents that hne the Avay, 
Fhnging, unaw'd by slave or mother, 
Handfuls of Roses at each other ! 

From "Lalla Rookh." 



THE ROSE AND THE TOMB. 

''Thou that dwell'st within my shadow:" 

To the Rose thus said the Tomb : 

" Love's flower ! that here in freshness 

Bloom'st alone amid the gloom : 

Thou that clingest to the sepulchre. 

Like a fadeless memory ; 

What dost thou with the early tears 

That the morning sheds on thee ? " 

Then the Rose, low breathing, answered : 

" I distil a perfume here ; 

And I give its honied fragrance forth 

To the solemn atmosphere. 

And thou, dark Tomb ! discover 

What dost thou, amid thy walls, 

With the pale and silent guests that throng 

Thy ever-opening halls ?" 

And the Tomb said, " Of the beautiful 
That to mine abode are given, 
For each pulseless form I yield, O Rose ! 
An angel soul to Heaven !" 

M. E. Hewitt. 



POETRY OP THE ROSE. 116 



THE DYING ROSE-BUD'S LAMENT. 

Ah me ! ah ! wo is me ! 

That I should perish now, 
With the dear sunHght just let in 

Upon my balmy brow ! 

My leaves, instinct with glowing life. 
Were quivering to unclose ! 

My happy heart with love was rife ! 
I was almost a Rose ! 

Nerved by a hope, warm, rich, intense, 

Already I had risen 
Above my cage's curving fence, 

My green and graceful prison ! 

My pouting lips, by Zephyr press'd, 
Were just prepared to part. 

And whisper to the wooing wind 
The rapture of my heart ! 

In new-born fancies reveling, 
My mossy cell half riven, 

Each thrilling leaflet seemed a wing 
To bear me into heaven. 

How oft, while yet an infant flower, 
My crimson cheek I've laid 

Against the green bars of my bower, 
Impatient of the shade ! 

And pressing up and peeping through 
Its small but precious vistas, 

Sighed for the lovely light and dew 
That blessed my elder sisters ! 



IK) POETRY OK TlIK UOSK. 



1 Kiiw (lie sweet breeze rippling o'er 
'rii(;ir loaves that loved the play, 

'J'houi^h tii(! lii^ht (hirfsloh; all theu' store 
or (lew-diop gems away. 

I thoiij^ht how happy I Bhould be 

Such diaiiioiul wreaths to wear, 
And frolie with a llos(^'s glee, 

With sunbeam, bird, and air ! 

Ah me ! ah ! wo is me ! that I, 

l*'iie yet my leaves unclose, 
With all my wealth of sweets, must die 

Before ] am a Rose ! 

Frances S. Osgood. 



THE HALF-BLOWN ROSE. 

t 

SUGGESTED IIY A I'OUTUAIT. 

'Tis just the llower she ought to wear — 
The simple llower the painter ciiose; 

And are they not a charming pair — 
The modest girl — the half blown Rose? 

The glowing bud has stolen np, 

With tender amib^ and blushing grace. 

And o'er its mossy, clasping cup 
In bashful pride reveals its face. . 

The maiden too, wilh timid feet. 

Has sprung from childhood's verdant bower, 
And lightly left its limit sweet, 

For woman's lot of shine and shower. 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 117 



See ! from its veil of silken hair, 

That bathes her check in clusters bright, 

Her sweet face, like a blossom fair, 

Reveals its wealth of bloom and light. 

How softly blends with childhood's smile 

That maiden mien of pure repose ! 
Oh, seems she not herself the while — 

A breathing flower — a half-blown Rose ? 

F. S. OsGoop. 



THE MOSS-ROSE. 

" I've a call to make," said the rich Moss-Rose, 

"At the house of a lady fair ; 
Cousin China-Rose, if you'll go with me, 

I'll introduce you there. 

" 'Tis New Year's day ; come, do not stay, 
But get on your cloak and hood ; 

You've moped so long by the green-house fire, 
That a walk will do you good." 

Then China's Yellow Rose replied, 
" You've a terrible climate, dear ; 

It has made me old before my time, 
And bilious too, I fear ! 

"But I'll put my muff and tippet on, 
Since you needs must have me go ; 

And yet I'm sure I heard a blast, 
And saw a flake of snow." 



118 POETRY OF THE ROSE. 

The Moss-Rose wrapped her damask robe 

Close round her queenly form, 
And led her nervous friend along, 

Who trembled at the storm. 

But the beautiful lady welcomed them 

With such a radiant eye. 
That they fancied summer had come again, 

And winter w^as quite gone by. 

They took their India-rubbers off, 

And laid their hoods away, 
And whisper'd in each other's ear, 

" We should like to spend the day." 

She charmed them with her tuneful voice, 

Till both were unable to stir ; 
So there they staid, — and the flowers of love 

Have found their home with her. 

L. H. SlGOURNEY. 



THE ROSE. 

Its velvet lips the bashful Rose begun 
To show, and catch the kisses of the sun : 
Some fuller blown, their crimson honors shed ; 
Sweet smelt the golden chives that graced their head. 

Fawkes, 

And lirst of all, the Rose ; because its breath 

Is ricli beyond the rest ; and when it dies, 

It doth bequeath a charm to sweeten death. 

Barry Cornwall. 

His queen, the garden-queen, — his Rose, 
Unbent by winds, unchilPd by snows, 



POETRV^ OF THE ROSE. 119 



Far from the winters of the west, 
By every breeze and season blest, 
Returns the sweets by Nature given, 
In softest incense back to heaven, 
And grateful yields that smiling sky 
Her fairest hue and fragrant sigh. 



Lord Byron. 



A single Rose is shedding there 

Its lonely lustre, meek and pale : 
It looks as planted by despair — 

So white, so faint, the slightest gale 
Might whirl the leaves on high ; 

And yet, though storms and blasts assail, 
And hands more rude than wintry sky, 

May wring it from the stem in vain — 

To-morrow sees it bloom again ! 
The stalk some spirit quickly rears, 
And waters with celestial tears ; 

For well may maids of Helle deem 
That this can be no earthly flower. 
Which mocks the tempest's w^ithering hour, 
And buds unshelter'd by a bower ; 
Nor droops though Spring refuse her shower, 

Nor woos the Summer beam : 
To it the livelong night there sings 
A bird unseen, but not remote ; 
Invisible his airy wings. 
But soft as harp that Houri strings, 
His lone, entrancing note. 

Bride of Abydos. 

Wound in the hedge-rows' oaken boughs 
The woodbine's tassels float in air, 
And, blushing, the uncultured Rose 

Hangs high her beauteous blossoms there. 

Smith. 



120 POETRY OF THE ROSE. 



THE MOSS-ROSE. 

The Angel of the flowers, one day, 

Beneath a Rose-tree sleeping lay — 

That spirit to whom charge is given 

To bathe young buds in dews of heaven ; 

Awaking from his light repose, 

The Angel Avhisper'd to the Rose : 

" O fondest object of my care. 

Still fairest found where all are fair. 

For the sweet shade thou giv'st to me ; 

Ask what thou wilt, 't is granted thee !'' 

'' Then," said the Rose, with deepen'd glow, 
" On me another grace bestow !" 
The spirit paused in silent thought ; 
What grace was there that flower had not ? 
'T was but a moment — o'er the Rose 
A veil of moss the angel throws ; 
And, robed in Nature's simplest weed. 
Could there a flower that Rose exceed ? 

From the German. 



SHARON'S ROSE, 

Go, Warrior, pluck the laurel bough. 
And bind it round thy reeking brow ; 
Ye sons of pleasure blithely twine 
A chaplet of the purple vine ; 
And Beauty cull each blushing flower 
That ever deck'd the S3dvan bower; 
No wreath is bright, no garland fair, 
Unless sweet Sharon's Rose be there. 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 121 



The laurel branch will droop and die, 
The vine its purple fruit deny, 
The wreath that smiling- beauty twined 
Will leave no lingering bud behind ; 
For beauty's wreath and beauty's bloom 
In vain would shun the withering tomb, 
Where nought is bright and nought is fair, 
Unless sweet Sharon's Rose be there. 

Bright blossom ! of immortal bloom, 
Of fadeless hue, and sweet perfume, 
Far in the desert's dreary waste. 
In lone neglected beauty placed : 
Let others seek the blushing bower, 
And cull the frail and fading flower, 
But I'll to dreariest wilds repair, 
If Sharon's deathless Rose be there. 

When Nature's hand, Avith cunning care. 
No more the opening bud shall rear, 
But, hurled by heaven's avenging Sire, 
Desc^ends the earth- consuming fire, 
And desolation's huriying blast, 
O'er all the sadden'd scene has past. 
There is a clime for ever fair, 
And Sharon's Rose shall flomish there. 



AN EXTRACT. 

This mighty oak — 
By whose immovable stem I stand, and seem 
Almost annihilated — not a prince. 
In all the proud old world beyond the deep, 
E'er wore his crown as loftily as he 

11 



122 POETRY OF THE ROSE. 

Wears the green coronal of leaves with which 
Thy hand has graced him. Nestled at his root 
Is beauty, such as blossoms not in the glare 
Of the broad sun. That delicate forest Rose, 
With scented breath, and look so like a smile, 
Seems, as it issues from the shapeless mould, 
An emanation of the indwelling Life, 
A visible token of the upholding Love, 
That are the soul of this wide universe. 



WHY WILL A ROSE-BUD BLOW? 

I wish the bud would never blow. 



J 



'Tis prettier and purer so ; 

It blushes through its bower of green^ 

And peeps above the mossy screen 

So timidly, I cannot bear 

To have it open to the air. 

I kissed it o'er and o'er again. 

As if my kisses were a chain, 

To close the quivering leaflets fast, 

And make for once — a rose-bud last ! 

But kisses are but feeble links 

For changeful things, like flowers, methinks ; 

The wayward rose-leaves, one by one, 

Uncurl'd and look'd up to the sun. 

With their sweet flushes fainter growing, 

I could not keep my bud from blowing ! 

Ah ! there upon my hand it lay, 

And faded, faded fast away ; 

You might have thought you heard it sighing, 

It look'd so mournfully in dying. 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 123 



I wish it were a rose-bud now, 

I wish 'twere only hiding yet, 
With timid grace its bhishing brow^ 

Behind the green that shelter'd it. 
I had not written were it so ; 
Why would the siHy rose-bud blow ? 

Frances S. Osgood. 



THE ROSE. 

Though many a flower has graced the lay 

And formed the theme of poets' song — 

Has gently flowed in Grecian phrase, 

Or tripped upon the Roman's tongue ; 

Yet, still, in ancient song and story 

The Rose shines forth in beauty rare, 

Enveloped with a halo bright, 

And made so glorious, rich, and fair, 

That all the flowers must yield their seat, 

And lay their beauty at its feet. 

Anacreon sang its primal birth, 

Old Homer praised its form of grace, 

Catullus boasted of its charms, 

Horace, its richly tinted face : 

In fair Italia glowing w^ords, 

Tasso and Metastasio sang ; 

And 'mong the groves of far Cathay 

The Persian Hafiz' accents rang. 

The flowing tones of old Castile, 

From Camoens and Sannazar, 

And in our own pure English tongue 

It v/as the signal note of war ; 

In many a poet's verse its beauty shone, — 

Milton, the Bard of Avon and the Great Unknown. 

High valued were its flowers bright 



124 POETRY OF THE ROSE. 

By Helle's maids of yore ; 

It graced their scenes of festive glee 

In the classic vales of Arcady, 

And all the honors hore ; 

And shed its fragrance on the breeze 

That swept through academic grove, 

Where sages with their scholars rove — 

The land of Pericles. 

In the sunny clime of Suristan, 

On India's burning shore, 

Amid the Brahmin's sacred shades, 

Or in the wreaths that Persian maids, 

Sporting in bright and sunny glades, 

In graceful beauty wore ; 

Upon the banks of Jordan's stream. 

Still flowing softly on, 

Where Judah's maidens once did lave, 

Or where the lofty cedars wave, 

On time-worn Lebanon ; 

The Rose is still most rich and sweet, 

And wears the crown for beauty meet. 

I have basked in the beauty of southern climes. 

And wandered through groves of palm and limes, 

Where dark-eyed Spanish girls 

Would linger in their myrtle bowers, — 

With garlands rich of orange flowers 

Would weave their raven curls. 

And fasten 'mid their lustrous hair 

The fire-fly's glittering light, 

Which, brighter than the diamond's sheen. 

Bursts on the dazzled sight. 

But yet I would not give for these, 

Produce of tropic sun and breeze — 

For all the flowers in beauty there — 

The Rose our northern maidens wear. 



POETRY OF THE ROSE. 



125 



I've crossed the Andes' lofty height, 

Its mountains, Ibrest-ciowned, 

And 'mong the devious, tangled paths 

Of tropic thickets wound. 

In fair Aragua's fertile vale, 

In Hayti's fields of bloom, 

I've marked the prickly Cactus tribe 

Its richest tints assume. 

I've passed through fragrant Coffee groves, 

By the tall Bucara tree. 

And by the Cocoa and the Palm, 

With the Trupeol warbling free ; 

Upon the flower-clad turf, and where 

The rich Orchidia climbs in air. 
But not mid all this gorgeous bloom, 

By tropic climate wove, 

Nor Florida's rich Magnoha 

And fragrant Orange grove ; 

Nor the graceful vines of southern France, 

Nor Italy's fair bowers. 

Nor England's lofty domes of glass 

All filled with gorgeous flowers ; 

Nor in our own wide prairie land, 

With bud and bloom on every hand. 

Is there a single flower that grows 

Can vie in beauty with the Rose. 

Then seek, in southern, tropic air, 

And in our northern glade, 

And in the bright and gay parterre, 

And by the forest shade. 

Where every flower, and leaf, and tree, 

In graceful blending met. 

Presents new beauty to the eye, 

Of azure or of jet ; 



ir 



126 POETRY OF THE ROSE. 

And take each blossom, rich and rare, 
Which thou niay'st find in beauty there; 
Combine tlicir color, form, and grace, 
And each unpleasant tint erase; 
Then recreate the loveliest tlovver 
That e'er shed fragrance in a bower ; 
Let all its sweets and charms unclose ; 
It cannot equal yet the Rose. 

S. B. P. 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 



CHAPTER IX. 




GENERAL CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 

S before stated, the Rose was the theme 
of the earUest poets of antiquity ; audit 
was doubtless one of the fust plants se- 
lected to adorn the gardens which were 
laid out around the new habitations 
^^ constructed upon the exchange of the 
wandering for a civilized mode of life. 
The most ancient authors upon husbandry whose works are 
extant, have all treated of the culture of Roses. Theophrastus 
among the Greeks ; and among the Romans, Varro, Columella, 
Palladius, and Pliny. To Pliny are we specially indebted for 
information on this subject, as the entire fourth chapter of the 
twentieth book of his Natural History is devoted to Roses ; and 
they are also occasionally mentioned in other parts of the work. 
But after all the information thus obtained, much yet remains 
to be desired ; and although we find in other ancient authors 
some curious facts bearing upon other points in the history of 
the Rose, they are mostly so general in their character as to give 
us very little insight into the actual culture of the Rose at those 
periods. 

The profuseness with which they were used among the Greeks, 
the Romans, the Egyptians, and other ancient nations, in their 
religious solemnities, their public ceremonies, and even in the 



128 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 



ordinary customs of private life, would lead us to suppose, and 
wil.li some de^i^rce of correctness, tluU roses were very abnntlantly 
cultivated by them all ; and we arc inclined to think that their 
cultivation was then far more general than at the present 
time, althou<z:h tlie art of producing them was in its infancy. 
However surprising in other respects may have been the progress 
of the culture of roses within forty years, particularly in France, 
Holland, and Belgium, there can be little doubt that, although 
the Romans were acquainted with a nuicli smaller number of 
varieties than the moderns, yet llowers of those varieties were 
far more abundant than the aggregate quantity of llowers of all 
the varieties of roses cultivated at the present day. It cannot 
be positively asserted, that the Hybrid Perpetual Roses of tlic 
present day were unknown at Rome, since the gardeners of that 
city practised sowing the seeds of the Rose, by which mode 
many of the most remarkable varieties of that class have been 
obtained by modern cultivators. The Romans, however, prefer- 
red to propagate by cuttings, which produced flowers much soon- 
er than the seed-bed. 

But, though the Romans may have had roses of the same spe- 
cies with some of those which we now cultivate, it is scarcely prob- 
able that these species could have continued imtil this period, 
and escaped the devastation attendant on {\)c revolutions of 
empire, or the more desolating invasions of the Huns and Goths. 
Thus it is, that those roses of Prestum to which allusion is so 
frequently made by ancient writers, and which, according to 
Yirgil and Pliny, bloomed semi-annually, and were common in 
the gardens of that city, are not now to be found. Jussieu and 
Laudresse, two French gentlemen, successive!}' visited Italy, 
with the express object of finding this twice-bearing Rose in 
Pajstum or its environs, yetj notwithstanding their carefully 
prosecuted researches, they could find no traces of it whatever. 

Although the number of varieties known to the Romans was 
very limited, they had discovered a method of making the bloom- 
ing season continue many months. According to Pliny, the 
roses of Carthage, in Spain, came forward early and bloomed in 



CULTURE OF TFTK ROSH. 120 



wint.cr; those of Oainpania bloomed next in order; ihcn tho^e 
of Malta; and lastly those of Pajstum, wliicli flowered in tlio 
Spring and Autumn. It was probably the blooming of this last 
species, which the gardeners of Rome discovered (in Seneca's time) 
the secret of retarding by a certain process, or of hastening by 
means of their warm green-houses. 

In the first part of this work, we have cited many passages 
from ancient authors, which show to what enormous extent was 
carried the use of roses by the Romans on certain occasions. It 
is didicult to credit, at this day, the relation of Nero's extrava- 
gance (which is however attested by Suetonius), when it is told 
that in one f6te alone he expended in roses only more than 
four millions of sesterces, or one hundred thousand dollars. It 
would be no easy matter, even at the present period of abundant 
cultivation of roses, to obtain from all the nurseries of England, 
France, and America together, roses sufficient to amount to so 
large a sum. 

The Romans derived the use of this flower from the Greeks. 
In Greece, and throughout the East, roses were cultivated, not 
only for the various purposes we have mentioned, but also for 
the extraction of their perfumes. Among the many plans which 
they adopted for preserving the flower, was that of cutting ofT 
the top of a reed, splitting it down a short distance, and enclos- 
ing in it a number of rose-buds, which, being bound around with 
papyrus, prevented their fragrance from escaping. The Greeks 
also deemed it a great addition to the fragrance of the Rose, to 
plant garlic near its roots. The island of Rhodes, which has 
successively borne many names, was particularly indebted to the 
culture of roses for that which it bears at this day. It was the 
Isle of Roses, the Greek for Rose being PoJoi/,— -Rodon. 

Medals of Rhodes, whose reverse impressions present a rose in 
bloom on one side and the sunflower on the other, arc to be found 
even now in cabinets of curiosities. 

Extravagance in roses, among the Romans, kept pace with 
the increase of their power, until they at length desired them at 
all seasons. At first they procured their winter's supply from 



130 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 



Egypt, but subsequently attained themselves such skill in their 
culture as to produce them in abundance, even at tlie coldest 
season of the year ; and, according to Seneca, by means of green- 
houses, heated by pipes fdled with hot water. During the reign 
of Domitian, the forcing of roses was carried to such perfection, 
and flow^crs produced in winter in so great abundance, that those 
brought from Egypt, as before mentioned, excited only the con- 
tempt of the citizens of the world's metropolis. 

This fact, as also handed down to us by the epigram of Mar- 
tial, is of great assistance in estimating the impoitance of rose- 
culture at that period, and in showing how the art of cultivating 
this plant had spread, and how it was already far advanced 
among the ancient Romans and their contemporaries. 

If the Egyptians cultivated roses for transportation to Rome 
during the winter, they must have had very extensive planta- 
tions for the purpose. The exportation could not have been of 
loose flowers, for they would have been withered long before the 
termination of the voyage ; neither could it have been of rooted 
plants in a dormant state, as nurserymen now send them to 
every part of tlie world, because tlie Romans had at that time 
no means of causing them to vegetate and bloom in the winter. 
On the contrary, the cultivators at Alexandria and Memphis 
must, of necessity, have sent them away in the vases and boxes 
in which they had planted them with that object, and when they 
were just beginning to break from the bud, in order that they 
might arrive at Rome at the moment they commenced expand- 
ing. 

At that remote period, when navigation was far behind its 
present state of perfection, the voyage from the mouth of the Nile 
to the coast of Italy occupied more than twenty days. When 
this long voyage is considered, and also the quantity of roses re- 
quired by the Romans to enwreath their crowns and garlands, 
to cover their tables and couches, and the pavements of their fes- 
tive halls, and to surround the urns which contained the ashes 
of their dead, it is evident that the Egyptians, who traded in 
roses, in order to satisfy the prodigality of the Romans, would be 



CULTURE OF TUB: HOSE. 131 



compelled to keep in readiness a certain number of vessels to be 
laden with boxes or vases of rose-plants, so prepared as not to 
bloom before their delivery at Rome. The cost of roses thus 
delivered in Rome must have been immense, but we do not find 
a single passage in ancient authors which can give any light on 
this point ; they only tell us that nothing for the gratification of 
luxury was considered too costly by the wealthy Roman citi- 
zens. Nor do they afford more positive information as to the 
species of Rose cultivated on the borders of the Nile, to gratify 
this taste of the Romans. According to Delile, there were found 
in Egypt, at the time of the French expedition into that country, 
only the White Rose and the Centifolia or hundred-leafed — two 
species not very susceptible of either a forcing or retarding 
culture. The only Rose known at that time, which bloomed in 
the winter, was the Rose of Paestum, referred to by Virgil, as 
" biferique rosaria Pcesti" — and which was probably the same 
as our monthly Damask Rose, and which produced in Egypt 
and Rome liowers at all seasons, as the Damask does now with 
us, under a proper mode of culture. 

The extent to which the culture and commerce of roses was 
carried among the Romans, is shown by the fact, that, although 
they had confounded the tree and its flowers under one name — 
that of Rosa^ they, nevertheless, gave particular appellations to 
the gardens, or ground planted with rose-bushes. They were 
termed a Rosarium, or a Rosetum. Ovid says, " Qiiot amoana 
Rosaria flores. The dealer in roses was also designated by the 
distinctive appellation of Rosarius. 



In the latter part of the decline of the Roman Empire, when 
paganism still existed to a great degree, there arose a people, 
who formed as it were the connecting-link between the ancient 
and modern world — a people who acknowledged but one Sur 
preme Ruler, and his sole vicegerent Mahomet ; a people whose 
origin was among the wildest tribes of Ishmael's descendant.* 
who possessed in a great degree the luxuries of civilized life, and 
among whom the arts, sciencesj and agriculture were very floui- 



132 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

ishing for many ages. Among the Moors of Spain, the culture 
of the Rose was pursued with as much scientific and practical 
method as at tiie present day, but with somewhat less happy 
results. When in Paris, some two years since, we became ac- 
quainted with M. Hardy, the chief director of the Luxembourg 
gardens, and who is well known to rose growers, by the many 
beautiful varieties which he has originated. His interest in this 
subject was very great, and in 1828 he published, in the Journal 
des Jardins, some interesting observations which he had ex- 
tracted from a manuscript c-f M. de la Neuville. The latter hav- 
ing been employed as mihtary superintendent in Spain, during 
the war of 1823, translated from a Spanish version some parts 
of an Arabian work upon culture in general, in which that of the 
Rose was mentioned, with some important particulars. It stated 
that the Moors, who formerly conquered Spain, attached the 
highest value to this most beautiful of their flowers, and cultiva- 
ted it with as much care as ourselves. "According to Abu-el- 
Jai'r," says the translation, "there are roses of many colors — car- 
nation white — fallow or yellow — lapis-lazuli, or sky-blue. Some 
are of this last color on the outside, and yellow within. In the 
East they are acquainted with roses which are variegated with 
yellow and sky-blue, the inside of the corolla being of the one 
color, and the outside the other. The yellow-heart is very com- 
mon in Tripoli and Syria, and the blue-heart is found on the 
coast of Alexandria." To us, at the present day, this relation 
may with reason seem incredible, since amid the numerous vari- 
eties now existing, and the skill of their cultivators, we have in 
no instance been able to obtain a blue Rose. Abu-el- Jai'r, may 
have ventured to state it as a fact, without proper authority, for, 
according to M. de la Neuville, Abu-Abdallah-ebu-el-Fazel, an- 
other nearly contemporaneous author, enumerated a variety of 
roses without mentioning the blue. " There are," says this last 
author, "four varieties of roses: the first is named the Double 
White ; it has an exquisite odor, and its cup unites more than 
a hundred petals : the second is the Yellow, which is of a golden 
color and bright as the jonquil ; then the Purple, and lastly the 



CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 133 

flesh-colored J which is the most common of them all." Farther 
on the same author adds : "The nnmber of species is supposed 
to be large : the Mountain or Wild ; the Double, which is varie- 
gated with red and white shades ; and the Chinese. The Double, 
however, is the most beautiful, and is composed of 40 to 50 petals." 

The Moors multiplied roses by all the various methods which 
are employed at this day : by suckers from the root, by cuttings, 
by budding, and by grafting. The pruning-knife was also freely 
used, in order to form regular heads. 

There is a farther translation of De la Neuville, from a Span- 
ish version of the "Book of Agriculture," written by Ebu-Ai- 
wan, who lived in the 12th century, and who, in addition 
to his own experience, quoted largely from some Chaldaic 
and Arabic writers. He states that the Moors practised two 
methods of sowing the seeds of the Rose. The first was in 
earthen pans — a mode adapted to delicate plants ; they were 
watered immediately after being sown, and afterward twice a 
week until autumn, when such care became unnecessary. The 
other method was sowing broadcast as grain is sown, then cover- 
ing the seed-beds an inch deep with carefully sifted manure 
or fine mould, and giving them the requisite watering. The 
plants from these seed-beds did not produce flowers until the 
third year after their being thus prepared, and until they had 
^een transplanted into squares or borders : such is still the case 
with nearly all our summer roses, the only kind the Moors appear 
to have possessed. They also understood the art of forcing roses. 
"If you wish," says Haj, another author, "the Rose tree to bloom 
in autumn, you must choose one that has been accustomed to 
periodical waterings ; you must deprive it of water entirely dur- 
ing the heat of summer until August, and then give it an abund- 
ance of moisture : this will hasten its growth, and cause the ex- 
pansion of its flowers in great profusion, without impairing its 
ability to bloom the ensuing spring, as usual." " Or else," adds 
the same author, " in the month of October, burn the old branch- 
es to the level of the earth, moisten the soil for eight consecutive 
days, and then suspend the watering ; alternate these periods of 

12 



131 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

moisture and drought as many as five times, and probably in 
about sixty days, or before the end of autumn, the roots will 
have tluown out vigorous branches, which will in due time be 
loaded with flowers, without destroying the ability of the plant 
to bloom again the following spring." The climate in which 
the Moors lived — that of Cordova, Grenada, and Seville, where 
the winter is very much like our weather in mid-autumn — w^as 
very favorable to the cultivation of the Rose. In this country 
the same results could doubtless be obtained in the Carolinas, 
and the experiment would be well worth trying, even in the lat- 
itude of New York. It would be no small triumph to obtain an 
autumnal bloom of the many beautiful varieties of French, Moss, 
or Provence Roses. Haj has also given the method of keeping 
the Rose in bud, in order to prolong its period of blooming. His 
process, however, is of so uncertain a character as scarcely to 
merit an insertion here. The manuscript of De la Neuville also 
contains particular directions for propagating roses, and for plant- 
ing hedges of the Eglantine to protect the vineyards and gar- 
dens, and at the same time to serve as stocks for grafting. No- 
thing is omitted in the Arabian treatise which pertains to the 
management of this shrub ; the manner of cultivating, weeding, 
transplanting, watering, &c., are all particularly explained. 
Among a variety of curious matters, it contains the process by 
which, for the purpose of embellishing their gardens, they pro- 
duced the appearance of trees whose tops are loaded with roses. 
A hollow pipe, four feet long, or more if the top was to be large, 
was obtained, of a well-proportioned diameter, set upright to re- 
semble the trunk of a tree, and filled with earth or sand in a suit- 
able state of moisture. In the top of this pipe were planted seve- 
ral varieties of roses, of different colors, which rooting freely in the 
earth around them, soon formed a bushy head and represented a 
third-class tree, clothed with rich foliage and beautiful flowers. 

This plan could still be practised with success ; and we can 
scarcely imagine more beautiful objects in a lawn than a num- 
ber of these pipes, of various heights, single and in groups, some 
low with the small heads of the China or Tea roses, others high 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 135 

and with the large robust branches of the La Reine and other 
Perpetuals, and others again planted with some dehcate climb- 
ing roses, whose branches falling down, would form a weeping 
tree of a most unique, graceful, and showy character. The pipes 
could be made of earthenware, tin or wood, and be painted in 
imitation of the bark of a tree. Still better would be the trunk 
of a small tree, hollowed out for the purpose, which, with the 
bark on, would puzzle many a close observer, and which could 
show a luxuriant head of leaves and flowers on the most sterile 
soil that ever formed a lawn. 

From what has been said on the culture of roses among the 
Moors in Spain, there can be no doubt that they had made great 
progress therein ; and with the exception of a few statements, 
evidently unfounded in fact, as the grafting of the Rose on the 
almond, the apple, the jujube, and other trees, the little treatise 
translated by De la Neuville certainly contains most excellent 
remarks upon the culture of roses, whether we compare them 
with what the ancients have left us, or even with those of the 
various writers on Rose culture in Europe and America within 
the last half century. 

As roses were so frequently propagated from the seed by the 
Moors, they must have known quite a number of varieties, ex- 
clusive of all those they had brought or obtained from the East. 
The Yellow Rose, unknown to us until recently, was apparently 
familiar to them ; and the Blue Rose, of which their manuscripts 
speak, is now extinct, if it indeed ever existed ; for amid the infi- 
nite variety of roses, of every color and shade, produced from 
seed in modern times, no one has yet obtained a purely Blue 
Rose, and its former existence may well seem to us incredible. 

The Marquis d'Orbessan, in an essay on Roses, read before 
the French Academy of Sciences at Toulouse, in 1752, stated 
that he had seen blue roses growing wild near Turin, and that 
they were moreover quite common there. After this testimony, 
therefore, and that of the Arabian author, blue roses can scarcely 
be considered impossible, but only a very rare production — a sort 
of lusus naiurcB. 



13G CtTLTUIlE OF THE ROSE. 

The Moorish treatise translated by De la Neuville also describes 
a process for changing the color of roses, which, though ex- 
tremely doubtful, may be Avorthy of insertion here, and may in- 
duce some curious experiments. "They dig," says the author, 
"around the plant in December, and leave it standing in the 
earth in its vertical position. Then tlie black pellicle which 
covers the principal roots is stripped off, without detaching it 
from the base of the plant. This can be performed by a longi- 
tudinal incision with a knife, which raises the pellicle delicately 
to the n^ht and left, without cutting" it above or below. The 
space between the pellicle and the root itself is then filled with 
strongly-scented saffron, reduced to an impalpable powder. The 
root thus stuffed, should be wrapped with a piece of linen secure- 
ly tied, then surrounded with an oily clay, and finally covered 
over with earth. The plant will then produce roses of a saffron 
calor. I recommend this process," continues the author, "be- 
cause I have tried it myself, and obtained roses of a rich, agree- 
able color. If deep blue roses are Avanted, falch, a brilliant in- 
digo, should be used." 

" A citizen of Damascus informs me," wrote Ebu-Alwan, 
" that he dissolved indigo in common water, and with the tincture 
assiduously watered a plant from the first of October till the 
commencement of active vegetation, and that the roses which it 
produced were of a very agreeable deep blue." Haj says that he 
thinks this story was made for amusement. 

Respecting the first process, there is no doubt that the absorb- 
ent powers of the plant would be quite sufficient to take up a 
large portion of the indigo thus applied to the roots, and the solu- 
tion would no doubt pass into the branches ; and the question 
can only be whether, when so absorbed, its properties remain 
sufficiently unchanged to affect the color of the leaf or flower. 
The experiment is a curious one, and would be well worth the 
trial. Some singular result might possibly be attained. It is 
only by frequent experiment, and by a bold travel on the untrod 
den fields of what may be deemed the wildest conjecture, that 
any new and singular result can be attained. Ten years ago, 



CULTURE OF TIlE ROSE. 137 

the man who should have foretold that the flickering shadow 
would be made to stand still, and that intelligence would be sent 
a thousand miles with the quickness of the lightning's flash, 
would have subjected himself to the strongest ridicule ; yet these 
results have both been obtained — one by Daguerre, and the other 
by one of our own countrymen. No one, then, should be deter- 
red from experiments of the nature above cited, from the dread 
of ridicule ; but when such fear is upon him, let him recollect, 
that after the invention of the Daguerreotype and the Magnetic 
Telegraph, nothing can be deemed impossible or incredible, re- 
specting the natural agents Avhich have been placed by Supreme 
Wisdom in the hands of man. 

If it is found by actual and repeated experiment, that the Ara- 
bian process will not produce blue roses, may there not be some 
other mode to attain that result? It is well known that the 
color of the flowers of the Hydrangea frequently passes from a 
light rose into a deep blue. This is generally attributed to the 
presence in the soil of some peculiar chemical substance. It 
may be possible to ascertain this substance by careful and repeat- 
ed analyses of the soil ; and if obtained, and placed in the soil in 
which the Rose is grown, it would very probably produce the result 
that we observe in the Hydrangea. This also is an interesting 
experiment, and would be well worth the trial. It is true thai 
the Hydrangeas, in a part of our grounds, have the past year 
been nearly all blue without any care of our own, while roses 
grown within a few feet of them have been unchanged. This 
peculiarity, therefore, in the Hydrangea, may be owing to the 
presence in its roots of some chemical substance, which, combining 
with another in the soil, produces the unique result which we 
observe in this plant alone. These two chemical substances 
could also probably be discovered, if the subject were taken up 
by some skilful chemist and carefully investigated, with the 
assistance of an intelligent and practical horticulturist. With- 
out absolutely asserting that such will be the results, I think we 
need not despair of obtaining roses of various singular shades, 
by cultivating them in soil with whose constituent elements we 

1-2* 



ioS CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 

have made ourselves familiar. We may also hope to obtain 
happy results by sowing seeds in the same soil, or the effect may 
be still farther assisted by watering the plants with a solution of 
certain chemical substances. If, by any of the above processes 
the desired result should at some future time be fortunately at- 
tained, the plant could probably not be placed again in ordinary 
soil without losing its color, but would need that particular earth 
which has powder to preserve its acquired hue —as the Hydran- 
gea, when taken from this peculiar soil, will lose its blue and 
resume the natural pink of its species. 

Besides the Moorish cultivation in Spain, the Rose has been 
an object of culture to a great extent in other countries. It has 
been cultivated principally for the beauty of its flowers, but in 
many parts of Europe and Asia, and in the north of Africa, 
its culture has been pursued for commercial purposes. Of its 
abundance in Palestine, some conception may be formed from 
the statement of travelers, that they have not only seen them 
w^ld and in great profusion in the vicinity of Jerusalem, but 
have found them in hedges, intermingled with pomegranate 
trees. Doubday states that, when the Eastern Christians made 
one of their processions in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at 
Jerusalem, which continued some two hours, many persons were 
present with sacks full of rose-petals, which they threw by hand- 
fuls on the people, and in such immense quantities, that many 
were covered with them, and they were scattered all over the 
pavement. In Syria and Persia it has been cultivated from a 
very early period, and the ancient name of the formei-, iSuristan, 
is said to signify the land of roses. Damascus, Cashmere, Bar- 
bary, and Fayoum in Egypt, all cultivated the Rose extensively 
for its distilled oil or essence. Very little is extant respecting 
the culture of the Rose in the middle ages, but that it was 
cultivated and valued, is known by its having been worn by 
knights at the tournament, as an emblem of their devotion to 
grace and beauty. According to Loudon, " Ludovico Yerthema, 
who traveled in the East in 1503, observed that T<3essa was 
particularly celebrated for roses, and that he saw a great quantity 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 139 

of these flowers at Calicut." The Rose is to this day also ex- 
tensively cultivated iii India, and for commercial purposes per- 
haps in greater abundance than is now known in any other 
country. Bishop Heber states that " Ghazepoor is celebrated 
throughout India for the wholesomness of its air and the beauty 
and extent of its rose gardens. The Rose-fields, which occupy 
many hundred acres in the neighborhood, are described as, at the 
proper season, extremely beautiful. They are cultivated for dis- 
tillation and for making 'Attar of Roses.'" He states also, that 
'• many roses were growing in the garden of the palace of Delhi, 
and the fountain pipes were carved with images of roses." An- 
other writer describes in glowing colors the beauty of Ghazepoor, 
the Gul-istan (the rosebeds) of Bengal. " In the spring of the 
year, an extent of miles around the tovv^n presents to the eye a 
continual garden of roses, than which nothing can be more beau- 
tiful and fragrant. The sight is perfectly dazzling ; the plain, 
as far as the eye can reach, extending in the same bespangled 
carpet of red and green. The breezes too are loaded with the 
sweet odor which is wafted far across the river Ganges." 

These statements sufficiently evince that the Rose Avas not 
only valued by the Hindoos as an article of commerce, but was 
intimately associated with their ideas of pleasure and enjoyment. 

Persia, however, was above all other countries pre-eminent for 
roses. "Sir John Chardin, in 1686, found the gardens of the 
Persians without parterres, labyrinths, and other ornaments of 
European gardens, but filled with lilies, peach trees, and roses ; 
and all modern travelers bear testimony to the esteem in which 
this flower is held in the East." Sir Wm. Ousley tells us, in his 
travels in Persia, in 1819, that when he entered the flower garden 
belonging to the Governor of the Castle, near Farso, he was over- 
whelmed with roses ; and Jackson, in his Journey^ ^'c, says that 
the roses of the Sinan Nile, or Garden of the Nile, are unequaled ; 
and mattrasses are made of their leaves, for men of rank to recline 
upon. Buckingham speaks of the rose plantations of Damascus 
as occupying an area of many acres, about three miles from that 
city. Sir Robert Ker Porter, speaking of the garden of one of the 



140 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

royal palaces of Persia, says : '' I was struck with the appear- 
ance of two rose trees, fall fourteen feet hi!i^h, laden with thousands 
of flowers, in every degree of expansion, and of a bloom and 
delicacy of scent that imbued the whole atmosphere with exquisite 
perfume. Indeed, I believe that in no country in the world does 
the rose grow in such perfection as in Persia ; in no country is it 
so cultivated and prized by the natives. Their gardens and courts 
are crowded by its plants, their rooms ornamented with roses, filled 
with its gathered branches, and every bath strewed with the full- 
blown flowers, plucked with the ever-replenished stems. * * 
But in this delicious garden of Negaaristan, the eye and the smell 
are not the only senses regaled by the presence of the Rose : the 
ear is enchanted by the wild and beautiful notes of multitudes of 
nightingales, whose warblings seem to increase in melody and 
softness, with the unfolding of their favorite flowers. Here, indeed, 
the stranger is more powerfully reminded, that he is in the gen- 
uine country of the nightingale and the Rose." Rivers mentions 
that Sir John Malcolm told him, that when in Persia he had once 
breakfasted on an immense heap, or rather mount, of roses, which 
the Persians had raised in honor of him. The rose of Cashmere 
has been long celebrated in the East, for its brilliancy and delicacy 
of odor — 

" Who has not heard of the Vale of Cashmere, 
With its Roses, the brightest, that earth ever gave*?" 

Throughout the whole season during which the roses remained 
in bloom in tins beautiful valley, the Feast of Roses was kept 
with great rejoicing, and an entire abandonment to pleasure. At 
this time, a great number of tents were pitched, and multitudes of 
men, women, boys and girls, were dancing and singing to the 
music of their various mstruments. 

All that has been handed down to us, and all we know at the 
present time of the climate and productions of Persia, and the 
customs of its inhabitants, prove that it was emphatically the 
land of roses ; and all that we can gather from its history or tra- 
dition, evinces, that to the inhabitants of the East, including the 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 141 

Hindoos and the Moors of Spain, is this beautiful flower indebted 
for the most careful and abundant cultivation, and for a due ap- 
preciation of its merits. 

At the present time the Rose is cultivated throughout the civil- 
ized world. Loudon speaks of hedges of mixed Provence Roses, 
in the garden of Rosenstein, in Germany, and also of their pro- 
fusion in the public garden of Frankfort. They are found in 
the gardens of Valencia, in Spain, and Sir John Carr, speaking 
of the seat of a Spanish gentleman near Tarragona, says, " the 
doors of the dining room open into a small garden, the walls of 
which are covered with myrtles, jasmines, and roses." In the 
Botanic garden of Madrid, rose trees are used for dividing hedges, 
and the flower is a favorite throughout Spain. 

Among the Spanish ladies, the Rose is highly valued, and with 
the orange flower, is a favorite ornament for the hair. We have 
frequently been struck, while traveling in the Spanish West 
Indies, and in some parts of South America, with the careful 
nurture and attention bestowed on a single rose bush, and the 
delight evinced at its bloom, wiiile all around in natural luxu- 
riance were the most beautiful and gorgeous plants and flowers 
which the tropics can produce. The brilliant cactus, the beautiful 
oleander, the singular orchideea, and the delicate and fragrant 
flowers of the coffee and orange, seemed cast into the shade by 
the ancient and well known Rose. 

I well recollect, that on returning one day from a ride into the 
country, where I had been luxuriating in the gorgeous splendor 
of a tropical forest, the fair daughter of my hostess wished to 
introduce me to a flower, which, in her opinion, far surpassed all 
that I had seen ; she accompanied me to the top of the flat-roofed 
house, used at the South as a place of evening resort, and there, 
in one corner, I found a thrifty plant of the Tea Rose, which to 
her infinite delight, was just showing above its glossy and delicate 
young leaves, a httle ruby-tipped bud. This httle plant had been 
the object of long and careful nursing, and her attention was now 
about to be rewarded by a fine and perfect bloom. 

In France, however, is the Rose a pre-eminent object of horti- 



142 CULTURE OP^ THE ROSE. 

culture, both in commercial establishments and in private gardens. 
The skill of the French has originated many new and beautiful 
varieties, which are to be found in several of the nurseries in the 
United States. The French are constantly searching for im- 
provements in horticultural science and practice, with an enthu- 
siasm rarely found in the more cold Englishman, whose skill seems 
less to consist in the creation of new varieties, than in growmg 
perfectly those already known. None, indeed, can surpass the 
English in the art of growing fine plants, but we are chiefly 
indebted to the French for the finest new varieties of the Rose. 
Such being the case, it is much to be regretted, that so little con- 
fidence can be placed in the greater number of French rose- 
growers ; roses from such should never be propagated until their 
bloom has been tested. To this rule there are some honorable 
exceptions : of these are Laffay, Vibert, and Yerdier, and there 
may also be others with whom we are not acquainted. Vibert is 
perhaps the largest rose cultivator in France, and his attention 
is directed almost exclusively to the culture of this flower and 
the vine. 

Yerdier is a smaller cultivator, but said to be correct and fair. 

Laffay, although not a large cultivator, has devoted his time 
almost exclusively to raising new roses from seed, and to him 
are the admirers of this beautiful flower indebted for many 
fine varieties. We shall not soon forget our very pleasant 
visit to Laffay, in the spring of 1845. Although the posses- 
sor of considerable property, he lives in a very simple, un- 
ostentatious manner, and devotes himself to his favorite pursuit 
Avith the utmost interest and enthusiasm. With mucli warmth 
of heart and kindness of manner, he unites the courteous hospi- 
tality of a French gentleman of the ancient regime ; his wife, an 
animated and pleasant Frenchwoman, is, except in appearance, 
exactly his counterpart, even to the fondness for rose culture. We 
were rather disappointed in finding so little method in the 
arrangement of his grounds. Although every care was taken to 
ensure correctness, there was not that method in arrangement, 
that perfect neatness and that regard for artistical effect, which 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 143 



one always likes to see in the establishment of a man like LafTay. 
The French are, however, universally behind the English in this 
respect, although much improvement has been made since the 
abohtion of the Le Notre style of gardening, and the introduction 
of the natural style, or as they call it, the " Jardin Anglaise." 
Many of Laffay's fine seedlings were injured by the unprecedented 
cold of that year, but sufficient were left to produce some fine 
varieties, which he kindly offered to send us from year to year 
before placing them in commerce at home. He pursues a regular 
system of hybridizing, and it is probably owing to his care in this 
respect that his success has been so far beyond that of other cul- 
tivators. M. Hardy, the director of the Luxembourg gardens, has 
produced some fine varieties, but as we conversed with him only 
a few minutes, amid the bustle of a horticultural exhibition, we 
could not obtain from him much information respecting his modus 
operandi. 

In Great Britain, although comparatively little attention has 
been paid to the obtaining of new varieties, the culture is more 
careful and the nomenclature more correct. The competition 
excited by their numerous horticultural exhibitions, causes great 
attention to be given to correct nomenclature and to symmetrical 
habit of growth. We can imagine nothing more beautiful than 
some of the plants that we saw at the exhibitions of the London 
Horticultural Society at Chiswick ; every plant was pruned, trained 
and grown, after an ideal, but perfect model, with its close and 
luxuriant foliage, its thrifty, symmetrical habit, and the thick, 
leathery petals of its well-cupped flower. This high standard 
should be introduced into every society, and if such were the case 
in this country and the rule carefully obeyed, the character of our 
exhibitions would in a short time be very materially changed. 

T. Rivers is esteemed the most extensive rose cultivator in 
England, and is also known as the author of a very excellent 
descriptive work on the Rose. He has also been successful in 
hybridizing, and has originated some very fine varieties. His 
attention was at one time directed almost exclusively to the Rose, 
but it now includes many other nursery articles, and on our visit 



144 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

to him in 1845, we found him much interested with experiments in 
fruit culture. litmc, Wood, and Paul, arc esteemed very t^ood cul- 
tivators, and generally correct in their nomenclature. From these 
several estahlishments in England and France have been imported 
most of the varieties now existing in this country. Their trade 
with the United States is however comparatively limited, from 
the great risk of loss by a sea-voyage. We have frequently lost 
in this way, two-thirds or three-quarters of an importation, to our 
great annoyance and expense, and it is only by repeated and per- 
severing importations that we have been able to obtain all tliCi 
desirable varieties. 

In the United States the culture of the Rose has been very much 
neglected, until within a few years. Tulips and dahlias have 
successively been the rage, and altliough there has long ex- 
isted a great \ariety of roses, comparatively few of them have 
been cultivated, even in the best gardens of the United States. 
Now the tide is turning. Dahlias are going out of repute, and 
the Rose is resuming its ancient em[)ire in the (jueendom of 
Flora. The advent of the Bourbon and the Remontant, or Per- 
petual classes, has no doubt materially aided this change, but it 
is in a great part owing to the easy culture of the plant, and the 
intrinsic merits and beauty of the llower. The taste of the hor- 
ticultural public being thus decidedly for the Rose, a demand 
will exist for all the information respecting soil, planting, culti- 
vating, <J^c., and this information we shall endeavor to supply 
in a simple and concise manner, avoiding as far as possible all 
technicalities, and ada})ting it to the use of the cultivator of a 
single plant in the crowded border of a city garden, or to the 
more extended culture of a commercial establishment. 

Fiach cultivator has his peculiar mode of doing things, and 
there may be those who deem the mode laid down here inferior 
to their own. From these we should be glad to hear, and to 
make any corrections they may suggest, where such corrections 
appear to be founded upon true principles. In order to make our 
work as perfect as possible, we have not hesitated to add to our 
own experience, all the information derived from a personal in 



CULTIJUK OF THE ROSE. 145 



Bpcction of French and Eng"lish nurseries, and to cull from foreign 
works and periodicals all that may interest our readers. Such 
information, as far as it coincides with our own experience, we 
shall gladly incorporate, with the hope that we may be success- 
ful in presenting every fact of interest which may exist respect- 
ing the cultivation of our favorite (iovre-'*. 

13 



CHAPTER X. 



SOIL, SITUATION AND PLANTING. 




5"^ HE most suitable soil is a strong rich loam, 
/If^iVN or vejj^etable mould mixed witli about one 



quarter its bulk of well-decomposed stable 
manure. If the soil of the garden where 
the roses are to be planted, differs materially 
from this, it should be made to approach it 
as nearly as possible by the addition of the 
requisite soil and manure. In a good vegetable garden, the soil, 
with the addition of a little manure, will grow the Rose well. 
When the soil, however, is of an inferior character, holes should 
be dug three or four times the size of the roots of a well-grown 
rose bush and filled with compost of the above character. 

Rivers recommends, as the best compost for roses, rotten dung 
and pit-sand for cold, clayey soils ; and for warm, dry soils, rotten 
duno- and cool loams. He also states that he has found nis^ht 
soil, mixed with the drainings of the dunghill, or even with com- 
mon ditch or pond water, so as to make a thick liquid, the best 
possible manure for roses, poured on the surface of the soil twice 
in winter — one to two gallons to each tree. The soil need 
not be stirred till spring, and then merely loosened two or three 
inches deep, with the prongs of a fork : for poor soil, and on law^ns, 
previously removing the turf, this will be found most efficacious. 
He directs this compost to be applied in the first two winter 
months, but as our ground is frequently frozen so hard at that 
time that it cannot absorb the liquid, it would probably be 



CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 14^ 



best to apply it in this country a month earlier. Where a bed or 
border of roses is to be planted, it is well to dig out tlie soil to the 
depth of two or two and a half feet ; fill the bottom to the depth of 
six inches with small stone, and then replace the earth, well fertil- 
ized, as directed above. Nothing is more injurious to the Rose 
than a wet, retentive subsoil ; and where expense and trouble are 
no object, this perfect draining is much the best calculated to en- 
sure a thrifty growth and perfect bloom. A rich and dry soil, is 
in /act all-important; for otherwise the most double flower will 
frequently become single or semi-double. We have seen a plant 
of La Reine produce a perfect flower in the green-house, and when 
removed to an inferior soil, produce flowers almost single. It 
may therefore be safely laid down as a rule, that it is impossible 
to make the soil too rich for the Rose, and that in proportion to 
the fertilizing matter contained therein, provided it is properly 
decomposed, will be the approximation of theplant and the flower 
to perfection. The fertility of the soil may be very much assisted 
by frequent applications of liquid manure, made either of cow 
dung or guano ; the former is always safe ; the latter, valuable 
if properly used, may, in the hands of a careless person, ruin 
the plant. 

In these remarks on fertility of soil, we have no desire to dis- 
courage those who may not have a fertile soil, or the means of 
obtaining the elements of fertility. The Rose will grow and bloom 
in any soil; the wood will be healthy, but short and small ; the 
flower will be produced, but as we have said before, will be smaller 
and often semi-double ; yet even under these disadvantages, it is 
still the most desirable flower for the poor man ; none other can 
so cheaply and so well ornament his small yard, or hanging in 
graceful festoons about his windows, shed forth its bloom and 
sweetness to enliven his hours of relief from labor, and give his 
children happiness, from the association of pleasant thought with 
natural beauty. But the poor man has within his reach more 
than he supposes of the elements of fertility. The ashes of his 
hearth, the decomposed turf of the road-side, and the domestic 
manure, too generally thrown away, all contain some of the best 



148 CULTURE OF THE KOSE. 



fertilizing matter, and with proper care, could be made amply 
fuHicient for the produdion of liirf llowers and vo^elables. The 
decomposed turf alone would grow roses admirably, although a 
little manure would be a useful addition. 

SITUATION. 

The best situation for the Rose is an eastern or northern 
exposure, rather than a southern; the intensity of the heat of 
our midsununer often affects injuriously the expansion of the 
llowers, tlieir color and fragrance. A useful degree of shade can 
be obtained by [)lanting amidst groups of dwarf roses, pillars, 
trellises, obolislcs, &.C., on which climbing roses can be trained, and 
ivhose shadow, changing with the sun, would protect the opening 
bloom and answer the same end as a cool situation. AVhile, how- 
ever, the Rose requires a cool, airy situation, it should by no 
means be placed entirely in the shade ; a portion of the sun's rays 
is always necessary to ensure a good bloom. It is from this cause 
that tlie bloom of roses is much more certain and perfect in France 
and this country than in England. In the latter country, the 
sun is scarcely ever sufTiciently powerful to develop all the re- 
sources of a plant. The summer of 1816 was unpreccdentedly hot 
throughout England, and all the horticultural journals united in 
pronouncing the bloom of roses that season vmsurpasscd by the 
bloom of any previous year. For climbing roses the situation 
should not be too exposed, or where they would be liable to en- 
counter heavy winds, which might brealc olf the young shoot and 
in other ways injure the plant. Our American cities possess in the 
culture of roses a great advantage over the large towns of Eng- 
land, in the use of anthracite instead of bituminous coal; for, 
according to Loudon, the Rose will not thrive in towns where the 
prevailing fuel is of this character, and the bloom will not com- 
pare with those produced some ten miles distant. ''The lirst 
edect of the smoke is to prevent the llower butls from opening 
freely, next to diminish their number; the leaves then gradually 
become smaller, and the length of the shoots less, after which the 
plant weakens by degrees, and in a few years, if a standard, it 



CULTURE OF TIIE llOSF,. 140 

dies altogether, or, if a dwarf, barely existn, and sclfloin if ever 
flowers." 

Such a result, from such a cause, is rarely known liero, and 
the denizen of the city may have his liltl(; yard fdled with roses 
whose bloom will be in no way inferior to that of the plants in 
an extensive lawn or garden. 

PLANTING. 

All those roses that bloom only once in the year, and also the 
Perpetuals, or Remontant Roses can be planted in autumn, after 
the lirst severe frost. The ends of the roots, wliich have been 
broken in taking up, will then form a callus, and the soil will be 
so thoroughly settled about the roots by the winter rains, that the 
plant will commence forming new roots early in the spring, and 
will rapidly make strong and luxuriant shoots. As far north as 
New York and its ^'icinity, the Bourbons and the Bengal, with their 
sub-classes, being more delicate, should not be planted until spring. 

If the subsoil is wet and retentive of moisture, tin; planting 
of any roses should be deferred until spring, but from our pre- 
ceding remarks it will be borne in mind that such soil should be 
well drained before planting, in which case the autumn will still 
answer. 

The plant should l)e taken up carefully, witli all the root pos- 
sible, bearing in mind that the elernents of life are in the root, and 
every fibre that is lost is so much taken from the future health 
and prosperity of the plant. The root sliould then be carefully 
examined, and every portion that has been bruised should be cut 
off; all the broken ends should also be cut away as far as they 
are split or injured. Any root of the character of a tap-root, or 
growing directly down into the earth, should be cut off; for it is 
best to encourage only lateral roots, which can more readily par- 
take of the benefits of the rain and sun, and can more effectually 
absorb the nutriment in the soil. 

The hole should then be dug somewhat larger than the root, 
and the bottom forked, or dug up, and if necessary enriched with 
the surface soil, which, it is presumed, has been prepared accord 
ing to preceding directions. lyct one hold the plant, while another 

13* 



lifO CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

tluows in the soil ; or if one alone is planting, let him hold the 
stem just above the root with one hand, and throw in the soil with 
the other, moving the stem from side to side, and occasionally 
pulling it upward a little and shaking the root until the soil has 
worked well among the fibres ; on which much of the subsequent 
prosperity of the plant depends. If the weather is dry, a little 
water may be placed in the hole, which should then be filled up 
and the soil well trodden down about the stem. When planted, 
it should be very little if at all lower in the ground than before ; 
very little of the stem should be buried ; and when trodden down, 
the root should be made firm and solid. 

In planting climbing or pillar roses, care should be taken to 
set the trellis, or pillar, or Avhatever may be used for their support 
before the plant is put in the ground ; for if such should be set 
after the plant has commenced growing vigorously, it will in all 
probability damage the roots, and give the plant a check from 
which it will not recover the whole season. 

The Rose, even in the best soils, should be taken up every three 
or four years, and have its roots shortened and pruned ; a portion 
of the soil in which it grew should also be removed and replaced 
by soil of the character before described. Where the soil is poor, 
they should be taken up every other year, and replanted, after 
renewing the soil as above, or digging it with plenty of manure. 

Van Mons states that in Belgium the plants are uniformly 
taken up at the end of eight years and placed in fresh soil, or 
they are thrown away and young plants substituted in their place. 
This substitution of young plants is perhaps the most certain 
mode of ensuring a continual supply of strong, healthy wood and 
well- formed flowers. 

The Rose may be transplanted at any season, provided the 
shoots are pruned closely and deprived of all their leaves, and 
the soil in which they are planted kept well watered. The flow- 
ering also may be retarded in this way, and those roses that bloom 
only once in the season, if they are transplanted just before 
they are coming into flower, and properly pruned, will bloom in 
autumn. 



CHAPTER XL 



PRUNING AND TRAINING. 




N pruning roses at the time of transplanting, 
the principal object to be attained is relief to 
the plant by taking away all the wood and 
branches which the diminished root may not 
be able to support. The mode of pruning de- 
pends very much upon the condition of the plant. 
If it is very bushy, all the weaker branches 
should be cut away, leaving not more than three or four of the 
strongest shoots, and shortening even those down to a few eyes. 
If it is desired that the plant should continue dwarf and bushy, 
the new wood should be cut down to the last two eyes, and every 
half grown or slender shoot cut out. These two eyes wiil each 
throw out a branch ; then cut these branches down to the two 
eyes and again their produce until a symmetrical habit is formed, 
with close, thick foHage. There should not be sufficient wood 
allowed to remain to make it crowded ; and if there should be 
danger of this, some of the branches, instead of being cut down 
to two eyes should be cut out altogether. 

Climbing roses, when planted, should be cut down almost (o 
the ground, and also carefully thinned out. Only a few of the 
strongest branches should be preserved, and the nsv/ wood of these 
cut down to two eyes each. 



152 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 



The preceding remarks are applicable to roses at the time of 
planting ; they should also be pruned every year — the hardy 
varieties in the autumn or winter, and the more tender in the 
spring. For all roses that are not liable to have part of their 
wood killed by the cold, the autumn is decidedly the best time 
for pruning ; the root, having then but little top to support, is left 
at liberty to store up nutriment for a strong growth the following 
season. The principal objects in pruning, are the removal of the 
old wood, because it is generally only the young wood that pro- 
duces large and fine flowers ; the shortening and thinning out 
of tlie young wood, that the root, having much less wood to sup- 
port, may devote all its nutriment to the size and beauty of the 
flower ; and the formation of a symmetrical shape. If an abund- 
ant bloom is desired without regard to the size of the flower, 
only the weak shoots should be cut out, and the strong wood 
should be shortened very little ; each bud will then produce a 
flower. By this mode, the flowers will be small and the growth 
of new wood very short, but there will be an abundant and very 
showy bloom. If, however, the flowers are desired as large and 
as perfect as possible, all the weak wood should be cut out en- 
tirely, and all the strong wood of the last season's formation 
should be cut down to two eyes. The knife should always be 
applied directly above a bud and sloping upward from it. The 
preceding observations apply principally to rose bushes or dwarf 
roses ; with pillar, climbing and tree roses, the practice should he 
somewhat different. The two former require comparatively little 
pruning ; they require careful thirining out, but should seldom 
be shortened. The very young side shoots can sometimes be 
shortened in, to prevent the foliage from becoming too thick and 
crowded. 

Pillars for roses can be made of trellis work, of iron rods 
in different forms, or of wood, but they should enclose a space of 
at least a foot in diameter. The cheapest plan, and one that will 
last many years, is to make posts of about li or 2 inches square, 
out of locust or pitch-pine plank, and connect them with common 
hoop-iron. They should be tlie length of a plank — between 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 153 



twelve and thirteen feet — and should be set three feet in the 
ground, that they may effectually resist the action of the wind. 
The Rose having been cut down to the ground, is planted inside 
of the pillar and will make strong growths the first season. As 
the leading shoots appear, they should be trained spirally around 
the outside of the pillar, and sufficiently near each other to enable 
them to fill up the intermediate space with their foliage. These 
leading shoots will then form the permanent wood, and the young 
side shoots, pruned in from year to year, will produce the flowers, 
and at the flowering season cover the whole pillar with a mass 
of rich and showy bloom. If the tops of the leading shoots lie 
down at all, they should be shortened down to the first strong 
eye, because, if a weak bud is left at the top, its growth will be 
for a long time weak. The growth of different varieties of roses 
is very varied ; some make delicate shoots and require little room, 
while others, like the Q.ueen of the Prairies, are exceedingly ro- 
bust and may require a larger pillar than the size we have men- 
tioned. 

Climbing roses require very much the same treatment as pillar 
roses, and are frequently trained over arches, or in festoons from 
one pillar to another. In these the weak branches should also 
be thinned out and the strong ones be allowed to remain without 
being shortened, as in these an abundant bloom is wanted more 
than large flowers. In training climbing roses over any flat sur- 
face, as a trellis wall or side of a house, the principal point is so 
to place the leading shoots that all the intermediate space may 
be filled up with foliage. They can either be trained in fan-shape 
with side shoots growing out from a main stem, or one leading 
shoot can be encouraged and tramed in parallel horizontal lines 
to the top, care being taken to preserve sufficient intermediate 
space for the foliage. Where no shoots are wanted, the buds can 
be rubbed off" before they push out. No weak shoots should be 
allowed to grow from the bottom, but all the strong ones should 
be allowed to grow as much as they may. When the interme- 
diate space is filled with young wood and foliage, all the thin, 
email shoots should be cut out every year and the strongest buds 



154 cui/ruRK OF THE rose. 



only allowed to remain, which formin<^ strong branches, will set 
closely to the wall and preserve a neat appearance. 

Tlw. production of roses out of season, l)y forcinG^, was, as we 
have shown, well known to the ancient ]toni:ins, and from them 
has been handed down fo tlu; pres(M)t lime. I»nf the rc^tardini^ 
of roses by means of a rej^nlar process of pruning", owes its origin 
to a comparatively modern date. 'J^his process is mentioned both 
by Lord Bacon and Sir Robert Hoyle. The latter says, "It is 
delivered by the Lord Yerulam, and other naturalists, that if a 
rose bush be carefully cut as soon as it is done bearins^ in the 
sunmier, it will again bear roses in the autumn. Of this many 
have made unsuccessful trials, and thereupon report the affirma- 
tion to be false ; yet I am very apt to think, that my lord was 
encouraged by experience to write as he did. For, having been 
particularly solicitous about the experiment, I find by the relation, 
both of my own, and other experienced gardeners, that this way 
of procuring autunmal roses, will, in most rose-bushes, commonly 
fail, but succeed in some that are good bearers ; and, accordingly, 
having this summer made trial of it, I find that of a row of 
bushes cut in June, by far the greater runnber promise no 
autumnal roses ; but one that hath manifested itself to be of a 
vigorous and prolific nature, is, at this present, indifferently well- 
stored with those of the damask kind. There may, also, be a 
mistake in tlu^ species of roses; for experienced gardeners inform 
me that the Musk-Rose will, if it be a lusty plant, bear flowers 
in autunm without cutting ; and, therefore, that may unjustly 
be ascribed to art, which is the bare production of nature." 
^riuis, in quaint and ancient style, discourseth the wise and pious 
philosopher, on oiu" favorite flower, and also mentions the fact, 
that a red rose becomes white, on being exposed to the fumes of 
sulphur. This, however, had been observed before Sir Robert's 
time. Notwithstanding his doubts, it is now a well-established fact, 
that the blooming of roses may be retarded by cutting them back 
to two eyes after they have fairly commenced growing, and the 
flower buds are discoverable. A constant succession can be ob- 
tained, where there ia a number of plants, by cutting each one 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 155 

back a shortcM" or longer distance, or at various periods of its 
growth. Ill tfiesc cases, however, it very often will not bloom 
until autumn, because the second effort to produce (lowers ia 
much greater than tlie first, and is not attended with success 
until late in the season. 

However desirable may be this retarding process, it cannot be 
relied on as a general practice, because the very unusual exertion 
made to produce the flowers a second time, weakens the plant, 
and materially affects its prosperity the subsequent year. 

There is, indeed, but one kind of summer pruning that is ad- 
vantageous, which is the thinning out of the flower-buds as soon 
as tney appear, in order that the plant may be burdened with no 
more than it can fully perfect, and the cutting off all the seed 
vessels after the flower has expanded and the petals have fallen. 
Until this last is done, a second bloom cannot readily be obtained 
from the Bengal Rose and its sub-classes, the Tea and Noisette, 
which otherwise grow and bloom constantly throughout the 
season. 

In connection with the sul)jcct of this chapter, we would im- 
press upon our readers the absolute, the essential importance of 
cultivation — of constantly stirring the soil in which the Rose is 
planted; and we scarcely knowof more comprehensive directions 
in a few words than the reply of an experienced horticulturist to 
one who asked the best mode of growing fine fruits and flowers. 
The old gentleman replied that the mode could be described in 
three words, "cultivate, cultivate, cultivate." After the same 
manner, we would imj)ress the importance of these three words 
upon all those who love well-grown and beautiful roses. They 
are indeed mulluni in jmrvo — the very essence of successful 
culture. The soil cannot be ploughed, dug or stirred too much ; 
it should be dug and hoed, not merely to keep down the weeds, 
but to ensure the health and prosperity of tlie plant. Cultivation 
is to all plants and trees, manure, sun and rain. It opens the 
soil to the nutritious gas of the atmosphere, to the beneficial 
influence of light, and to the morning and evening dew. It 
makes the heavy soil light and the light soil heavy ; if the earth 



156 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

is saturated with rain, it dries it ; if burned up with drought, it 
moistens it. Watering is often beneficial, and is particularly so 
to roses just before and during the period of bloom; but in an 
extremely dry season, if we were obliged to choose between the 
watering-pot and the spade, we should most unhesitatingly give 
the preference to the latter. 



CHAPTER XII. 



POTTING AND FORCING. 



" Seek Roses in December, ice in June." — Byron. 




VERY variety of Rose, in the hands of a 
l\^l^ skilful man, will grow and bloom well in 
pots, although the Bengal and its sub- 
classes, and the more dwarf Hardy Roses 
are the most easily managed. The great 
point in potting is to imitate planting in 
the open ground as nearly as possible. 
The soil used should possess all the nutritious elements re- 
quired in the open ground, and if possible in somewhat 
greater abundance. More manure should be used, because 
the frequent watering required by plants in pots must in- 
evitably wash away a portion of the fertilizing matter. There 
is nothing better than one portion of stable manure and three 
of turf or leaf-mould, all well decomposed and mixed with a 
little pure peat earth. A portion of night-soil, well incorporated 
with charcoal, is also very excellent. Charcoal is the most pow- 
erful absorbent known — it retains the nutritious elements in the 
night-soil, prevents their being washed away by watering, and 
gives them out as the plant needs them. English gardeners 
should bear in mind, that roses require in this climate a stronger 
soil than in England. Half-gallon pots are the best size at first, 
from which, by repeated pottings, correspondirig with the growth 
of the plant, they can be shifted to one or two gallon pots. The 

14 



158 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 



size of the pots should, however, be regulated by the extent of 
the roots ; it should be just sufficiently large to allow the roots 
to go in without crowding. A few broken pieces of pot or small 
lumps should be put in the bottom for drainage. When the 
plant is to be taken from the open ground, select one whose roots 
are not too large, and with a sharp spade cut around it a ball of 
earth about the size of tJie pot, depriving it at the same time of a 
portion of its top, as directed in remarks on pruning. It should 
stand in this state about a fortnight, until the roots have become 
callused, and the plant has become somewhat accustomed to the 
loss of its roots and branches. It can then be safely taken up at 
any season and transferred to the pot, which should then be 
filled in with earth, firm and solid. If potted in the autumn, after 
the leaves have fallen and the wood become mature, the above 
previous preparation is not required, but the plant can be taken 
up without a ball of earth, and after being pruned of its bruised 
or broken roots, placed in the pot. It should then be protected 
from the frost and light until it has entirely recovered from its 
change of habitation, when it can be placed in any cool spot free 
from frost, until it is wanted for forcing. 

Roses may, without difficulty, by the above previous man- 
agement, be forced to bloom in the latter part of winter, but 
where their bloom is desired at Christmas or New- Year, they 
should be gradually prepared for the space of a year previous. 
To produce roses the latter part of winter, our own management 
has been simple and effective, giving us as many flowers as a 
green-house and vinery full of pots could afford. After putting 
the plants in pots as directed above, pruning them down to eight 
or ten buds, and hardening them in a shady place, they are placed 
in the vinery before the frost out of doors can have injured them, 
and cut down to two buds. The house is then kept as cool as 
possible, while the frost is carefully excluded by a light fire at 
night, and on fine days the sashes are opened and plenty of air 
admitted. They are thus kept in a dormant state until the first 
of the year, when the heat is gradually increased to about 70° by 
day and sinking as low as 35° at night. Care is taken to give 



CULTURE OF TME ROSE. 159 

them sufficient watering, and in their whole management, to 
assimilate as nearly as possible to open culture. When thegreen- 
Hy appears, it is immediately destroyed by fumigation with to- 
bacco and sulphur, and the plants are subsequently syringed with 
clean water. With this management they soon begin to show 
signs of life, the bud commences pushing forth its delicate, light 
gieen shoot, the leaves then appear, the plant soon growing with 
luxuriance, is clothed with rich foliage, and about tlie middle of 
the third month, the house presents a mass of thrifty growth and 
perfect bloom. 

By the means above described, roses may be forced into bloom 
the latter part of winter, and by observing some care to bring 
them into the house at different periods in regular succession, a 
bloom can be enjoyed through all the spring months until roses 
bloom in the open ground. This process cannot, however, be 
continued two years in succession without weakening the plant, 
and although, if placed in a shady spot and allowed to rest during 
the summer, it may sufficiently recover to perform the same 
w^ork another year, it is desirable, if possible, to have fresh plants 
whose strength has not been exhausted by the excitement and 
unusual effort attending the production of flowers out of season. 

The preceding directions apply more particularly to late 
brcing, and although the same means, with an earlier application 
of heat, will produce flowers early in winter, yet the true art of 
early forcing consists in gradually bringing the Rose out of its 
season ; and it is only by this mode that thrifty plants and perfect 
flowers can be produced before Christmas. 

Two years, and sometimes three, should be employed inprepar- 
ing a Rose for early forcing. Having been prepared by digging 
around it with a sharp spade some two weeks previously, the 
plant should be taken up immediately after the first frost, placed 
in a cold frame a few days to harden, and then taken to the green- 
house or vinery. A moderate heat should then be given it, with 
plenty of hght and air to prevent its being drawn. The flower- 
buds should be plucked off as soon as they appear, and no bloom 



160 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 



should be allowed. It will thus make fine growths, and can be 
plunged in the open ground as soon as danger of frost has passed 
in the spring. Here it can remain during the summer to ripen 
its wood, and will require no care except a little watering in dry 
weather, and an occasional taking up and examination tiiat the 
roots may not push through the hole of the pot and become fixed 
in the ground, in which case the plants would make too strong 
growths, and suffer on being removed from the new-made root. 
In the tenth month (October) it can be placed in a pot one size 
larger, pruned by thinning out all the weak branches and shorten- 
ing the strong ones down to two eyes. It should then go through 
the same process as before, carefully picking off all the flower-buds, 
promoting its growth until completed, when let it be put in a 
cold frame until all danger of frost is over, and tben plunge it in 
the ground to ripen its wood. As its vegetation was started a 
month earlier the last year, it can now be taken up in the ninth 
month — re-potted and pruned as before, and then taken into the 
green-house. The temperature should then be gradually raised 
to about 55° until it has commenced growing, and then gradually 
increased to 65° or 70°, giving as much air as can be obtained 
without lowering the temperature. 

All useless shoots should be kept down, and all the flower-buds 
taken off that threaten to be abortive. In fumigating for the 
green-fly, care should be taken not to do it too strongly, but re- 
peated and gentle doses at night are better. We have known 
many fine plants ruined by fumigation in the hands of an inex- 
perienced person. A good bloom can be obtained the second year 
by this mode, but if the amateur has the patience to wait until 
a third, he will be rewarded by a thrifty and compact habit, rich 
foliaofe, and beautiful bloom for two months before Christmas ; 
and if there are a number of plants to be brought into the green- 
house a week after each other, lie can have them in bloom until 
the late forced roses appear. At all periods subsequent to their 
commencement, care should be taken to give them suflicient 
moisture and as much air as is consistent with the state of growth 
and the external temperature. Without water they w^ill neither 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 161 



grow nor bloom well. Under glass, every other day, and in some 
cases twice a week is sufficient. 

The great principle to be borne in mind in forcing roses, is, that 
sudden excitement is fatal, and that a plant should never be 
taken from the open ground into a heated house without being 
gradually prepared for it. This principle is particularly applica- 
ble to deciduous roses. The Remontant and Bourbon, the Bengal 
and its sub-classes, which grow and bloom through the whole 
year, are not so liable to be injured by exciting treatment. 

Cuttings of these that are struck in the spring and planted out 
in the open ground, may have their tops slightly pruned and 
their buds all pinched off during the summer, to encourage the 
formation of wood and of a close head. 

About the last days of summer or the first of autumn, they 
can be taken up and placed in quart pots, with a soil com- 
posed of one half loam, one quarter cow-dung, and one quarter 
peat. After being slightly pruned and left in the shade for a 
week, they can be placed in frames, protected at night from frost 
and exposed to the air in mild weather, for some two months, 
when they can be removed, a few at a time, into the green-house, 
and subjected to a moderately increased temperature. They will 
soon bloom well, and will succeed each other throughout the 
winter and spring, until roses bloom in the open air. Like the 
deciduous roses, they require to be protected against the green-fly 
by syringing, and if that does not answer, by fumigation with 
tobacco. 

The Bengal, however, like the deciduous roses v/ill bloom bet- 
ter the second winter than the first, by shifting them into larger 
pots, pruning them, cutting off all the flower-buds, and giving them 
very little water the latter part of summer. They can then 
be put into the frames and treated as before. The Bengal Rose 
is very easily forced in this way, and if the temperature is at first 
kept during the day at 45° and gradually increased to 60°, there 
can be little difficulfy in obtaining beautiful and healthy plants. 
This temperature can be obtained in any green-house or vinery. 
The latter are becoming more common, and when they are pro- 



1G2 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 



vided with heating apparatus, there can be nothing better for 
roses. We have forced them very successfully in one of our own 
vineries, which is 120 feet long, 12 feet wide, 10 feet high in the 
rear, 3i in front, and heated by hot water. But as there may be 
many who desire a cheaper structure, we will give the description 
of one used by Rivers (the best rose-grower known), wdth his 
mode of managing roses in a structure of that character. "A pit, 
10 or 12 feet long and 8 feet wide, just high enough to stand up- 
right in, w ith a door at one end and a sunken path in the centre, a 
raised bed on each side of the path, and an 18-inch Arnott's stove 
at the farther end, opposite to the door, with a pipe leading into a 
small brick chimney outside (a chimney is indispensable), will 
give a great abundance of forced roses from February to the end 
of May. To ensure this, a supply must be kept ready, so that, 
say twenty may be placed in the forcing pit about the middle of 
December, a like number in the middle of January, and the same 
about the middle of February ; they must not be pruned till taken 
into the house, when each shoot should be cut back to two or 
three buds for the formation of strong shoots. The fire should be 
lio^hted at seven in the morninor, and suffered to burn out about 
the same hour in the evening, imless in frosty weather, when it 
must be kept burning till late at night, so as to exclude the frost ; 
and for this purpose double mats should be placed on the lights. 
The thermometer should not, by fire heat^ be higher in the day 
than 70° during December, January and February ; at night it 
may sink to 35° without injury. The temporary rise in a sunny 
day is of no consequence, but 7io air niust he admitted at such 
times^ or the plants will exhaust themselves, and immediately 
shed their leaves. When the sun begins to have powder, and in 
sunny weather toward the end of February, the plants may be 
syringed every morning about 10 o'clock with tepid water, and 
smoked w4th tobacco at night on the least appearance of the 
Aphis or green-fly. To ensure a fine and full crop of floweis, the 
plants should be established one year in pots, and plunged in tan 
or saw-dust, in an open, exposed place, that their shoots may be 
well ripened : the pots must be often removed, or what is better. 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 1G3 

place the pots on slates to prevent their roots striking into the 
ground. With the Remontant or Perpetuals, even if only potted 
in November previous, a very good crop of flowers may often be 
obtained, and a second crop better than the first ; for the great 
advantage of forcing Remontant roses is, that after blooming in 
the green-house or drawing-room, their young shoots may be cut 
down to within two or three buds of their base, and the plants 
placed again in the forcing-house, and a second crop of flowers 
obtained. The same mode may be followed also with the Bour- 
bon, China, and Tea-scented roses : with the latter, indeed, a 
third crop may be often obtained. Toward the end of March, 
Vvdien the second crop of flowers is coming on, the plants may be 
gradually inured to the air, by opening tlie sashes in mild 
weather. This will make them hard}^ and robust. Syringing 
should be practised every morning and evening ; but when the 
flower-buds are ready to open, this must be confined to the stems 
of the plants and the pots, otherwise the flowers will be injured 
by the moisture. Air must at first only be given about noon ; 
care must be taken to remove the plants from the forcing-house 
to the green-house or drawing-room before their blossoms expand ; 
they may then be kept in beauty many days. We have not found 
the check which the plants receive l)y this sudden change of tem- 
perature at all detrimental. During their second growth, the 
plants should be watered once a week with manure-water, and 
the surface of the pot occasionally stirred. Two pounds of guano 
to ten gallons of water, foims the very best species of liquid ma- 
nure ; this should be stirred before it is used. 

"Those that are forced Avith the greatest facility are worked 
roses ; these seldom or never fail to give an abundant crop of 
flowers. Stems from six inches to one and a half and two feet 
are equally eligible ; the latter form elegant plants, and 1 think 
generally grow with greater luxuriance than dwarfs. China and 
Tea-scented roses on their own roots are more delicate, and re- 
quire more care ; still one crop of flowers may always be de- 
pended upon, even from them. Instead of forcing them for a sec- 
ond crop, it will be better to place them in the green-house ; they 



164 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

will then bloom again finely in May. I find, from experience, 
that all the autumnal roses may be forced every year without any 
disadvantages ; to ensure their well-doing, they must be removed 
from the forcing-house early in June, the surface of the pots 
dressed with rotten manure and plunged in the same, or leaves, 
or any light substance. Toward the end of September, they 
should be carefully shifted, removing nearly all the earth from 
their roots into a compost of light loam and rotten dung, equal 
quantities (this is, on the whole, the very best compost for potted 
roses), watered, and again phmged till required for forcing. This 
shifting would be better performed in June, but, as the weather 
is then hot and dry, roses worked on the Dog-Rose are apt to 
suffer. Pots of the sizes called near London, 24s and 16s (the 
former seven and a half inches deep and eight inches over at the 
top, the latter eight and a half inches deep and nine inches in 
diameter), are the best sizes for strong plants of roses for forcing. 
When potted, tbe large and unyielding roots should be cut off 
close, so that the plants may stand in the centre of the pots, the 
fibrous and small roots merely tipped. 

"The treatment recommended for roses in a pit with Arnott's 
stove, may be pursued with roses in a house with smoke-flues or 
hot-water pipes. Arnott's stove is recommended as an economical 
and eligible mode of lieating, practised here to some extent with 
success for several years. On these stoves an iron pan, fitted to 
the top, should always be kept full of water. Roses may be forced 
slowly, but with perhaps greater certainty, bv the uninitiated, by 
giving air freely and constantly in mild weather during the day, 
keeping the fire constantly burning during the same period, as 
recommended when keeping them closely shut up." 

We have copied the whole of this article, although in a meas- 
ure a repetition of previous remarks, since it may be interesting 
to some to know the opinion of so eminent a cultivator, on this 
least understood branch of rose cultuie. A few of his directions 
are somewhat diOerent from those vre hr.ve given before, and m.ay 
be far better than our own plan, in the climate of England, 
Here, an Arnott's stove would scarcely heat a pit to 70° with the 



CULTURE OP TIIK HOSE. IG 



•GO 



thermometer at zero; and if it should, we would think it rather 
dangerous to give so high a temperature at once. The strength 
of guano is also so varied, that we should feel very cautious in 
using it according to the above receipt. While, however, we 
would not venture to question the general utiht}?" of his directions, 
wc may perhaps say. that vv^e have found our own plan effective 
in its results, and productive of thrifty plants and beautiful 
llowers. We would advise cultivators to test them both, and 
adopt tliat which succeeds best in their hands. A pit of the 
above description can be constructed at a very low price, and 
should be found on the premises of every gentleman of even very 
moderate income, for the supply of their parlors during winter. 
If in addition to this, there were constructed, on the east side of 
the house and facing south, a little room with a glass front and 
roof, opening into tiie parlor and heated either by a valve from 
the house fuj'nace or by a hollow-back connected with the parlor 
grate, more enjoyment would be afforded the lover of flowers than 
could be obtained by any other outlay of two hundred dollars. 
This room could then be kept constantly filled with roses from 
the pit, and through the most dreary winter, amid rain, snow, 
and storm, would present a bright array of the living reminders 
of spring and summer. It is a matter of much surprise, that, 
among all the beautiful country residences in the vicinity of our 
large cities, surrounded by all the apphances of luxury and com- 
fort that taste and wealth can afford, so few instances are found 
in which the drawing-room or parlor opens into a green-house or 
conservator}^ These buildings are frequently placed at a dis- 
tance from the house, and although they may be filled with the 
most beautiful and rare exotics, are, during the greater part of the 
winter, inaccessible to the ladies of the family. 

Let gentlemen of wealth, then, place their vineries anywhere, 
but use them as forcing-houses when the vines are in a dormant 
state. Let them also have a green-house or conservatory open- 
ing from the drawing-room, into which all the plants can be 
brought from the vinery whenever they show signs of bloom. 
This conservatory can be heated by hot water, flowing through 



166 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

iron pipes from a boiler placed over the furnace that warms the 
drawing-room — taking from this no heat, and yet abundantly 
warming the conservatory. An improvement could still faither 
be made, by having the east end of the conservatory arch over a 
carriage drive, and thus allow visitors to enter the drawing-room 
through the conservatory. Exclusive of the delight afforded 
visitors by this very pleasant addition to a dwelling, it affords a 
dehghtful promenade for the ladies of the family, where, while all 
is wintry without, and walking is unpleasant, even when the ice- 
bound trees are glittering in the clear sunlight, they may luxu- 
riate amid roses and jasmines, breathing air redolent with the 
perfume of daphne and orange flowers, and surrounded with 
everything that can remind them of the beauty and bland cli- 
mate of the sunny south. It is much to be hoped, therefore, that 
the author of " Landscape Gardening," in his next edition of 
Rural Architecture, will make a conservatory of this character 
an essential part, a shie qua non, of every residence whose char- 
acter and style are calculated for a man of wealth. This much 
we hope for the sake of the proper culture and due appreciation 
of our favorite flower, the Rose. 

We have occupied so much space with the peculiarities of cul- 
ture for the forcing-house, that we had almost forgotten that more 
humble, but no less pleasure-giving mode of Window culture. 
As this culture is practised chiefly by those who cannot spare the 
time nor incur the expense of previous preparation, the best mode 
is that given for late forcing of roses taken up the autumn pre- 
vious, placing the plants in pots seven inches in diameter, and 
using a soil composed of equal parts of sand, loam and manure, 
or peat, loam and manure. They can be watered with manure- 
water every fortnight, made from the drippings of the barn-yard, 
or what is more pleasant, a safely weak solution of guano, about 
one pound to fifteen gallons. 

They should be brought into the heat gradually — first into a 
cold room where there is no frost, and then into the sitting-room, 
where they can be placed in the window, and turned around 
every week in order to give each side of the plant its share of light. 



CULTURE OF THE HOSE. 1G7 



They will soon begin to put forth their thrifty shoots, in some six 
weeks will present a fine show of beautiful flowers, and, if properly 
managed, will continue blooming through the winter. If attacked 
by the green-fly, the plant can be inverted in a strong decoction of 
tobacco, or it can be fumigated by being placed under an inverted 
barrel, with some burning tobacco. For window culture, the 
Everblooming Roses are the best, and they should be ordered of 
the nurseryman in suitable pots. This mode commends itself to 
all ; it is within the reach of the daily laborer ; the seamstress 
can have it in her window^, and in the midst of her toilsome du- 
ties, be reminded by its bright flowers, of many a green spot in 
past days. It is especially suited to the means and leisure of the 
operatives in our factories, many of whom have left the country 
and all its green fields and pleasant flowers for the crowded city, 
where they can have no garden, but simply this little pot to re- 
mind them of past pleasures, and throw a gleam of sunshine over 
their hours of relief from labor. It can be placed in their cham- 
ber window, or in the windows of the factory, the high temperature 
of which, if it has been brought from the chamber, will soon bring 
out its foliage in great luxuriance and its flowers in beauty, and 
be a pleasant object of care in the moments snatched from the 
operations of the loom. To this class we would especially com- 
mend the Rose, as thriving under simple treatment, as possessing, 
more than any other flower, the elements of beauty, and tending 
like other flowers to keep alive, in a crowded city, that freshness 
and purity of feeling that distinguished their country life, and 
which, unless there exists an unusual perversion of the moral 
faculties, must always result from an intimate acquaintance with 
natural objects. 






CHAPTER XIII. 




PROPAGATION OF THE ROSE. 

CUTTINGS. 

HIS mode of propagation, although possible 
*l^ with all roses, is extremely difficult and rare- 
ly practised with those that bloom only once 
in the season. It is most applicable to the 
smooth-wooded kinds, as the Bengal and its 
sub-classes, and the Boursault, Microphylla 
rubifolia, &c. Many of the Perpetuals and 
Bourbons are propagated with facility by the same mode ; but 
the best mode for these is generally by layers, budding and graft- 
ing. For propagation in the open ground, cuttings should be 
made in the early part of winter. They should be made of wood 
of the growth of the season, and about eight inches long. The 
lower end should be cut square close to the bud, and they can 
then be planted thickly two-thirds of their length in sand, in a 
light and dry cellar. Here a callus will be formed on the bottom 
of each cutting during the winter, and on being planted out in *Iio 
spring, they will immediately throw out roots. They should be 
planted as early as possible in the spring, in a light sandy loam, 
with one-third of their length and at least one bud above the sur- 
face of the ground. They should be planted very early in the 
spring, because, if left until late, the power of the sun is too nuich 
for them. The earth should be trodden down very tight about 
them, in order, as much as possible, to exclude the air. If the 
weather is dry, they should be carefully watered in the evening. 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 169 

Where it is inconvenient to make the cutthigs in the fall or early 
in the winter, they can be made in the spring ; but in consequence 
of having to form the callus, they will require a much lighter 
soil than will afterward be desirable for their growth, and they 
will also be much later in coming on. This mode of open prop- 
agation answers very well for some of the smooth-wooded roses of 
the more robust growing varieties, like the Boursault and Rubifo- 
lia, but for the delicate Bengals, the best mode is pot propagation. 
For this purpose we use small pots, filled with equal parts of 
mould and sand, or peat and sand. About the middle of 
autumn, cuttings of the same season's growth are taken off with 
two or three buds, cutting off the leaf from the lower end, and 
cutting off the wood smooth and square close to the eye. These 
cuttings can be inserted in the pot, leaving one eye above the sur- 
face. It should then be slightly watered to settle the soil firmly 
around the cuttings, and then placed in a cold frame, or on the 
floor of a vinery in which no fire is kept during winter. Early 
in the spring the pot should be plunged in saw-dust or tan over a 
moderate hot-bed, kept perfectly close, and sprinkled every morn- 
ing with water a little tepid. Now, as well as during the au- 
tumn, they should be shaded from the too bright glare of the sun. 
In about a fortnight, and after they have formed a third set of 
leaves and good roots, a little air can be given them : and after 
being thus hardened for a week, they can be repotted into larger 
pots. In order to ascertain when they are sufliciently rooted, the 
ball of earth can be taken out of the pot, by striking its inverted 
edge lightly against some body ; at the same time sustaining the 
inside by the hand, the cutting being passed between two of the 
fingers a little separated. If well rooted, the fibres will be seen 
on the outside of the ball of earth. They can then be placed in 
a cold frame, or anywhere under glass, to be planted out the lat- 
ter part of spring, or retained for pot culture. Where hot-bed 
frames are not convenient, or the amateur wishes only to exper- 
iment with one or two cuttings, he can use a tumbler, or any 
kind of close glass covering. 

Bottom heat is quite an important aid in propagation by cut- 

15 



170 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

tings ; and a material point is gained, both in time and certainty, 
if the base of the cutting can be kept at a higher temperature 
than the part above ground, but not so liigh as to injure the cut- 
ting by too rapid stimulation of its vegetative powers. Where roses 
are forced into bloom the latter part of winter, cuttings can be 
taken from them immediately after the bloom is past; and they 
will also succeed well, if taken from plants in the open ground 
immediately after their first bloom. Cuttings of the Everbloom- 
ing Roses will all strike at any time during the summer, but they 
succeed much better either in the autumn or after their first 
bloom. The heat of our midsummer sun is so great, that cut- 
tings often fail at that time. The wood of a cutting should be 
always perfectly mature, and, as a general rule, such maturity is 
never perfect until after the bloom is past. When a cutting is 
made near the old stem, it is better to take with it a portion of the 
old wood, which forms the enlarged part of the young branch. 
Where the cuttings are scarce, two buds will answer very well — 
one below the surface ; and, in some cases, propagation has been 
successful with only one eye. In this case they are planted up 
to the base of the leaf, in pots of sand similar to that used in the 
manufacture of glass, and the eye is partially covered. They 
are then subject to the same treatment as the others, and care- 
fully shaded ; they will thus root easily, but require a long time 
to make strong plants. 

Some years since, Lecoq, a French cultivator, conceived the 
idea of endeavoring to propagate roses by the leaf. He gathered 
some very young leaves of the Bengal rose, about one quarter 
developed, cutting them off at their insertion, or at the surface 
of the bark. He planted these in peat soil, in one inch pots, and 
then plunged the pots into a moderate heat. A double cover of 
bell glasses was then placed over them, to exclude the air entirely, 
which course of treatment was pursued until they had taken root. 
The shortest time in which this could be accomplished was eight 
weeks, and the roots were formed in the following manner. First 
a callus was formed at the base of the leaf, from which small 
fibres put forth ; a small bud then appeared on the upper side ; 



CULTURK OF THE ROSE. 171 

a stalk then arose from this bud, which finally expanded into 
leaves and formed a perfect plant. (See Fig. 16.) 

An English writer remarks, that "the leaves or leaflets of a 
rose will often take root more freely than even cuttings, and in a 
much shorter time, but these uniformly refuse to make buds or 
grow." 

This experiment is certainly very curious, and evinces how 
great, in the vegetable kingdom, are the powers of nature for the 
re-production of existence, and is one of those singular results 
which should lead us to make farther experiments with various 
parts of plants, and teach us that even in Horticulture there is 
yet a wide field for scientific research. 

BY LAYERS. 

This mode is more particularly applicable to those roses that 
bloom only once in the year, and which do not strike freely from 
cuttings, although it can be equally well applied to all the smooth- 
wooded kinds. It can be performed at midsummer and for sev- 
eral weeks afterward, and should be employed only in those 
cases where young shoots have been formed at least a foot long 
and are well matured. The soil should be well dug around the 
olant, forming a little raised bed of some three feet in diameter, 
with the soil well pulverized and mixed with some manure well 
decomposed, and, if heavy, a little sand. A hole should then be 
made in this bed about four inches deep, and the young matured 
shoot bent down into it, keeping the top of the shoot some three or 
four inches above the surface of the ground ; the angle thus being 
found, which should always be made at a bud and about five or 
six inches from the top of the shoot, the operator should cut off 
all the leaves below the ground. A sharp knife should then be 
placed just below a bud, about three inches below the surface of 
the ground, and a slanting cut made upward and lengthwise, 
about half through the branch, forming a sort of tongue from one 
to two inches long, on the back part of the shoot right opposite 
the bud ; a chip or some of the soil can be placed in the slit to 
prevent it from closing, and the shoot can then be carefully laid 



172 CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 

in the hole, and pegged down at a point some two inches below 
the cut, keeping, at the same time, the top of the shoot some three 
or four inches out of the ground, and making it fast to a small 
stake, to keep it upright. Care should be taken not to make the 
angle where the branch is pegged, at the cut, as the branch would 
be injured and perhaps broken off; the best place is about two 
inches below the incision. The soil can then be replaced in the 
hole, and where it is convenient covered with some moss or litter 
of any kind. This will protect the soil from the sun and keep 
it moist, and will materially aid the formation of new roots. 
These are formed in the same manner as in cuttings; first a 
callus is produced on those parts of the incision where the bark 
joins the wood, and from this callus spring the roots, which, in 
some cases, will have grown sufficiently to be taken from the 
parent plant the latter part of the following autumn ; in some 
cases, however, the roots will not have sufficiently formed to aDow 
them to be taken up before another year. The summer is the 
best period for laying the young shoots. Early in the spring, 
layers can be made with the wood formed the previous year. 
Where it is more convenient, a shoot can be rooted by making the 
incision as above, and introducing it into a quart pot with the 
bottom partly broken out. This pot can be plunged in the 
ground, or if the branch is from a standard, it can be raised on a 
rough platform. In either case, it should be covered with moss 
to protect it from the sun, and should be watered every evening. 
We recollect seeing in the glass manufactories of Paris, a very 
neat little glass tumbler, used by the French gardeners for this 
purpose. It held, perhaps, half a pint, and a space about half an 
inch wide was cut out through the whole length of the side, 
through which space the branch of any plant was inserted, and 
the tumbler then filled with soil. When the roots were formed 
and began to penetrate the soil, they could be easily perceived 
through the glass. Although an incision is always the most 
certain, and it is uniformly practised, roots will in many varie- 
ties strike easily from the buds; and a common operation in 
France is, simply to peg down the branches in the soil, without 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 173 



any incision ; in some cases, they give the branch a sudden 
twist, which will break or bruise the bark, and facilitate the for- 
mation of roots. 

Some Chinese authors state that very long branches may be 
laid down, and that roots may thus be obtained from all the eyes 
upon them, Avhicli will eventually form as many plants. 

Vibert, a well-known rose cultivator in France, remarks upon 
this point: "Upon laying down with the requisite care, some 
branches, fifteen to twenty-four inches long of the new growth, 
or of that of the previous year, and upon taking them up with 
similar care, after twelve or eighteen months, I found only the 
first eyes expanded into buds or roots, while the rest had perished. 
I have seldom seen the fifth eye developed, while I have fre- 
quently known the whole branch entirely perish. I speak in 
general terms, for there are some rare exceptions, and the different 
varieties of the Four-seasons Rose (Rosa-bifera) may be cited as 
proof, that a great number of eyes of the same branch have taken 
root." 

This is the opinion of an eminent rose grower ; but if, as he 
states, the Monthly Damask Rose will root freely in this way, 
many of the smooth -wooded roses would undoubtedly root still 
more freely, and our rapid growing native rose, Q,ueen of the 
Prairies, would very probably throw out roots freely, when treated 
in this manner. It is worth repeated experiment ; for, if rapid 
growing roses, like some of the evergreen varieties, the Greville, 
and the Queen of the Prairies, could with facility be made to 
grow in this way, rose hedges could be easily formed by laying 
down whole branches, and a very beautiful and effective protec- 
tion would be thus produced, to ornament cm* fields and gardens. 

SUCKERS. 

Many roses throw up suckers readily from the root, and often 
form one of the principal causes of annoyance to the cultivator. 
For this reason, budding and grafting should always be done on 
stocks that do not incline to sucker. The Dog Rose — on which 
almost all the imported varieties are now worked — is particularly 

15* 



174 CULTURE OF TlHE ROSE. 

liable to this objection, and it is no unusual thing to see half-a- 
dozen suckers growing about a single rose-tree. When the health 
and prosperity of the plant is desired, these should be care- 
fully kept down, as they deprive the plant of a material portion 
of its nourishment. When, however, they are wanted for stocks, 
they should be taken off every spring with a small portion of 
root, which can generally be obtained by cutting some distance 
below the surface of the ground. They should be planted imme- 
diately when they are wanted for budding, and will soon be tit 
for use. Many fine varieties of the summer roses will sucker in 
this way, and an old plant when taken up, will sometimes fur- 
nish a large number of thrifty stems, each with a portion of root 
attached. 

BUDDING. 

Fifty years ago, budding and grafting were very little practised, 
excepting with new varieties, that could with great difficulty be 
propagated in any other way. Within that time, however, the 
practice has been constantly increasing until now, when it is 
extensively employed in Europe, and roses imported from France 
and England can very rarely be obtauied on their own roots. 
To this mode of propagation, we know of but one objection, and 
that easily obviated by proper care, while the advantages in many 
varieties are sufficiently great to counterbalance any inconveni- 
ences attending the cultivation of a budded or grafted rose. It 
is generally the case, that the stock or plant on which the Rose 
is budded, is of some variety that will throw vip suckers very 
freely, which growing with great luxuriance, will sometimes 
overpower the variet}' budded upon it, and present a mass of its 
own flowers. The purchaser will thus find a comparatively 
worthless bloom, instead of the rare and beautiful varieties whose 
appearance he has been eagerly awaiting, and upon the head of 
the nurseryman will frequently descend the weight of his indig- 
nation, for furnishing him with a worthless plant, instead of the 
new and beautiful variety for which he paid. This difficulty can, 
however, always be avoided by a very little attention. The 
shoot of the stock can very readily be distinguished from that of 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 175 



the budded or grafted variety by its growth and foUage, even if 
the age of the plant will not allow the point of inoculation to be 
recognized. In passing the plant in his walks, let the owner 
simply cut away any shoot of this character that may spring fioni 
the stock or root, and the objection will at once be obviated. 
The budded variety thus receiving all the nourishment from the 
root, will soon grow with luxuriance, and present to the eager 
expectant as fine a bloom as he may desire — at the expense only 
of a little observation, and the trouble of occasionally taking his 
knife from his pocket. The advantages of budding and grafting 
are on the other hand very great. Nearly all roses will grow 
more luxuriantly on a good thrifty stock, than on their own roots, 
and many varieties which will scarcely grow an inch in a year 
on their own roots, will make strons: and luxuriant shoots when 
budded. Of such are Lee's Crimson Perpetual and others. It 
may safely be assumed that on strong growing stocks like the 
Boursault and Madame d'Arblay, all roses will grow as w^ell as 
on their own root, and many will grow much better. It is from 
their knowledge of this fact, that French cultivators have so uni- 
versally adopted budding and grafting, even with those varieties 
that readily strike from cuttings. Such being the advantages of 
budding and grafting, the single objection stated above seems 
scarcely worthy of serious consideration. This practice has 
brought into cultivation a form of the plant which is highly 
ornamental, but which can never become very general in tbis 
country. The Tree Rose is an inoculation upon a standard some 
four or five feet in height, generally a Dog Rose or Eglantine. 
The tall, naked stem, a greater part of which is unsheltered by 
any foliage, is exposed to the full glare of our summer sun, and 
unless protected in some way, will often die out in two or three 
years. Its life can be prolonged by covering the stem with moss, 
or with a sort of tin tube, provided with small holes, to allow the 
air to enter and circulate around the stem. This is, however, 
some trouble : and as many will not provide this protection, a 
large part of the standard roses imported to this country will 



176 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 



gradually die out, and rose bushes be generally employed for 
single planting, or for grouping upon the lawn. 

In budding, tliere arc two requisites : a well-established and 
thriftily growing plant, and a well-matured eye or bud. The 
operation can be performed at any season when these retpiisites 
can be obtained. In the open ground, the wootl from which the 
buds are cut, is generally not mature until after the first summer 
bloom. 

Having ascertained by running a knife imder the bark, that 
the stock will peel easily, and having some perfectly ripe young 
shoots with buds upon them, the operation can be performed with 
a sharp knife that is round and very thin at the point. Make in 
the bark of the stock a longitutlinal incision of three-quarters of 
an inch, and another short one across the top as in fig. 13 ; run 
the knife under the bark and loosen it from the wood ; then cut 
from one of the young shoots of the desired variety, a bud as in 
fig. 14 ; placing the knife a quarter to three-eighths of an incli 
above the eye or bud, and cutting out about the same distance 
below it, cutting sufficiently near the bud to take with it a very 
thin scale of the wood. English gardeners will always peel oiF 
this thin scale; but in our hot climate, it should always be left 
on, as it assists to keep the bud moist, and does not at all prevent 
the access of the sap from the stock to the bud. The bud being 
thus prepared, take it, by the portion of leaf-stalk attached, between 
the thumb and finger in the left hand, and, with the knife in the 
right, open the incision in the bark sufficiently to allow the bud 
to be slipped in as far as it will go, when the hark will close over 
and retain it. Then take a mat-string, or a piece of yarn, and 
firmly bind it around the bud, leaving only the petiole and bud 
exposed, as in fig. 12. The string should be allowed to remain 
for about two weeks, or until the bud is united to the stock. If 
allowed to remain longer, it will sometin>es cut into the bark of 
the rapidly growing stock, but is productive of no other injury. 
It is the practice with n)any cultivators to cut olT the top of the 
stock above the bud immediately after inoculation. A limited 
acquaintance with vegetable physiology would convince the ciiU 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 177 

tivator of the injurious results of tliis practice, and that the total 
excision of the branches of the stock while in full vegetation must 
be destructive to a large portion of the roots, and highly detri- 
mental to the prosperity of the plant. A much better mode is to 
bend down the top, and tie its extremity to the lower part of the 
stock. Several days after this is done, the bud can be inserted 
just below the sharpest bend of the arch. When the buds are 
to be placed in the branches of a stock, as in fig. 15, the top of 
the main stem can be cut off, and the branches arched over and 
tied to the main stem, as at /; the bud is then inserted in each 
branch at c. The circulation of the sap being thus impeded by 
the bending of the branches, it is thrown into the inoculation, and 
forms then a more immediate union than it would if the branches 
were not arched. After the buds have become fairly united to 
the stock and have commenced growing, the top can be safely 
cut off to the bud, although it would be still better to make the 
pruning of the top proportionate to the growth of the bud ; by this 
means, a slower, but more healthy vegetation is obtained. When 
the buds are inserted very late in the season, it is better not to 
cut off the top of the stock or branches until the following spring, 
and to preserve the bud dormant. If allowed to make a rapid 
growth so late in the season, there would be great danger of its 
being killed by frost. European cultivators are very fond of 
budding several varieties on one stock, in order to obtain the 
pretty effect produced by a contrast of color. This will only 
answer where great care is taken to select varieties of the same 
vegetating force ; otherwise one will soon outstrip the other, and 
appropriate all the nourishment. It is also desirable that they 
should belong to the same species. When a bud is inserted in a 
plant in pot, as in fig 1, the main branches are left, and a portion 
of the top only cut off, in order to give the bud some additional 
nourishment. 

GRAFTING. 

From the pithy nature of the wood of the Rose, grafting is 
always less certain than budding; but is frequently adopted by 



178 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

cultivators, as budding cannot be relied upon in the spring, and 
as there is much wood from the winter prmiing which would be 
otherwise wasted. It is also useful for working over those plants 
in which buds have missed the previous summer. 

There are several modes of grafting of which the most gen- 
erally practised is cleft grafting. For this mode, the stock is 
cut off at the desired height with a sharp knife, horizontally, or 
slightly sloping, as in fig. 2. This should be done just above a 
bud which may serve to draw up the sap to the graft. The 
stock can then be split with a heavy knife, making the slit or 
cleft about an inch long. The scion should be about four inches 
long, with two or more buds upon it. An inch of the lower part 
of the scion can be cut in the shape of a wedge, making one side 
very thin, and on the thick or outer side, leaving a bud opposite 
to the top of the wedge. This scion can then be inserted in the 
cleft as far as the wedge is cut, being very careful to make the 
bark of the scion fit exactly to that of the stock. In order to 
exclude the air, the top and side of the stock should then be bound 
with a strip of cloth covered with a composition of beeswax and 
resin in equal parts, with suflScient tallow to make it soft at a 
reasonably low temperature. In the course of two or three 
weeks, if every thing is favorable, the scion will begin to unite, 
and will be ready to go forward with advancing vegetation. 
When the stock is sufficiently large, two scions can be inserted, 
as in fig. 2. 

Whip grafting is performed by cutting a slice of bark with 
a little wood from the side of a stock about an inch and a-half 
long, and then paring a scion of the usual length down to a 
very thin, lower extremity. This scion can then be accurately 
fitted on to the place from which the slice of bark and wood 
is taken. The whole can then be bound around with cotton 
cloth, covered with the composition described before. In all 
grafting it should be borne in mind, that it is essential for the 
bark of the scion and that of the stock, to touch each other in 
some point, and the more the points of contact, the greater will 
be the chance of success. 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 179 

Rind grafting is also sometimes practised, but is more uncer- 
tain than the former, as the sweUing of the stock is very apt to 
force the scion out. This mode must be practised when the bark 
peels easily, or separates with ease from the wood. The top of 
the stock must be cut off square, and the bark cut through from 
the top about an inch downward. The point of the knife can 
then be inserted at the top, and the bark peeled back, as in fig. 9. 
It is desirable as before, that a bud should be left on the other 
side of the stock, opposite this opening ; and the F'rench prefer, 
also, to have a bud left on the outside of the part of the scion 
which is inserted. The scion should be cut out and sloped flat 
on one side, as in fig. 11 ; then inserted in the stock between the 
bark and wood, as in fig. 10, and bound with mat-strings, or strips 
of grafting cloth. 

The French have another mode of grafting stocks about the 
size of a quill, or the little finger. It is done by placing the knife 
about two inches below a bud Avhich is just on the point of start- 
ing, and cutting half way through the stock, and two inches 
down, as in fig. 3. The scion is then placed in the lower part of 
this cavity, in the same manner as with cleft grafting. This 
mode is called Aspirant, from the bud above the incision which 
continues to draw up the sap, until the development of the scion. 
When the scion has grown about two inches, the top of the stock 
is cut off and covered with grafting wax. This mode is not 
always successful, as the sap leaves the side of the stock which 
has been partly cut away and passes up the other side. 

The French have also a mode of grafting, which they call par 
incrustation^ and which is performed in the spring, as soon as 
the leaf-buds appear. A scion with a bud adhering to the wood 
is cut in a sort of oval shape, as in fig. 5, and inserted in a cavity 
made of the same shape, and just below an eye which has com- 
menced growing, fig. 4. It is then bound around with matting, 
as in budding. This is a sort of spring budding, with rather 
more wood attached to the bud, than in summer budding. It is 
very successfully practised by various cultivators in the vicinity 
of Paris. There is still another mode sometimes practised in 



j80 culture of the rose. 

France, which owes its origin to a cuUivator named Lecoq. A 
small branch is chosen, which is provided with two buds, one of 
them being on the upper part, and the other near its larger end, 
fig. 7. A sidelong sloping cut is made all along its lower half, 
the upper being left entire. When the scion is thus prepared, its 
cut side is fitted to the side of the stock under the bark, fig. 6, 
which has been cut and peeled back, as in fig. 9. It is then 
bound around with mat-strings or grafting cloth in the usual 
way. This mode has a peculiar merit ; should ^^e upper bud not 
grow, the lower one rarely fails, and develops itself as in com- 
mon budding. 

Cleft and whip grafting is also practised occasionally upon the 
roots of the Rose, and succeeds very well with some varieties. 
These modes of grafting can all be more successfully practised 
on stocks in pots (fig. 8), in green-houses with bottom heat and 
bell glasses. We have given thus concisely, and we hope clearly, 
the various modes of budding and grafting with which we are 
acquainted. They may be sufilicient to enable the amateur to 
amuse his leisure hours, whose success may not, however, entirely 
meet his expectations. Simple as these operations are, they 
require a kind of skill, and if we may so call it, sleight-of-hand, 
which is only attained by constant practice upon a great number 
of plants. 



CHAPTER XIV. 



MULTIPLICATION BY SEED AND HYBRIDIZING. 




E have described, in former pages, the va- 
rious modes of cultivating the Rose, and of 
propagating the many beautiful varieties 
which exist, and would now briefly advert 
to a mode of developing still farther the 
beauty which lies hid within the horny cov- 
ering that protects the dormant germ of 
vitality — in other words, of obtaining new varieties by seed. With 
the making of the seed-bed commenced a new era in the culture 
of the Rose, and advancing with rapid strides, it made more 
progress in forty years than in centuries before. The Dutch 
eem to have been the first to raise roses from seed, by the same 
mode which they applied successfully to their tulips, hyacinths, 
<fcc., and fiom the time that this mode became generally employed, 
the varieties of roses began to increase. In this species of culti- 
vation the French soon outstripped their Dutch neighbors, and 
gained the reputation which they still retain, of pre-eminent skill 
in the production of new varieties of roses from the seed. 

From 1805 to 1810, the Empress Josephine, whose love for 
flowers is well known, collected at her favorite residence, Mal- 
maison, the choicest varieties of the Rose that could be obtained 
from Holland, Germany and Belgium, and thus gave an increased 
impulse to the culture of roses in the vicinity of Paris. 

According to De Pronville, a French writer, there were, in 

16 



182 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

1814, only 182 varieties of roses, and the advantage of multipli- 
cation by seed is sufficiently evinced by the fact that there are 
now more than 4,500 varieties, the poorest of which are much 
better than any which existed at that day. Among the earliest 
cultivators of roses from the seed, were three Frenchmen: Du- 
pont, Vilmorin and Descemet. The former was the gardener of 
the Empress Josephine. When the allies' armies entered Paris, 
in 1815, the garden of Descemet contained 10,000 seedling 
roses, which Vibert, in his anxiety to secure from destruction, 
succeeded in carrying to his garden in the interior. 

In England, very little attention seems, at that time, to have 
been paid to the production of new varieties from seed, and they 
relied very much upon the continent for their choice roses. Now, 
however, they are abundantly redeeming their reputation, and 
many fine varieties have been produced by English rose-growers, 
at the head of whom stands Rivers, whose efforts are seconded by 
Wood, Glenny, Paul, Lane, and others. They are still, however, 
compelled to yield to the French cultivators, with Laffay and 
Vibert at their head ; for to these we are indebted for our very 
finest roses — for Lamarque, Solfaterre, La Reine, Chromatella, 
the new white Perpetuals, and above all for that unsurpassed 
rose of roses, Souvenir de Malmaison. 

The varieties of roses became increasingly great after the in- 
troduction of the Bengals, Noisettes, Teas, and Bourbons — all 
these classes producing readily from seed, and in endless variety. 
There still remains a willingness to cast aside the old for the new, 
and however much we may regret this disposition, for the sake 
of some old and truly deserving favorites, we cannot feel willing 
to denounce it, for it exhibits a gratifying evidence of a desire for 
improvement, and the existence of a spirit of progress, which, dis- 
satisfied with things as they are, is continually striving after 
nearer approaches to perfection. If, in this strife, some of our old 
favorites have been cast aside, we are more than abundantly 
compensated for their loss by the new claimants to our regard. 

Those who intend to raise new roses from seed, should select 
varieties differing as much as possible in color and habit, and 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 183 



possessing broad, thick, and well-formed petals ; their stamens 
should also be visible, and their pistil perfect ; for perfectly double 
flowers, in which all the organs of propagation — the stamens and 
pistils — -are changed into petals, never yield seed. These should 
be planted together in a rich soil, and as far as possible from any 
other roses. If there are among them any two varieties whose 
peculiarities it is desired to unite in a single plant, place these 
next to each other, and there may possibly be such an admixture 
of the pollen as will produce the desired result. 

Care should be taken not to affect the proper maturity of the 
seed by taking off the petals, but allow them to fall by their own 
decay. The seed should be perfectly mature before it is gath- 
ered, which will be immediately after the first hard frost. After 
the heps have been gathered, the seeds can be taken out wdth the 
point of a knife, or, if there is a large quantity, they can be put 
on a table and bruised with a wooden roller ; the covering of the 
seeds is so tough that they cannot easily be injured. When the 
hep is sufficiently bruised, it can be plunged into a vessel of 
w^ater ; and by continued friction, the seeds can be easily sepa- 
rated from the pulp which surrounds them, and will generally 
fall to the bottom. After being dried a few days in the shade, 
they should be placed just beneath the surface, in pots filled with 
line sand, or peat earth, where they can be kept until wanted for 
planting in the spring. The seeds which are not thus placed in 
sand soon after they are gathered, will not grow until the second, 
and if delayed very long, until the third year. In this case, how- 
ever, their germination can be hastened by sowing them in 
earthen pans, which are placed upon a hot-bed or under a glass 
frame. The seeds being thus planted immediately after being 
gathered, the sand should be kept moistened through the winter, 
and the pots kept out of the reach of frost. Mice are very fond of 
these seeds, and will destroy them unless they are covered with 
burrs, or protected by coarse wire netting. The pots should be 
kept out of all heat, excepting what may be required to keep the 
frost from them, until the first of the fourth month (April), in this 
latitude, and at the South, earlier ; this is requisite, in order to 



184 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

prevent their germinating before all danger of frost is past in the 
open air. At the time the pots or pans are brought from their 
sheltered place into a warm temperature, beds for the plants 
should be made in the open air, that they may be ready the mo- 
ment they are required. For these an eastern aspect is the best, 
and in our hot climate, on the north side of a fence would answer 
very well ; if they are in an open piece of ground, they should be 
sheltered by an awning from the hot sun. The soil should be a 
rich, light sandy mould, with a little peat, if convenient, and should 
be finely pulverized. The seeds should now be closely watched, 
and the moment they are seen pushing up the sand, in order to 
obtain light, they should be taken out singly with the point of a 
knife, taking a small portion of the sand with them. The bed 
having been previously watered, and raked fine, drills can be 
made, half an inch deep and about a foot apart, in which the 
germinating seeds can be placed, at a distance of six inches 
from each other, and then carefully covered with finely pul- 
verized soil. Having commenced germinating in the pots, the 
seeds, now in the genial warmth of a spring sun, but protected 
from its fiercest rays, will soon show their heads above the ground, 
and striking deep root in the rich soil, grow rapidly. While the 
plants are small, care should be taken to keep the ground con- 
stantly moist. 

We are aware that this process is somewhat new with rose 
seeds, although it has been long practised with Rhododendrons 
and other plants, but we are convinced of its superiority to the 
old mode. The delicate roots of young plants are very suscepti- 
ble of injury by change, and many are frequently lost by the 
first potting ; this risk is avoided by transplanting the seed before 
the first radical fibre is formed, and when, being in the act of 
germination, there can be no possible danger of its rotting, which 
is frequently a serious objection to sowing seeds at once in the 
open ground. The trouble and risk of loss occasioned by subse- 
quent re-pottings, are also avoided, and the plants have, by this 
mode, full liberty to grow as luxuriantly as they choose, with 
only the slight attention required by watering and shading. As 



CULTURE OP THE ROSE. 185 

the plan of Rivers is iiiaterially different, we will give his direc- 
tions in detail, admitting, at the same time, that, under some cir- 
cumstances, it may be preferable to that we have detailed above. 
" The heps of all the varieties of roses, will, in general, be fully 
ripe by the beginning of November ; they should then be gathered 
and kept entire, in a flower-pot filled with dry sand, carefully guard- 
ed from mice. In February, or by the first week in March, they 
must be broken to pieces with the fingers, and sown in flower-pots, 
such as are generally used for sowing seeds in, called ' seed pans ;' 
but for rose seeds they should not be too shallow; nine inches in 
depth will be enough. These should be nearly, but not quite, filled 
with a rich compost of rotten manure and sandy loam, or peat ; 
the seeds may be covered, to the depth of about half an inch, 
with the same compost ; a piece of kiln wire must then be placed 
over the pot, fitting closely at the rim, so as to prevent the in- 
gress of mice, which are passionately fond of rose-seeds ; there 
must be space enough between the wire and the mould for the 
young plants to come up — half an inch will probably be found 
enough ; the pots of seed must never be placed under^ glass, but 
kept constantly in the open air, in a full sunny exposure, as the 
wire will shade the mould and prevent its drying. Water should 
be given occasionally, in dry weather. The young plants will 
perhaps make their appearance in April or May, but very often 
the seed does not vegetate till the second spring. When they 
have made their 'rough leaves,' that is, when they have tliree 
or four leaves, exclusive of their seed-leaves, they must be care- 
fully raised with the point of a narrow pruning-knife, potted into 
small pots, and placed in the shade ; if the weather is very hot 
and dry, they may be covered with a hand-glass for a few days. 
They may remain in those pots a month, and then be planted 
out into a rich border ; by the end of August those that are 
robust growers will have made shoots long enough for budding." 
Until the plants have become firmly rooted, and, in fact through 
the most of the first summer, they should be protected from the 
heat of the sun ; a cheap mode of doing this is to put up rough 
posts, connect them by pieces of wood, lay rough slats across these, 

16* 



iS6 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

and cover the whole with straw or corn-stalks, hat a much neater 
covering is a good canvass awning, supported by posts, wdiich 
can be taken down when not needed, and will last many years. 
The Bourbons and Bengals, with the Teas and Noisettes, will 
sometimes bloom the first season ; but as the plant will be weak, 
a correct opinion cannot be formed of its character until the sec- 
ond summer. The summer roses, or those which bloom only 
once in the season, never show bloom until their third, and some- 
times not until their fourth and fifth year. It is well to let all the 
plants remain in the seed-bed until the fifth year, as some which 
prove unpromising at first may result in something really good. 
All that prove bad the fifth year can be marked for destruction, or 
cut down to receive the buds of the good varieties. In order to 
obtain a good bloom as soon as possible, it is well to have ready 
some strong stocks of the Greville, Maheka, or any other free- 
growing rose, into which buds can be inserted of any of the seed- 
lings whose habit and general appearance promise good flowers, 
and whose growth has been sufficient to furnish good buds. The 
next spring the stock should be cut down to the bud, which will 
then make luxuriant shoots, and produce flowers the same sea- 
son, if an Everblooming variety; but if one of the summer roses, 
not till the next season. The third spring let every branch be 
cut down to three or four eyes, when it will more fully develop 
its character, and will often continue improving until its fifth or 
sixth year. 

The first winter, the 5'^oung plants will require protection from 
the cold by some kind of litter, and the Bengal, Tea, and Noi- 
sette varieties will always need it during the winter. Where 
there are any plants of these latter, whose habit and appearance 
promise something excellent, they can be potted on the approach 
of winter, kept in a cool temperature, free from frost, and re- 
planted again in the spring. 

When it is desired that the young plant should possess the 
properties of two well-known flowers, resort is had to artificial 
impregnation. 

Although the existence of sexuality in plants appears to have 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 187 

been know» to the ancients, and is mentioned not only b}^ Pliny, 
Claiidian, and Tlieophrastus, but also by Ebu-Alwan, in a 
work on agriculture written originally in Chaldaic ; yet it does 
not seem to have been generally admitted by botanists, until an- 
nounced by Linneeus in 1731. From this time the possibility of 
the existence of hybrid plants was admitted, and Linneeus, with 
many subsequent authors, published observations tending to 
prove that, even in the natural state, new species were formed 
by two different plants, the pistil of one having been fecundated 
by the stamens of the other. This impregnation has been arti- 
ficially applied, by modern cultivators, to the production of new 
varieties of fruits and flowers. With the Geranium, Fuchsia, 
Peeony, Pansy, and other flowers, it has produced remarkable 
results. The mode of impregnating the Rose artificially has been 
so little practised with us, and has been so well described by 
Rivers, that we prefer detailing the process in his own words : 

" When it is desirable the qualities of a favorite rose should 
preponderate, the petals of the flower to be fertilized must be 
opened gently with the fingers. A flower that will expand in 
the morning, should be opened the afternoon or evening previous, 
and the anthers all removed with a pair of pointed scissors. The 
following morning, when this flower is fully expanded, it must 
be fertilized with a flower of some variety of whose qualities it is 
desired to have seedlings largely partake. It requires some 
watchfulness to open the petals at the proper time ; if too 
soon, the petals will be injured in forcing them open; and in hot 
weather, in July, if delayed only an hour or two, the anthers 
will be found to have shed their pollen. To ascertain precisely 
when the pollen is in a fit state for transmission, a few of the 
anthers should be gently pressed with the finger and thumb ; if 
the yellow dust adheres to them, the operation may be performed ; 
it requires close examination and some practice to know when 
the flower to be operated upon is in a fit state to receive the pol- 
len ; as a general rule, the flowers ought to be in the same state 
of expansion, or, in other words, about the same age. 

To exemplify the process, we will suppose that a climbing 



1S8 CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 

Moss-Rose, with red or crimson flowers, is wished for : the flow- 
ers of the Bhish Ayrshire, which bear seed abundantly, may be 
selected, and before expansion, the anthers removed ; the follow- 
ing- morning, or as soon after the operation as these flowers open, 
they should be fertilized with those of the Luxembourg Moss ; 
if the operation succeed, seed will be procured, from which, the 
probability is, that a climbing rose will be produced with the 
habit and flowers of the Moss-Rose, or at least an approximation 
to them. I mention the union of the Moss and Ayrshire Rose 
by way of illustration, and merely to point out to the amateur 
how extensive and how interesting a field of operations is open 
in this way. I ought to give a fact that has occurred in my own 
experience, Avhich will tell better with the sceptical than a thou- 
sand anticipations. About four years since, in a pan of seedling 
Moss-Roses, was one with a most peculiar habit, even when very 
young ; this has since proved a hybrid rose, partaking much 
more of the Scotch Rose than of any other, and till the plant ar- 
rived at full growth, I thought it a Scotch Rose, the seed of which 
had by accident been mixed with that of the Moss-Rose, although 
I had taken extreme care. To my surprise it has since proved a 
perfect hybrid, having the sepals and the fruit of the Provence 
Rose, with the spiny and dwarf habit of the Scotch Rose ; it bears 
abundance of heps, which arc all abortive. The difference in 
the fruit of the Moss and Provence Rose, and those of tlie 
Scotch, is very remarkable; and this it was which drew my par- 
ticular attention to the plant in question. It was raised from the 
same seed, and in the same seed-pan, as the single crimson Moss- 
Rose. As this strange hybrid came from a Moss-Rose acciden- 
tally fertilized, we may expect that art will do much more for us. 
It is only in cases where it is wished for the qualities of a 
particular rose to predominate, that the removal of the anthers 
of the rose to be fertilized is necessary: thus, if a yellow climb- 
ing rose is desired bv the union of the Yellow-Briar with the 
Ayrshire, every anther should be removed from the latter, so that 
it is fertilized solely with the pollen of the former. In some 
cases, where it is desirable to have the qualities of both parents 



CULTURE OF THE ROSE. 189 

ill an equal degree, the removal of the anthers must not take 
place: thus I jiave found, by removing them from the Luxem- 
bourg Moss, and fertilizing that rose with a dark variety of Rosa 
Gallica, that the features of the Moss-Rose are totally lost in its 
offspring, and they become nearly pure varieties of the former; 
but if the anthers of the Moss-Rose are left untouched, and it is 
fertilized with Rosa Gallica, interesting hybrids are the result, 
more or less mossy. This seems to make super-foetation very 
probable ; yet Dr. Lindley, in his Theory of Horticulture, thinks 
it is not very likely to occur." 

There is no branch of rose culture possessing more interest for 
the amateur, with whose leisure its prosecution is compatible. 
The constant care and attention required, in order to ensure suc- 
cess, place it in a great measure beyond the limits of a large com- 
mercial establishment. The great desideratum at this time is a 
double, yellow, climbing rose. If the Harrison Rose were fertil- 
ized with the Q^ueen of the Prairies, or the 'atter with the Solfa- 
terre or Chromatella, a rose might possibly be obtained with the 
rich yellow of the Harrison Rose, and the robust habit and beau- 
tifully-formed flower of the Gtueen of the Prairies. While, how- 
ever, we recommend this mode of artificial impregnation, we 
would by no means discourage the sowing of seeds whose flowers 
have not tluis been fecundated. The seed of the Harrison Rose, 
or of any of the yellow roses, may, if perseveringly saved from 
generation to generation, produce a yellow climbing rose. In 
fact, we are inclined to think that among all the reputed hybrids, 
a much less number than is supposed owe their origin to a cross- 
ed fecundation. It is a fact generally admitted by botanists, that 
all varieties of plants will generally produce from their seed plants 
entirely dissimilar, preserving perhaps some peculiarities of their 
parents, but differing in many essential particulars. This is 
well known to cultivators in the instances of tlie Pansy, the 
Fuchsia, the Verbena, and other plant? ; and that it is also the 
case with the Rose, is evinced by an experiment of the French 
cultivator, Giierin. He gathered a seed vessel from a rose bush, 
the ^lower of which had only partially developed itself, and the 



190 CULTURK OF THE HOSE. 

pistil of wliich, being covered by tlie petals, could not have been 
fecundated by its own stamens. This seed when sown produced 
live dilleient varieties. It will thus be perceived that, in the sim- 
ple sowing of seeds, where there is a dislike to the troulde of ar- 
tificial impregnation, there is a wide field for experiment and for 
successful result. Bni to those who have the leisure and the 
patience to transfer from one plant to another its fertilizing mat- 
ter, it forms a pleasant amusement, with rather a greater proba- 
bility of satisfactory results. In either case, every amateur of 
roses should have his seed-plat ; and if, out of a thousand, or even 
five thousand roses, he should obtain one good variety, and dififer- 
ing from any other known, he will be conferring an important 
service upon rose-culture, and will encourage others to pursue 
the same course until we shall be in no wise behind either France 
or England in this interesting branch of horticulture. 



CHAPTER XV. 



DISEASES OF THE ROSE. 

Brave Rose, alas, whose art thou 1 In thy chair 
Where thou didst lately so triumph and shine, 
A worm doth sit, whose many feet and hair 

Are the more foul llie more thou art divine. 
This, this hath done it; this did bite the root 

And bottom of the leaves, which, when the wind 
Did once perceive, it l)l(;w them under foot. 

Where rude, unhallow'd stc])s do crush and grind 
Their beauteous glories. Only shreds of thee. 
And those all bitten, in thy chair I see. 

Herbert. 

HE diseases to which the Rose is hable are 
\N g-cnoially owing- either to the presence of 
various Cvypiognuyai, or to the attacks of 
certain insects whose larvae are supported at 
the expense of the plant. The Cryptoganiaj 
whicli have been observed upon rose-bushes, 
and which infest chiefly the Provins and 
other rough-leaved roses, are the following : 




Sporotricum ruLciiELLUM. — Dubuij. Circcuish filaments under the 
leaves, and scarcely visible, 

OiDiuM LEucoNiuM. — Desccmet. Whitish filaments growing on the 
leaves and diseased trunks. 

Urkdo riNGTjis. — Decandolle. Small orange-colored, linear plates 
growing upon the fibres of the petioles of the leaves, and upon the 
diseased heps or fruit. 

Uredo Kos.e. — Fcrsoorh. Numerous small groups of a pale-yellow 
color, and found upon the leaves. 



192 DISEASES OF THE ROSE. 

These two last are tlie most common and injnrloua to roses, as they 
frequently cover all the leaves. The most eliectual mode of prevent- 
ing their spreading is, to cut off with care and burn all the infected 
branches, which will sometimes render necessary the destruction of 
the whole plant. 

rHKA(;MiniUM iNORASSATUM. — Liiikius. (rucci)i'ui llosa.) Suiall, 
black groups under diseased leaves, and very common. 

Xyloma Ros.e. — DecandoUc. Pustules of a blackish gray, and grow- 
ing on the bark of the plant. 

Eiiv^siriiK PANNosA. — Luiklus. Numerous white lilaments, growing 
on the young shoots, leaves, and branches. It is commonly known to 
gardeners as the mUdew, and is very destructive to the health and 
growth of the plant. It is a very troublesome enemy to the Hose, and 
will sometimes put at defiance every application for its destruction. 
The most eftectual is smoking with sulphur, rubbing with dry flour 
of sulphur, or syringing with sulphur water. The former should only 
be practised by a skilful hand, as too much sulphur-smoke will some- 
times entirely kill the plant. 

CYTisroKA LET'cosPERMA. — Frlcs. Small, round, white points, grow- 
ing upon diseased branches. 

Hysterium folucolum. — Fries. Small, black, oval points, with a 
farrow in the middle ; found on both sides of diseased leaves. 

Srii.KRiA CLvrKATA. — Nccs. Bhick, shining tubercles; found under 
the epidermis of diseased plants. 

SpiiiERiA SEriNcoLA. — Frics. Dull-black tubercles ; found under 
the epidermis of diseased leaves. 

PiTvsiciA CiLTARis. — DccaudoUc. Parmklia Oandelaris. — Fries. 
Marks on the wood of old decaying rose-bushes. 

The insects which infest the Rose are quite numerous, and 
their attacks are more or less injurious. Those which are found 
on the plant in the state of perfect insects are comparatively 
harmless. The most injurious are those whose larvic feed on 
the leaves and pith of the trunk and limbs, and thus destroy the 
plant ; while the perfect insect, like the green lly, will simply 
stop the growth and hnpan- the health of the tree, by fastening 
upon the green and tender bark of the young shoots, and devour- 
ing the sap. The history of most of these is very little known. 
The classification and knowledge of their characteristics are 
well understood branches of Entomology, but there is a want oi 



nisKASEH OF Tin: Rosi:. VXi 



careful observation of their habits and modes of life, cfrpecially 
while in (heir larva state, it is liit^hly desirable tliat amateur 
cidtivators nhould devote more time to the study of KntomoIo;^y, 
for upon an intimate acquaintance with the hal^its of these 
mmute depredators depends, ijj a <^reat('r defence than is gene- 
rally su[)posed, the success of cuhivat.ion. Onr own leisure is so 
limited, tfiat we hav(i been able to devote very little time to this 
subject; and wo can fnid no work that treats in detail the in- 
insects that attack the Rose. With this paucity of material, 
we simply give a list of the principal, in the hope that some 
one will impiove upon it. Our authorities are mostly Euro- 
pean, and some of the varieties we name may not exist in this 
country. 

1. Sca]iab/t:us auratus of Linnoius^ or Ci:t(jnia aujiata of modern au- 

thors, sometimes called the golden fly. This insect causes a 
cessation of growth in the plant, and may be easily destroyed 
by tobacco smoke. 

2. Melolontiia vuLOAJiis. — Fahricius. Common May-bug. It is some- 

times found upon the leaves of the rose-bush, but quite as fre- 
quently upon those of many other plants. 

3. Cin<.YSOMi:LA bipunctata. — Linnaus. It is found on the rose-bush 

occasionally, and docs it no injury. 

4. BupRESTis MANCA. — Llnnaus. 'J'lds, like the preceding, is a Cole- 

optera, and is only found occasionally on the Rose. 

5. Cicada spcmaria. — LinncPMS. This insect is found on various 

plants, and not exclusively on the Rose. 

f». Cicada Ros-h, or Jassus Ros/K. — Fahricius. This insect, c.:>]n2i.or 1/ 
known as the rose-grasshopper, lives upon the Rose during its 
three states, and injures it by draining the plant of its sap. 

''. Aphis Ros^t:. — LinnaMs. Giiken Fly. This insect is a scourge to 
roses, from the facility of its reproduction, and its numerous pro- 
geny sometimes entirely cover the leaves, the young sprouts^ 
and the flower \p.'r., Pevvuvir^ the- sn.^. \hey are very injurious, 
and, when numerous, sometimes destroy the plant, while they 
soil every part on which they collect. The most common species 
is of a pale green, but there is a variety of a dingy yellow. In 
Europe they are commonly called virui- chafers. Their principal 
destroyers arc small birds, but they have other enemies, as many 
small hymenopteres of the genus Cholds and Cynips^ and espo 

17 



194 DISEASES OF THE ROSE. 

ciallj the larvre of the Cocci7}cncs and Ilcmerohes. Those of th<> 
Hemerohius Pcrsa of Linnaeus have thus received, from Reaumur 
aud Geofifroy, tlio name of " Lions of the Vine-chafers.^^ They 
destroy great numbers of these insects every day, by sucking 
their substance, and then fasten the skins upon their own backs, 
for the purpose of concealing themselves by this pile from the 
eyes of those who are yet to become their victims. The first eggs 
of these insects are deposited in the autumn, at the base of the 
buds, and are hatched in the early part of the following spring. 
Generation after generation are then rapidly produced, number- 
ing sometimes eight or ten before autumn. Reaumur estimated 
that a single Aphis might produce six thousand millions in one 
summer. The first hatching can be prevented by washing the 
plant with soft soap and water, or with whale-oil soap, before the 
buds commence swelling. When the plant is infested with them, 
it can be washed with tobacco-water and then rinsed in clean 
water. If in a house, fumigation with tobacco is better. An 
English writer recommends washing in a decoction of an ounce 
of quassia and a quart of water, as a very effective and safe rem- 
edy. Fumigation is, however, the most thoroughly searching 
remedy, and can be easily applied to plants in the open air, by 
means of an empty barrel inverted over the plant and a pan of 
burning tobacco. 

8. PiiAL.ENA PAVONiA. — Linumis. The huge caterpillar of this large 

butterfly may occasionally be found on the leaves of rose-bushes, 
but lives mostly on those of apple, peach, and other trees. The 
same remark will apply to 

9. Phal/ENa LiBATRix. — Linuous. 

10. Phal/ena fimbria. — Linncms. 

1 1 . Ptial.ena betularia. — Linnaus. 

12 Phal.ena rosaria. — Linnmts. Its caterpillar eats and rolls up 
the leaves of the Rose, as do also those of the 

13. Phal/ENa FORSKAL.ENA. — Liunceus. And the 

14. PlIAL.ENA CYNOSBATTELLA. LiunmiS. 

15. Cynips ros/e. — Linncvus. The Cynips of the Bedeguar. The 

female makes a hole in the epidermis of the branches of the rose- 
bush, with a sort of auger placed at the extremity of the oviduct, 
for the purpose of laying her eggs under the bark. This puncture 
produces the fibrous and mossy excrescence found on plants of 
the Rose, and particularly on the Dog Rose and the Sweet Briar. 
Within this excrescence are found the larvae, many of them gath 
ered in one mass. They dig their small, round cells, and thu3 



DISEASES OF THE ROSE. 195 



pass the winter in a chrysalis state. The bedeguars were form- 
erly employed in medicine as astringents. The male cytdp. is 
distinguished by the absence of a tail. 

16. Cynips bicolor. — " Round, prickly galls, of a reddish color, and 

rather larger than a pea, may often be seen on rose-bushes. Each 
of them contains a sirgle grub, and tliis ia due time turns to a 
gall-fly. Its head and thorax are black, and rough with numer- 
ous little pits ; its hind-body is polished, and, with the legs, of a 
brownish red color. It is a large insect compared with the size 
of its gall, measuring nearly one-fifth of an inch in length, while 
the diameter of its gall, not including the prickles, rarely exceeds 
three-tenths of an inch. 

17. " Cynips dichlocefv,us, or the gall-fly with two-colored antennae, is 

of a brownish red or cinnamon color, with four little longitudinal 
grooves on the top of the thorax, the lower part of the antennae 
red, and the remainder black. It varies in being darker some- 
times, and measures from one-eighth to three-sixteenths of an 
inch in length. Great numbers of these gall-flies are bred in the 
irregular woody galls, or long execresences, of the stems of rose- 
bushes. 

18. Cynips semipiceus. — " The small roots of rose-bushes, and of other 

plants of the same family, sometimes produce rounded, warty, 
and woody knobs, inhabited by numerous gall-insects, which, in 
coming out, pierce them with small holes on all sides. The 
winged insects closely resemble the dark varieties of the preced- 
ing species in color, and in the little furrows on the thorax ; but 
their legs are rather paler, and they do not measure more than 
one-tenth of an inch in length. 

19. Selandf.ia Ros.^^. — " The saw-fly of the rose, which, as it does not 

seem to have been described before, may be called Selandria Hosce, 
from its favorite plant, so nearly resembles the slug-worm saw-fly 
as not to be distinguished therefrom except by a practised ob- 
server. It is also very much like Selandria barda, Vitis, and 
pygrncea, but has not the red thorax of these three closely al- 
lied species. It is of a deep and shining black color. The 
j&rst two pairs of legs are brownish gray or dirty white, except 
the thighs which are almost entirely black. The hind-legs are 
black, with whitish knees. The wings are smoky, and transpa- 
rent, with dark brown veins, and a brown spot near the middle 
of the edge of the first pair. The body of the male is a little 
more than three-twentieths of an inch long, that of the female 



196 DISEASES OF THE ROSE. 



one-fifth of an inch or more, and the wings expand nearly or quite 
two-fifths of an inch. These saw-flies coinc out of the ground, at 
various times, between the twentieth of May and the middle of 
June, during which period they pair and lay their eggs. The 
females do not fly much, and may be seen, during most of the 
day, resting on the leaves ; and, when touched, they draw up 
their legs, and fall to the ground. The males are more active, 
fly from one rose-bush to another, and hover around their slug- 
gish partners. The latter, when about to lay their eggs, turn a 
little on one side, unsheathe their saws, and thrust them oblique- 
ly into the skin of the leaf, depositing in each incision thus made, 
a single egg. The young begin to hatch in ten days or a fortnight 
after the eggs are laid. They may sometimes be found on the 
leaves as early as the first of June, but do not usually appear in 
considerable numbers till the twentieth of the same month. How 
long they are in coming to maturity, I have not particularly ob- 
served ; but the period of their existence in the caterpillar state 
probably does not exceed three weeks. They somewhat resemble 
the young of the saw-fly in form, but are not quite so convex. 
They have a small, round, yellowish head, with a black dot on 
each side of it, and are provided with twenty-two short legs. 
The body is green above, paler at the sides, and yellowish 
beneath ; and it is soft, and almost transparent like jelly. The 
skin of the back is transversely wrinkled, and covered with mi- 
nute elevated points ; and there are two small, triple-pointed 
warts on the edge of the first ring, immediately behind the head. 
These gelatinous and sluggish creatures eat the upper surface of 
the leaf in large irregular patches, leaving the veins and the skin 
beneath untouched ; and they are sometimes so thick that 
not a leaf on the bushes is spared by them, and the whole foliage 
looks as if it had been scorched by fire, and drops off soon after- 
ward. They cast their skins several times, leaving them ex- 
tended and fastened on the leaves ; after the last moulting they 
lose their semi-transparent and greenish color, and acquire an 
opake yellowish hue. They then leave the rose-bushes, some of 
them slowly creeping down the stem, and others rolling up and 
dropping off, especially when the bushes are shaken by the wind. 
Having reached the ground, they burrow to the depth of an inch 
or more in the earth, where each one makes for itself a small oval 
cell, of grains of earth, cemented with a little gummy silk. Hav- 
ing finished their transformations, and turned to flies, within 



DISEASES OF THE ROSE. 197 



their cells, they come out of the ground early in August, and lay 
their eggs for a second brood of young. These, in turn, perforin 
their appointed work of destruction in the autumn ; they then go 
into the ground, make their earthen cells, remain therein through- 
out the winter, and appear in the winged form, in the following 
spring and summer. 

" During several years past, these pernicious vermin have infest- 
ed the rose-buslies in the vicinity of Boston, and have proved so 
injurious to them, as to have excited the attention of the Massa- 
chusetts Horticultural Society, by whom a premium of one hun- 
dred dollars, for the most successful mode of destroying these 
insects, was offered in the summer of 1840. About ten years 
ago, I observed them in gardens in Cambridge, and then made 
myself acquainted with their transformations. At that time they 
had not reached Milton, my former place of residence, and have 
appeared in that place only within two or three years. They 
now seem to be gradually extending in all directions, and an ef- 
fectual method for preserving our roses from their attacks has 
become very desirable to all persons who set any value on this 
beautiful ornament of our gardens and shrubberies. Showering 
or syringing the bushes with a liquor, made by mixing with water 
the juice expressed from tobacco by tobacconists, has been recom- 
mended ; but some caution is necessary in making this mixture 
of a proper strength, for if too strong it is injurious to plants ; and 
the experiment does not seem, as yet, to have been conducted 
with sufficient care to insure safety and success. Dusting lime 
over the plants when wet with dew has been tried and found of 
some use ; but this and all other remedies will probably yield in 
efficacy to Mr. Haggerston's mixture of whale-oil soap and water. 
in the proportion of two pounds of the soap to fifteen gallons of 
water. Particular directions, drawn up by Mr. Haggerston him- 
self, for the preparation and use of this simple and cheap appli- 
cation, may be found in the " Boston Courier," for the twenty- 
fifth of June, 1841, and also in most of our agricultural and hor- 
ticultural journals of the same time. The utility of this mixture 
has already been repeatedly mentioned in this treatise, and it 
may be applied in other cases with advantage. Mr. Haggerston 
finds that it effectually destroys many kinds of insects ; and he 
particularly mentions plant-lice of various kinds, red spiders, 
canker-worms, and a little jumping insect which has lately been 
found quite as hurtful to rose-bushes as the slugs or young of the 

17* 



198 DISEASES OF THE ROSE. 



saw-fly. The little insect alluded to has been mistaken for a 
species of Thrips or vine-fretter : it is, however, a leaf-hopper, or 
species of Teltigonia^ much smaller than the leaf-hopper of the 
grape-vine ( Tt'ttig'oda Vilis)^ and, like the leaf-hoppor of the bean^ 
entirely of a pale-green color." — Harris. 

20. Tentiiredo PAViDA. — Linnccus. The larvae of both these last are 

very injurious to rose plants. 

21. Tenth K i:di) usTUL ATA. — Linncvus. The real tentiiredo; and has 

not been ascertained to be injurious to roses. 

22. Tenthredo cincta. — Linnceus. The larvae of this insect are found 

upon the leaves of rose-bushes in autumn, and the perfect insect 
bores holes in the stem. 

23. Tentiiredo cynosbati. — Linncevs. 

24. Tenthredo annulata. — Limimis. The larvoe of both of these are 

found on the leaves of the Rose. 

25. Tenthredo of Merat, see page 000. 

Of all the insect enemies of the Rose, the Tenthredo tribe is the 
most injurious. After they reach the larvai state they bury 
themselves in the ground to undergo their metamorpliosis, from 
which the perfect insect does not emerge till the following year. 
The Bedeguar ichneumon of some authors is the same as No. 15. 
The Diplolepe bedeguar of GeoftVoy, is also a synonyme of the 
same. 

26. Aris mellifica. — Linn^us. The honey-bee. This species, like 

many others of its family, is frequently found upon every kind 
of rose, either drawing out with its proboscis tlie honeyed treasures 
secreted in the ncctarium, or gathering with its feet from the 
stamens the pollen for its wax. 

27. MuscA Pelluceus. — Linnceus. This fly, according to Geofi'roy, 

also lives upon rose-bushes. 

28. Muse A NIGRA. — Linnaus. Similar to the preceding. 

29. AcARUS Croceiis. — Lmnrrus. According to Linnanus, this insect 

lives on the Rosa Monstrosa, sucking the sap from its stems. 

30. Coccus Ros.^. — Merat. A species of caterpillar, infosting the 

bark of roses. It has a white shell, very thin, irregular, and 
gathered in such a manner as to cover the part it attacks, which 
is generally near the point of the stem. Merat has not yet suf- 
ficiently distinguislied the habits of this insect to describe it with 
precision, but thinks it would destroy the plant upon which it 
happened to be in very great numbers. Its destruction is easy, 
by merely scraping the scales with the back of a pruning-knife. 



DISEASES OF THE ROSE. 199 



Thii) should not be confounded with the cryptogamic miller, or 
mildew, which it somewhat resembles in appearance. 

31. Tinea (Ornix) rhodophagella. — Kollar. The Rose-Moth. " In 

early Spring, as soon as the rose-bush begins to bud, a very dan- 
gerous enemy to the growth of its leaves and blossoms arrives. 
It is the more to be dreaded as, from its smalluess and peculiarity 
of form, it is easily overlooked by the gardener or amateur. If 
the new leafshoots are closely examined, a little brownish scale is 
found here and there attached to them ; and upon nearer inspec- 
tion, we shall be convinced that it is a little case, in which a worm, 
the larvae of a small moth, is concealed, which gnaws the tender 
shoots. When it has devoured one shoot, it removes with its 
house, and attacks another ; and thus, in a short time, one of these 
larvae can strip a whole branch of its shoots. The larva which 
lives in the little ease, is only a few lines long ; yellow, with a 
black head, and black spotted collar. It undergoes pupation in 
its case, which enlarges from time to time, as necessity requires. 
The moth appears at the end of May. It is only three lines long, 
carries its wings very close to its body, almost wrapped around it. 
The whole body is silvery shining gray ; the upper wings strewed 
with minute black dots, deeply fringed at the posterior edge ; the 
under wings are narrow, pointed, with very long fringes. The 
moth lays her eggs in May on the buds of the rose-trees, and the 
caterpillars are hatched at the end of June ; they immediately 
form for themselves small eases of parts of the leaves, and pass 
the winter in them at the root of the rose-tree. 

" The only certain way of preserving rose-trees from this enemy, 
is to look for these small cases in early spring, before any foliage 
is developed, when an experienced eye, which has been accustomed 
to observe insects, will easily discover them. They must, how- 
ever, be crushed immediately, and not thrown on the ground, as, 
if they are, they will re-ascend the rose-bush." — Kollar. 

32. Melolontha Subspinosa of Fabricius, and Macrodactylus Sup- 

spiNOSA of Lobtreille. Common Rose-bug. Common as this insect 
is in the vicinity of Boston, it is or was a few years ago, unknown 
in the northern and western parts of Massachusetts, in New 
Hampshire, and in Maine. It may, therefore, be well to give a 
brief description of it. This beetle measures seven-twentieths 
of an inch in length. Its body is slender, tapers before and be- 
hind, and is entirely covered with very short and close ashen- 
yellow down ; the thorax is long and narrow, angul irly widened 



200 DISEASES OF THE ROSE. 



in the middle of each side, wliicli suggested the name .mbspinosa oi 
somewhat spined ; the legs are slender, and of a pale red color; the 
joints of the feet are tipped with black, and are very long, which 
caused Latreille to call the genus Macrodactylus^ that is long toe, or long 
foot. The natural history of the rose-chafer, one of the greatest 
scourges with which our gardens and nurseries have been afflicted, was 
for a long time involved in mystery, but is at last fully cleared up. 
The prevalence of this insect on the rose, and its annual appearance 
coinciding with the blossoming of that flower, have gained for it the 
popular name by which it is here known. For some time after they 
were first noticed, rose-bugs appeared to be confined to their favorite, 
the blossoms of the rose ; but within thirty years they have prodigiously 
increased in number, have attacked at random various kinds of plants 
in swarms, and have become notorious for their extensive and de- 
plorable ravages. The grape-vine in particular, the clierry, plum, 
and apple trees, have annually suficred by their depredations ; many 
other fruit-trees and shrubs, garden vegetables and corn, and even the 
trees of the forest and the grass of the fields, have been laid under 
contribution by these indiscriminate feeders, by whom leaves, flowers, 
and fruits are alike consumed. The unexpected arrival of these in- 
sects in swarms, at their first coming, and their sudden disappear- 
ance, at the close of their career, are remarkable facts in their history. 
They come forth from the ground during the second week in June, 
or about the time of the blossoming of the damask rose, and remain 
from thirty to forty days. At the end of this period the males become 
exhausted, fall to the ground, and perish, while the females enter the 
3arth, lay their eggs, return to the surface, and, after lingering a few 
lays, die also. The eggs laid by each female are about thirty in num- 
ber, and are deposited from one to four inches beneath the surface 
of the soil ; they are nearly globular, whitish, and about one-thirtieth 
of an inch in diameter, and are hatched twenty days after they arc 
laid. The young larvae begin to feed on such tender roots as are 
within their reach. Like other grubs of the Scarabfcians, when not 
eating, they lie upon the side, with the body curved so that the head 
and tail are nearly in contact ; they move with difiiculty on a level sur- 
face, and are continually falling over on one side or the other. They 
attain their full size in autumn, being then nearly three quarters of an 
inch long, and about an eighth of an inch in diameter. They are of a 
yellowish white color, with a tinge of blue towards the hinder extremity, 
which is thick and obtuse or rounded ; a few short hairs are scattered on 
the surface of the body ; there are six short legs, najnely a pair to each 



DISEASES OF THE ROSE. 20J 

of the first three rings behind the head ; and the latter is covered with 
a horny shell of a pale rust color. In October they descend below the 
reach of frost, and pass the winter in a torpid state. In the spring they 
approach toward the surface, and each one forms for itself a little cell 
of an oval shape, by turning round a great many times, so as to com- 
press the earth and render the inside of the cavity hard and smooth. 
Within this cell the grub is transformed to a pupa, during the month 
of May, by casting off its skin, which is pushed downward in folds 
from the head to the tail. The pupa has somewhat the form of the 
perfected beetle ; but it is of a yellowish white color, and its short 
stump-like wings, its antennae, and its legs are folded upon the breast, 
and its whole body is inclosed in a thin film, that wraps each part sepa- 
rately. During the month of June this filmy skin is rent, the included 
beetle withdraws from its body and its limbs, bursts open its earthen 
cell, and digs its way to the surface of the ground. Thus the various 
changes, from the egg to the full development of the perfected beetle, 
are completed within the space of one year. 

'' Such being the metamorphoses and habits of these insects, it is ev- 
ident that we cannot attack them in the egg, the grub, or the pupa 
state ; the enemy, in these stages, is beyond our reach, and is subject 
to the control only of the natural but unknown means appointed by 
the Author of Nature to keep the insect tribes in check. When they 
have issued from their subterranean retreats, and have congregated 
upon our vines, trees, and other vegetable productions, in the complete 
enjoyment of their propensities, we must unite our efforts to seize and 
crush the invaders. They must indeed be crushed, scalded, or burned, 
to deprive them of life, for they are not affected by any of the applica- 
tions usually found destructive to other insects. Experience has proved 
the utility of gathering them by hand, or of shaking them or brushing 
them from the plants into tin vessels containing a little water. They 
should be collected daily during the period of their visitation, and 
should be committed to the flames, or killed by scalding water. The 
late John Lowell, Esq., states, that in 1828, he discovered on a solita- 
ry apple-tree, the rose-bugs ' in vast numbers, such as could not be 
described, and would not be believed if they were described, or at least 
none but an ocular witness could conceive of their numbers. Destruc- 
tion by hand was out of the question' in this case. He put sheets 
under the tree, and shook them down, and burned them. Dr. Green, 
of Mansfield, wliose investigations have thrown much light on the his- 
tory of this insect, proposes protecting plants with millinet, and saya 
that in this way only did he succeed in securing his grape-vines from 



202 DISEASES OF THE ROSE. 



depredation. His remarks also show the utility of gathering them. 
' Eighty-six of these spoilers,' says he, 'were known to infest a single 
rose-bud. and were crushed with one grasp of the hand.' Suppose, as 
was probably tlio case, that one-half of them were females ; by this 
destruction, eight hundred eggs, at least, were prevented from becom- 
ing matured. During the time of their prevalence, rose-bugs are 
sometimes found in immense numbers on the flowers of the common 
white-weed, or ox-eye daisy, ( Chrysanthemum leuccinlhemum.) a worth- 
less plant, which has come to us from Europe, and has been suffered 
to overrun our pastures, and encroach on our mowing lands. In cer- 
tain cases it may become expedient rapidly to mow down the infested 
white-weed in dry pastures, and consume it with the sluggish rose- 
bugs on the spot. 

" Our insect-eating birds undoubtedly devour many of these insects, 
and deserve to be cherished and protected for their services. Rose- 
bugs are also eaten greedily by domesticated fowls ; and when they 
become exhausted and fall to the ground, or when they are about to 
lay their eggs, they are destroyed by moles, insects, and other animals, 
which lie in wait to seize them. Dr. Green informs us, that a species 
of dragon-fly, or devil's needle devours them. He also says that an 
insect which he calls the enemy of tlie cut-worm, probably the larva 
of a Carabus or predaceous ground-beetle, preys on the grubs of the 
common dor-bug. In France the golden ground-beetle ( Carabus an- 
raius) devours the female dor or chafer at the moment when she is 
about to deposit her eggs. I have taken one specimen of this fine 
ground-beetle in Massachusetts, and we have several other kinds, 
equally predaceous, wliich probably contribute to check the increase 
of our native Melolonthians." — Harris. 

A. J. Downing recommends the use of open-mouthed bottles, half 
filled (and occasionally renewed) with a mixture of sweetened water 
and vinegar, and placed about the plant. He also recommends pour- 
ing boiling water on the ground under the buslies, at the first ap- 
pearance of the insects and before their wings are formed. They 
nearly all rise to the surface of the ground, and emerge about the 
same time, when the Damask Rose first begins to open. A little ob- 
servation will enable the cultivator to seize the right time for the 
scalding operation. Illustrating this difficulty of destroying the rose- 
bug, a correspondent of the Horticulturist tells the following story of 
one of his neighbors : 

" One of my very good neighbors, and one of the best-informed men of my ac- 
quaintance, this summer undertook to 'fight the rose-bugs,' a hopeless task you'll 
say, but nevertheless rendered important by their extraordinary ravages ; they 



DISEASES OF THE llOJSE. 203 



have been more numerous in the vicinity of Philadelphia this year than we have 
ever known them. But my philosophical neighbor was for once foiled. His ope- 
rations were in this wise: His man Pompey and himself rose early to enjoy a 
savage pleasure in conquering their hitherto invincible enemy. Pomp rolled up 
his sleeves for slaughter, while my friend pulled on a. pair of gloves. To it they 
both went, and in an hour or two, or ere the tuneful breakfast bell had called 
neighbor W. to his matutinal repast, a bucket full of these coleoptera had been 
bagged. 'Now,' says Pom]), *massa, 'spose 1 scald 'em.' 'Oh no,' says Phi- 
losophy ; ' I'll teach them to trespass on my manor, the varmint !' So he went to 
Aiis laboratory and brought out some ounces of chloride of lime, which, dissolved, 
was poured over the active mass ; they were then buried, and Pomp spanked his 
spade over the grave, as a thing done. Philosophy slept well that night, and in 
(he mornin-g was horrified to find all his enemies airing their wings in the sun, 
having had a resurrection, which astonished my friend, but did not Pomp, who 
still thinks scalding water would have been better." 

33. Bjston betularius. Pepper Moth. " This moth is double-brooded, 

the first appearing iu June, and the second in September. The 
eggs of the June brood are hatched iu July, and continue feed- 
ing until the last week of August, when they go into the pupaa 
state, burying themselves in the ground, and the perfect moths 
appear about the beginning of September. The eggs of the au- 
tumn brood are laid on the stems of the rose-trees, and there 
remain until the following spring, and are hatched about the 
time of the expansion of the leaves. By the middle of May they 
are an inch long, and shortly afterward go into the pupas state, 
the moth appearing about the beginning or toward the middle of 
June. The caterpillars are grayish-brown, with a faint-red 
line down the centre of the back. In some seasons they 
are numerous ; but as they feed only on the rose-leaves in the 
season of luxuriant growth, the injury occasioned by them is 
trifling. The perfect moth measures, when the wings are ex- 
panded, an inch and a half: all the wings are dirty -white, cloud- 
ed with pale-ash, and thickly spotted over the whole insect with 
black, whence the name ' Pepper Moth.'" — Paxton. 

34. Harpalyce fulvata. Barred YcUoiu Moth. " This beautiful 

little moth appears in June, and may be caught in abundance by 
beating the rose-bushes. The caterpillar is greenish-yellow, with 
a white mark bordered by a darker one on each side. It feeds 
voraciously on the leaves of the rose-tree, but does not appear to 
attack the buds. The parent lays her eggs in July, and the 
caterpillars, which are feeding during August in considerable 
quantities, will be full fed early in September, and will then en- 
ter into the pupae state, burying themselves in the ground and 



204 mSEASKS OF THE ROSE. 



forming brown cocoons. The perfect moths appear the following 
June. The wings measure, when expanded, about an inch across. 
First pair, tawny yellow, with a deep, broad band across the 
centre ; seco?id pair, pale, dull yellow, with darker margins." — • 
Paxton. 
35. Aegya antiqua. Com?7ion Vaporer Moth. " This moth does no 
injury to the rose-trees, although the caterpillars are found upon 
them in great niimbei-s."— -Pa.TiJo/i. 

A most destiTictive enemy ul the Rose is a small insect of the 
genus Tenthredo, respecting which very little is known. Dr. 
Merat, a French Aviiter, describes it in detail, which description 
we translate from his pamphlet, in the hope that it may be of 
some assistance to those who are inclined to investisrate the habits 
of the various insects which infest the Rose. 

DESTRUCTION OF GROWING ROSES BY THE LARVA OB' A FOUR-WINGED INSECT OF 
THE ANCIENT GENUS TENTHREDO, BY DR MERAT, 

By Dr. Merat. 

The malady of rose-trees which I am about to make known has been nowhere 
described. Scarcely any traces of it can be found in authors, although known, by 
its ravag-es, to professed gardeners and some Rose amateurs. That which I ani 
now about to publish is the result of five years' observation made in my own 
garden. 

In the month of April, if the temperature should happen to reach twelve or 
filteen degrees of Reaumur, insects which are supposed to be flies, hover around 
the rose-trees then just beginning to sprout. They alight on the growing leaves, 
make an opening at the arm-pit of one of them by the use of a kind of saw 
(whence the name oi saw-Jty'), which the female thrusts from the extremity of her 
abdomen, and deposits in it an egg, or more probably a living worm (the manner 
of the carnivorous fly). As soon as this is done, this larva, almost imperceptible 
at first, is seen to excavate a hole and making lodgment in it, to extend a srnal] 
passage, in a downward direction, into the stem of the future Rose, which passage 
it enlarges in length and size, and then makes its egress through another opening, 
v/hich it makes in the lower part of the passage. 

The appearance of the saw-fly does not occur at the same time every year. It 
always coincides with the first budding of the rose-tree. It is evident, that if i£ 
should occur before that time, the fly would perish for want of food, and without 
leaving offspring, an accident contrary to the economy of nature. If the develop- 
ment of the rose-trees were too far advanced, the insect, which is very weak, could 
not penetrate the sprouts, on account of their having become too hard, and it 
could not, therefore, leave offspring. 

I note here the date of the appearance of these insects in five different years: 
In 1840, it happened on the 5th day of May; in 1841, the 25th of April; in 184'?, 
the 15th of April ; in 1843, the 3d of April. Respecting this last and very early 



DISEASES OF THE ROSE. 205 

appearance, I should state, thnt it had been like summer we:.ther for 15 d;:ys, 
which was proLably the cause of the difference. In 1814, it v/as on the 20Lh cf 
April. 

The insect makes its puncture at the arm-pit of the leai^es or bracts, growing 
on the sprouts which bear tlie flower. This support or stalk is more juicy and 
larger than that which bears leaves alone — and is thus prefen^ed by the in.'-ect, 
although the leaf stalk is by no means exempted. Thence it digs a passage, 
uses the tender pulp for its food, in the same way with many other insects. 

This false caterpillar, as naturalists terra it (they regarding as the true those 
alone w^hich become butterflies, having five or six eyes on each side of the head, 
etc.), grows in length for about 12 or 15 days. Imperceptible at first, it finally 
attains from three to six lines in length, by a-half line or more in thickness. It 
eventually assumxcs the green color of the leaves of the rose-bush, and forms one 
of those natural harmonies so eloquently described by Bernardin de Saint Pierre. 
Its body is smooth, nearly transparent, cylindrical ; its head is globular and shin- 
ing, with an eye on each side, resembling a little spot ; its mouth, crosswise, red- 
dish, and more deeply colored at the corners. The under side of the bod}' presents 
six fore-feet, and next to these nine wrinkles provided each with tv/o nipples, 
which appear to be additional or hind-feet. If this animal is viewed in an artifi- 
cial liglit, its great intestine is seen, the Avhole length of the body, like a colored 
line. Two worms sometimes get into the same pa.ssage of the stem. This hap- 
pens when two saw-flies have attacked the support at difierent points, and meet 
in the same passage. They become poor and soon die ; but it is a rare occurrence. 
At other times, the larva perishes when there is but one, on account of its inability 
to escape from the passage, by reason of the toughness of the plant, or the thick- 
ness the wood has attained since its entrance. This may, perhaps, be one cause 
of the decay of rose-plants. The ordinary duration of its stay is from 12 to 15 
days. In that time it lives protected from the heat of the sun, or firom the cold, 
very much at ease in a pliable asylum, whose tender pulp serves it for food. 

This passage is from eighteen lines to two inches long. Its inside is smooth 

and moulded, as it were, upon the form of the false caterpillar, in such a manner 

;hat it cannot turn round in it. Upon pressing the peduncles between the fingers, 

. Mill be perceived that they are fistular, and that their volume is, in fact, much 

greater than those which do not shelter these destructive insects. 

The larva carries away the remaining excrement by means of the entrance- 
opening, to which it ascends backward, as it cannot turn round in the gallery. 
It consists of small, slightly curved cylinders. The insect lays it in a little heap, 
reddish, at first, but afterward nearly blackish, which is perceptible to the naked 
eye, and reveals to the somewhat careful observer this enemy of the most beauti- 
ful blossoms. As it increases in size, the last excrements force out the old, and 
thus the little heap becomes visible, as just stated. 

The hole by which the worms escape, is in proportion to their size. It is 
usually at the lower part of the passage ; but is sometimes found higher up, aud 
sometimes even midway, probably because the animal found the stem thicker, 
harder and more firm at the bottom, than at the place it finally selected for that 
purpose. This hole is evidence of its dislodgment, or at least that there are not 
two inside, as sometimes happens ; sometimes the passage is very short, because 
the animal was so poor that it could not dig farther. 

It makes egress, as I have described, from the passage where it was nourished 
and grew; but, with a single exception, I have never yet been able to catch it in 

. 18 



200 DISEASES OP THE ROSE. 



the act, because it doubtless does it in the night. On that occasion it lets itselr 
slide to the earth upon a thread it had secreted for the purpose j unfortunately, I 
caught it, and put it under a glass with some rose-tree leaves, an undoubted mis- 
take — since, having attained its full growth, it would no longer eat, and utterly 
refused the leaves. It should have been permitted to fall entirely to the ground, 
where it would probably have enveloped itself in a casing of soft network, or a 
shell, as it did under the glass, and have been changed into a nymph or chrysalis 
to come forth a perfect insect the next spring. 

It is an experiment I recommend to amateurs, and one which requires great 
care. It is the only means in our power of ascertaining the veritable insect which 
produces the larva so destructive to roses. 

In my first work, I attributed this larva to a four-winged insect of the genus 
Tcnihredo, and named it Tcnthredo excavator^ thinking it new. I have since 
ascertained — Ist, not only that it was not a new species, but moreover also, that 
it is doubtful whether it is the parent of this larva — 2d, that this red-Jly, as the 
gardeners call it (and under this name they contbund many different species), is 
the Tcnthredo Roscb of Panzius' — 3d, that it is not by digging in the peduncles 
that it injures the Rose, but by boring the Rose when its bud is large, and thus 
destroying the top of the blossom, which withers, and is partially ruined while its 
peduncle yet remains firm — since it destroys the Rose alone, which it pierces, and 
sometimes only the upper part of that. Upon opening these altered blossoms, 
worms are found larger than those which pierce the peduncles, and which are the 
offspring of the eggs deposited there. Generally the larva of the saw-fly is of too 
large a size by far, to allow of the supposition that it is the same insect, as is 
evident from the figures of each given by Reaumur. 

As I am not mathematically certain upon this subject, 1 recommend the study 
of the habits of the saw-fly, of which I have given a description in another place, 
in order that it may be recognized. I will hereafter describe the white-footed 
Tenthrcdo, supposed with more reason to be the parent of the larva, which exca- 
vates the stem that bears the Rose. 

The red-Jly of the gardeners, the Tenthrcdo Rosa; of Panzius, and the Hylotoma 
Rosa of Pabricius, is a four- winged insect, whose generic characters are, a single 
radiated cellule and four cubitals at each upper or superior wing, and antennae 



^ More than sixty species of the ancient genus Tcnthredo live at the expense of dif- 
ferent parts of the rose-tree, the leaves, blossoms, fruit, bark, etc. But the larvae of 
the saw-fly, whose ravages I have described, cause more than three-fourths of the 
depredations, and it is therefore important to distinguish them. 

Reaumur speaks in his memoires, of a false caterpillar (tome v. p. 98,) which inocu- 
lates the rose-tree, and gives a drawing of its larvae (p). x.), also of the altered branches 
(same pi. f. 1 & 2). It is not thus the ravages of my insect show themselves ; it is 
probable, as Saint-Fargeau thinks, that it is a different insect. 

Reaumur {mem. v. 102) speaks also of a false caterpillar which he calls Chenille 
bizarre, on account of its raising the end of its tail like a serpent. It eats the leaves of 
the rose-tree in June, July and August. He gives a drawing of this larva (pi. xiv. fig. 
I, 2, 3,) and the fly or tenthredine which gives it birth, (same pi. fig. 10.) They are 
seen in great numbers in the spring, especially in moist seasons. The rose-trees in 
free soil are sometimes stripped of all their leaves, of which there remains only a sieve, 
by this larva, which is rarely alone on a leaf, and eats its sides and upper part. 

Another larva, also distinguished by the same naturalist (pi. xii. f. 20, 21), eats the 
lower part of the leaf It is much snialler. Here are then four saw-flies, the two of 
which I have here spoken and the two mentioned in the text, whose larvee commit 
most havoc on rose-trees. The first, however, injure only the leaves. 

The worms found in fruit and vegetables are almost always larvae of the tenthre* 
dines. 



DISEASES OF THE ROSE. 207 

somewhat resembling a club. The greater part of its body is red, except the 
head, the upper part of the thorax, the marginal point of the upper wings, and 
the circles of the tarses, which are all black. It is from three and a-half to four 
lines long, by one in thickness. The antennae are covered, united, but not articu- 
lated. Those of the male are fine hair: their wings are transparent, thin as the 
peel of an onion, and reticulated by close lines ; there are two wings near the 
head, called the superior- and two farther removed, called the inferior. The head 
is quadrilateral and long, the eyes long and whitish, and the abdomen seems to 
confound itself with the thorax, whose shell, black, cordiform and swelling, ter- 
minates with a yellow color. This abdomen has nine distinct rings, is some- 
what compressed downward ; the posterior extremity is obtuse, slit longitudinally 
for the protrusion of the saw in females, crosswi.se and open in males. 

This insect flies with difficulty, and is easily caught with the fingers upon the 
full-sized leaves of the rose-bush, where it lies all day, from May to August. Its 
appearance is, at least, fifteen days later than that of the white-fOoted fly. But it 
is less numerous toward the end of the season, when isolated individuals alone 
are seen. 

The white-footed fly comes into the ancient genus Tenihredo of authors, and 
of Saint-Fargeau particularly, and also the genus Selandria of the moderns. Its 
abundance at the time the rose-trees are attacked, and the cessation of the malady 
upon its disappearance, give reason to suppose, with a degree of probability, that 
they are the cause of it. This genus is characterized by two radiated cellules and 
four cubitals. unequal at the superior wings, antennas articulated and small at the 
end. It is black all over, except the feet, which are pale white. It is one and 
a fourth line long, and a-fourth in thickness. Its antennse have nine joints, and 
are somewhat small at the end. The wings are transparent, very thin, with 
dusky nervures, and completely folded on each other, when it becomes cold by a 
change of temperature. Cold does not always injure them. On the seventeenth 
day of April, 1842, the temperature was at two degrees of Reaumur, and yet I 
took a small worm out of the arm-pit of the leaves of one of my rose-trees. The 
superior wings are nearer to the head, which is quadrilateral, with a large eye 
on each side. The abdomen of the females is terminated by a point or sort of 
saw, while that of the males is obtuse. They have a small white shell on the 
shoulders, at the insertion of the antennae. The feet are whitish, excepting in 
some individual the moiety of the thigh nearest the abdomen, which is black, and 
appears to constitute a variety of this insect. In this species, as in the red-Jly, 
females are but one-tenth the size of the males, and the white-footed are twenty 
times more numerous, and one-half less than the red species. It is born in April, 
as I have before stated, and ceases to show itself about a mon:h after. This fly, 
which is perfectly smooth, does not appear to hatch after this period. At least, I 
have not observed it later, while I have seen the red-fly most of the year. 

In the cool of the morning, and in particular localities, the white-footed-fly is 
seen to form whirlings around rose-trees. Its smallncss and agility make it 
diilicult to catch, otherwise than with a net. 

I have sometimes found them dead, in the arm-pits of the leaves, probably 
after they had laid their eggs. 

M. Geserin Menneville, to whom I sent this white-footed-fly, thinks it a new 
species, distinct from the Selandria aWipes (or Tenihredo niorio), and the Selandria 
pallescens of Gmclin. He wishes to call it Sdamlria Meratii; but I prefer to give 
the name of Excavator, as in my first notice, and to term it the Sdandria Excava- 



208 Disj-.iisi:s oi< Till:: rose. 

tor, a de.'>ignation which gives a perfect idea of the manner in which the .saw-fly 
destroys roses. 

Whatsoever may he the species otsavv-lly which gives birth to the Excavating 
worm, a point on whicli there is not yet sufficient knowledge to pronounce with 
certainty, its ravages are prodigious, and now well known. 

As gardens are more expo.^ed to the sun, more airy, less shnded, the rose-trees 
are le.ss injured b}' this larva. At Paris, most of those pertaining to particular 
mansions are very much troubled, and mine among the number. Among those 
connected with the monuments of the capitol, " Le Jardin des Plantes" is most 
noted for its damages — next after it, the " Luxembourg" and the •' Palais Royal." 
The "Tuilleries" suffers least. In these large establishments, not much, if any 
attention, is bestowed on it, so trifling comparatively is the injury. 

Onr ftilse caterpillar attacks the four-season rose-tree more particularly; the 
Centii'blia, whose sprouts are large and tender; the Pompon, etc, : the later roses, 
as the Provence, the Frankfort, etc., are less subject to it. Those grafted on high 
trunks, especially the Bengals, .so abundant in the gardens at this day, resist this 
injury better, on account, either of the greater soliditj'- of their tissue, or their 
.sprouting later in the .season. The moss-rose, and the thorny or pimpernel rose, 
are rarely molested ; because the fly cannot easily find footing to introduce her 
saw. It is the same with rose-trees well provided with vine-fretters, although 
the shrub does not gnin much by it, for these small animals destroy, in their way, 
the roses on the peduncle, by heaping themselves upon them. 

As this larva is not seen much over a month, the remontant or perpetual ro.scs 
are found not to be injured hy it at all. Thus the monthly, or four-season rose 
sprouts the second time, while the centifolia not blooming again, does not posse.ss 
the same advantage. 

The damage consists, as I have already stated, in the destruction of the centre 
of the young .'sprouts of the rose-tree, thus depriving them of the organs necessary 
to their growth. The ravages of this enemy cause the sprouts to will and droop 
towards the earth, and its presence can be thus detected. I have sometimes seen 
the w^hole rose-tree thus affected. More than three-fourths of the sprouts of those 
in the free soil of my garden have been destroyed in this way within four years, 
and all the means u.sed were ineffectual to keep the insects away. 

I used various methods in succession, with the hope of finding a remedy for this 
disaster. I endeavored to destroy the nymphs or ehrysales, before their hatching, 
thus : 1st, I scraped, rubbed, brushed, wa.shed, etc., the trunks of my shrubs, believ- 
ing, as some authors also do. that the saw^-fly deposits its eggs in the wrinkles or 
crevices of thebaik, as it is the nature of some tenthreds, and all in vain; in fact, 
all my examinations with a magni/ying glass have not enabled me to discover a 
single e^^ on the bark of my rose-trees : 2d, I have cut off at the surface of the 
ground in the latter part of the season, these same trunks, with the same idea ; 
and these animal devastators have yet excavated the peduncles of my roses: 3d, 
I have ploughed, dug, and turned up the earth at the foot of my rose-trees before 
the hatching of the nymphs of the saw-fly, in the hope that they would be laid 
there when the worm should let herself dowm upon the ground, and be killed by 
this overturning process, but without effect : 4th, I have placed at the foot of rose- 
trees: animal carbon, a bitter substance, composed of pungent and stinging mate- 
rials, without any favorable result. 

All these attempts at destruction are entirely useless, when the fly has hatched 
and deposited her larva in the young sprouts. We should then seek to destroy 



DISEASES OF THE ROSE. ' 209 

this larva. As sooa as it is perceived in April, that the temperature has passed 
beyond 12 to 15 degrees, and that the rose-trees pnt forth sprouts, they should be 
examined with care. Persons having good eyes, or by using a magnifying glass, 
can see the small punctures made in the arm-pits of the leaves, by the saw of the 
fly, and if they are sufficiently fortunate to perceive the small worm, he can be 
taken out with a fine long needle, or simply with a pin. Sometimes it is not 
discov^ered until some little time after it has commenced digging. It is not then too 
late to extract it by the same process. I have also fitted a handle to a long needle, 
for facilitating the extraction of the worm at the period of its birth. Its appear- 
ance is most usually indicated by the small heap of red dust at the mouth of Uie 
opening at which it entered. The point of the needle may then be thrust through 
the holloAVcd peduncle, without injury, especially if the needle be very fine, and 
the ravage far advanced. It is sufficient to crush the animal by pressing the 
peduncle between the fingers; but carefully, lest the branch should be destro3'-ed 
at the same time. The slightest touch destroys this feeble worm. But if the 
branch be already considerably injured, which may be known by its drooping, 
there is, then, no longer, any remedy. The branch must be cut off, particularly 
if the animal is yet in it, which is indicated by the absence of the hole for egress. 
It has, in most cases, already escaped when the havoc has advanced to that 
extent. The peduncles of rose-trees may be hardened by piercing them with a 
needle, before the worm penetrates them. A cicatrice growing there prevents the 
digging of this troublesome guest, and stays its destructive course. 

Notwithstanding the inefficiency of the means in our possession to accomplish 
it, every attempt should be used to destroy this insect in its perfect state. The 
most simple consists in pursuing it closely with a net. A hundred an hour may 
be caught by exercising a little perseverance in the pursuit. I imagined I might 
keep the saw-fly from the rose-tree by covering the top wath gauze. In spite of 
all my precautions, some few, at least, would succeed in obtaining entrance ; 
perhaps I was too late, although I usually did it before the development of the 
.sprouts. At other times, if I were so fortunate as to protect them from the saw- 
fly, I destroyed my rose-trees by depriving them of air. For one can scarcely 
conceive how effectually so thin a net prevents its approach, or, at least, its circu- 
lation, as may be seen by the change of the leaves as they unfold. Moreover, 
other larvas, the false caterpillar particularly, retreat, in great numbers, into the 
parts which contain them. Another difficult}^ is, that this experiment can be made 
only on tree roses, which have trunks. For the others always having a great 
quantity of branches, render their complete destruction almost impossible. I will 
here state, however, that when I have put gauze around rose-trees which the saw- 
fly had already attacked, they have all come out of their passage and escaped 
without my being able to seize one, or even to discover where they made their exit. 

For the same purpose (protecting rose-trees from the saw-fly), I have covered 
the young sprouts with oil by means of a small brush. I had there another result. 
There were no larvae, but I had destroyed the vegetation of my rose-trees, I 
ought, however, to confess that I have not persevered in this kind of experiments. 
The liquid should be repeatedly tried and varied. For one may possibly be dis- 
covered which will not injure the vegetation, at the same time that it will expel 
the in.sects. Very odorous liquids may have such a property. Pure water does 
not seem to disturb them. I have seen rose-trees utterly destroyed in spite of an 
almost continual rain. Perhaps the}' had been punctured before it commenced. 

The best and most certain preservative of rose-trees, as I have already shown, 

18* 



210 i)isi;AS]:.s of 'j'ni: uosi-:. 



is plenty of nir, IVoo .ncc'ss of suiishinr to Ih'Mn, nl)sonf(' of inoisturc; and, if 
possible, till' culiic i'fiii()v;il of ovcihan^iii!.;' ti't'i's, \v:ills, clc. 'I'hc iiilhience of 
these jiliuosplK'rical iijj;t'nls liaiileiis the ti'xtnii' ol' Ihr sliitil)s, ami tlms ri'iulers 
them iiuj)eiuMi'ahle to thrso insects. In addiliuu to this, iheir iiuhth'iicc and 
tenderness nialvt>s them pi-et'er liie shade lor laying eggs, wliieh seems never lo b^ 
done but in daikness. 

On terminating this Jiille work, I propose to leave the solution ol'. several [)oinls 
to those wlu> shall eonlinue it: 

1st. What is jn'eeisely the species of the saw-fly, wlu)se larva commits the 
havoc I have described 1 

i2(l. Is that the tnxQ ivhUe-footed mio-Jti/, which I have designated by that name. 

IM. What Iransfonnation does this larva nndei'go, alter it leaves the pa.'^sage 
which il has dug ? 

4th. Does it belong to the s[)ecies of the Sd/iiidn'ti Excuvntor? 

5lh. Where does it await the period orils lianslbrmation into a j)errect inseell 

We. liavc cFiiimciatrd hut, a very small pail of llu^ uumhmous 
insects whirli iiift'sl llie rose, and in tlif al)seiicc ofcoirccl, iufor- 
iiiation on this iinpoi t,;int hranch of ll«)i iciilltiic, it is nuicli to ho 
hoped that farther investii^ations w ill he made hy jnen of leisure. 
As an instance of the ^^rtuit variety of thest^ insects, a. I'^rench 
writer remarks, that '' he I'ound in less than an hour, on tln^ leaves 
of two species otdy of the Itose, six kinds of sniall caterpillars, all 
dilferino' honi each other in the nimiher of their feet, the color of 
their head ;nid hody, and the lines and points with w hich they were 
iTiarked. Their lial)its were all appnrently the same. M^'Ju^y 
lived hctween two or three folds, wiiicli they had secured in 
siiape hy the films ol" their silk. Thirs envtdoped and pro- 
tected, they (^;it th(^ leaf until it is wholly or at least partly con- 
sumed. They then eiuleavor to estahlish themselves on another 
leaf, in which also they enwrap thenjselv(\s and consume it in 
the same manner. The plants attacked hy these caterpillars are 
known hy their ruflled leaves, partly eaten and more or less cov- 
ered with silk." 'I^'he writer does not oive their name, nor the 
result of any experint(MJts for their destruction; he merely men- 
tions it, as an instance of llu^ i^reat ahimdance of insects on almost 
every plant. Such heino- tlu^ cas(;, there is ahundant room for 
farther ohservation and research. 



CLASSIFICATION. 



CHAPTER XV 



BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 




HE Rose is a shrub or dwarf tree, with 
mostly deciduous foliage, and large, beautiful 
and fragrant flowers. Its branches are slen- 
der, almost always armed with thorns, thinly 
furnished with leaves, and usually alternat- 
ing on the parent stem. Its leaves are 
usually pinnate, and varying in color and 
character, from the rich, dark green and somewhat rough leaf of 
La Reine, to the glossy smoothness and rich purple edge of 
Chromatella. The blossoms are variously arranged at the ex- 
tremity of the newly-formed branches. The calyx is single and 
tubular, swelling at its lower part, contracted at its opening, and 
divided at the edge into five lance-pointed divisions, whole or 
pinnatified. The corolla or flower is inserted at the mouth of the 
tube of the calyx, and is composed of five heart-shaped petals, 
which constitute the Rose in its single or natural state. The 
double blossoms are formed by the change of the stamens and 
pistils, into petals or flower leaves, shorter than those of the 
corolla. The fruit or seed vessel or /ie/>, is formed by the tube of 
the calyx, which becomes a sort of plump, juicy berry, globular 



212 BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 

or oviform, having but one cell, and containing numerous small 
seeds which are oval or globular, and surrounded with a soft 
down. The wood is very hard and compact, and of fine grain ; 
and if it could be procured of sufficient size, would serve as a 
substitute for box in many kinds of manufacture. Ih longevity 
is, perhaps, greater than that of any other shrub. We recol- 
lect seeinsf- a rose-tree near an old castle in Stoke Newinsfton, 
England, the stem of vrhich was of immense size, and indicated 
great age. " There is a rose-bush flourishing at the residence of 
A. Murray Mcllvaine, near Bristol (Penn.), known to be more 
than a hundred years old. In the year 1742, there was a kitchen 
built, which encroached on the corner of the garden, and the 
masons laid the corner-stone with great care, saying " it was a 
pity to destroy so pretty a bush." Since then it has never failed 
to produce a profusion of roses, shedding around the most deli- 
cious of all perfumes. Sometimes it has climbed for years over 
the second-story windows, and then declined by degrees to the 
ordinary height. The fifth generation is now regaled with its 
sweets." 

The number of species known to the ancients, was small, com- 
pared with the number now recognized by botanists. Pliny, with 
v/hom we find the most detail on this point, says, that the most 
esteemed were those of Prseneste and Pffistum, wliich were perhaps 
identical; those of Campania and Malta, of a bright red color, 
and having but twelve petals ; the v\iiite roses of Heraclea, in 
Greece, and those of Alabande, which seem to be identical with 
M. centifoUa. According to the Roman naturalist and to Theo- 
phrastus, they grew naturally on Mount Panga, and produced 
there ver}^ small flowers : yet the inhabitants of Philippi went 
there to obtain them, and tbe bushes on being transplanted, pro- 
duced much improved and beautiful roses. T\'u\ speaks also of 
some other species, one whose flowers were single, another which 
he terms spi7iola, and also that of Carthage, which bloomed in 
winter. Unfortunately, all that we find in his works on this 
subject IS, generally, very obscure, and it is difficult to compare 
many he has described with those known at the present day. 



BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 213 



Although there are no double wild roses known at the present 
day. either in Europe or in this country, yet as other tiowers 
Iiave been found double in a wild state, it is not impossible that 
some of the ancient varieties bore double llowers in their native 
condition in the fields. Such may have been the Centifolias, 
mentioned by Pliny and Theophrastns, as growing upon Mount 
Panga, and those which at a still earlier period, according to 
Herodotus, grew wild in Macedonia, near the ancient gardens of 
Midas. 

The poverty in description which w^e have observed in ancient 
writings, and their comparatively small number of species, extends 
also to a much later day. In a little treatise published in France 
ia 1536, and entitled De re Hortensls Libellus, there are but four 
species mentioned, and scarcely anything concerning their cul- 
ture. An ItaHan work published in 1563, mentions only eight 
species. In the Florilegiuon of Sweet, a folio volume printed at 
Frankfort in 1612, are ten verv coarse representations of roses, 
but with no indication of theii names. 

In the Paradisus TejTestris of Parkinson, a folio volume 
printed at London in 1629, some twent5"-four species are men- 
tioned. Some of them are represented by figures in wood, vv^hich 
are ^ery coarse, and scarcely allow recognition of their species. 
In the Jardinier Hollandois, printed at Amsterdam in 1669, are 
found but 14 species of roses, very vaguely described, with 
scarcely anything on culture. 

The first work which treated of roses with any degree of 
method, is that of La Q,uint3aie, published at Paris in 1690, and 
yet its deta,il3 of the diflferent species and varieties do not occupy 
more than a page and a half, while twent)^-one pages are given 
to the culture of tulips and fifty to pinks. While he describes 
225 varieties of pinks and 413 tulips, he mentions only 14 
species and varieties of roses. For a century subsequent to the 
publication of La Q,uintyne's work, the Rose is very little men- 
tioned, either in English or French works, and there is nothing 
to indicate the existence at that time of many species, two or 
three only being required for medicine and perfumery. Some of 



214 BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 



the English collections, however, numbered during that century 
some 22 distinct species, and a number of varieties. In 1762, 
Linneeus was acquainted with only 14 species. In 1799, Wil- 
denow, in his iSpecics Plantanwi, mentioned 39 ; and Persoon, a 
little later, reached 45 species ; De Candolle, in his Prodromiis, 
&c., published in 1825, increased the number to 146 ; and Don, 
in 1832, makes 205 species. If to these are added those which 
have been wiAin fifteen years discovered in the Himalaya 
mountains, and in other parts of the globe, the number will 
be greatly increased. 

Many of those enumerated by Don, should not, in truth, be 
considered distinct species, and quite a number are nothing more 
than varieties. In fact, roses are so liable to pass into each other, 
that botanists are now of the opinion that limits between what 
are called species do not exist ; a fact which was strongly sus- 
pected by Ijinuffius, when he said, "Species limitibus difticillime 
circumscribuntur, et forte natura non eos posuit." 

There is much confusion in the genus Rosa, and in the best 
arrangement, there may be many which on close examination, 
would scarcely deserve the name of species. The best scientific 
work on the Rose, is the " Monographia Rosarum," by Dr. Lind- 
ley. This author and Loudon, we shall follow entirely in our 
botanical classification. The latter enumerates several other 
works on the Rose, which are not within our reach. 

The Rose is found in almost every part of the northern hemis- 
phere, between the 19th and 70th degrees of latitude. 

Captain Fremont, in his description of the Prairies some five 
hundred miles west of Sf. Louis, says — " Every where the Rose is 
met with, and reminds us of cultivated gardens and civilization. 
It is scattered over the prairies in small bouquets, and, when glit- 
tering in the dews and waving in the pleasant breeze of the early 
morning, is the most beautiful of the prairie flowers." 

It is found from the mountains of Mexico to Hudson's Bay, 
from the coast of Barbary to Sweden, in Lapland and Siberia, 
from Spain to the Indies, China and Kamschatka. " In Asia, 
naif the species have been found ; of the thirty-nine which it 



BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 215 

produces, eighteen are natives of the Russian dominions and the 
countries adjacent. Most of these are very similar to the Euro- 
pean portion of the genus, and five are common both to Europe 
and Asia. Of the remainder, one, which is, perhaps, a distinct 
genus, has been discovered in Persia, fifteen in China, and two 
of the latter, with four others, in the north of India, &c.^ 

We shall not here describe all the species mentioned by Lindley 
and Loudon ; but only those possessing some distinct character- 
istics. A large part of the species described by these authors 
cannot be found in any collection in this country; and in fact, 
very few possess any interest except to the Botanist, for whose 
benefit chiefly is this classification. 

I. FEROCES. Lindl. Mon., p. 3. 

Derivation. From Jerox, fierce : in reference to the branches being thickly beset with 
prickles. 

Sect. Char. Branches clotlied with permanent tomentum. Fruit 
naked. The plants contained in this section are a truly natural group ; 
they are low shrubs, losing their leaves early in autumn, and are then 
remarkable for their hoary branches, bristles, and numerous prickles. 
Their fruit is perfectly smooth, which separates them from the next 
section, in which the fruit is downy. Sepals usually toothed. [Doll's 
Mill., 2, p. 565.) 

1. Ix. FE^ROx Lawr. The fievceXy-priclded Ro.se. 

Identification. Lawr. Ros., t. 42; Don's Mill., 2, p. 565. 

Syncmymes. R. Kamtschatica Red Ros., 1, p. 47. ; A', kamschatica, f^rox Ser. in Dec. 
Prod., 2, p. 607: R. echinata Dap-out. 

Spec. Char., (^'C. Prickles all alike in shape, and much crowded. Flowers large, red. 
Fruit giobos?, scarlet. A shrub, a native of Caucasus, growing to the height of 3 ft. or 
4 ft., and flowering in July and August. A singular shrub, and on that account de«^-v- 
ing a place in collections. 

S^. R. (r.) kamtscha'tica Ve7it. The Karatschatka Rose. 

Identification. Vent. Cels., t. 67 ; Don's Mill., 2. p. 565. 

Spec. Char., cf-c. Prickles infra-stipular, falcate, large. Leaves opaq'ue. Flowers 
solitary, deep red. Fruit spherical, scarlet, less ihan that of R. ferox. {Don's Mill., 
2, p. 565.) Native of Kamtschatka, in dry rocky places , growing to the height of 3 ft. 
or 4 ft., and flowering in June and July, 

n. BRACTEATii:. 

Sect. Char. Branches and fruit clothed with permanent tomentum. 
This section is readily distinguished from the last by the wooUiness of 
the fruit Leaves dense, usually shining, and prickles placed under the 
stipules in pairs. Sepals simple, or nearly so. [Do/i^s Mill., 2, p 565.) 

* Monographia Rosarum, xxiz. 



216 BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 



3. R. bractka'ta Waidl. I'he Zarrfc-bracted Rose. 

Ichnl'ilication. Wendl. Obs., 50 ; Hort. Horrcnhaus., f;;sc. 4, p. 7, t. 22 : Red. Rob., 
1, p. 35., ic; Lindb Ros. Mon., p. 10: Dlc. Prod., 2, p. G02; Don's Mill, 2, p. 563. 

Synomjme. Lord Macartney's Rose. 

Spec. Char., t^-c' Evergreen. Branches upright, tomentose. Prickles stout, 
recurved, in many instances in pairs. Leaflets 5—9, olwvate, subserrate, coriace- 
ous, glossy, glabrous. Stipules scarcely attached to the petiole, bristle-shaped, 
but fringed. Flowers solitary, terminal, white, large. Peduncles and calyxes 
tomentose. Fruit globose, large, orange-red, (Dec. Prod., 2, p. 603.) Flowers 
.showy, pure white, solitary, nearly sessile. Fruit spherical, orange-red. Native 
of China ; growing to the height of 5 it. or 6 ft., and flowering from June to Octo- 
ber. A veiy ornamental shrub, evergreen, with large white flowers, and numerous 
bright yellow stamens and styles. It flowers abundantly, but is rather tender. 
It succeeds best when trained against a wall. 

4. /?. (b.) MiCRnpuY'LLA Roxb. The small-leafleted Rose. 

Jdeniification. Roxb. Fl. Ind. incd., according to Lindl. Rosur. Monog., p. 9, 145, 
MB; Dec. Prod. 2, p. C02 ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 5G5. 

Synonyme. Hoi-tong-hong, Chinese. 

Spec. Char., (|'C. Stem almost without prickles. Leaflets glossy, sharply ser- 
rated, veiny beneath, with densely netted, anastomosing veins. Stipules very 
narrow, unequal. Flowers double, of a delicate rose-color. Calyx densely in- 
vested with prickles. Sepals short, broadly ovate, echinate, ending in a point. 
Prickles having at the base two longitudinal furrov/s. {Dec. Prod., 2, p. (>0"i.) 
Flowers very large, double, and of a delicate blush color. Native of China; 
growing ft the height of 2 ft. or 3 ft., and flowering from August to October. 

5. R. (b.) involucra^ta Rozb. The inv o\\xcr edi-corymhed Rose. 

Idcnti)lraiion. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ined., according to Lindl. Rosar. Monog., p. 8; Dec. 
Prod., 2, p. 602; Don's Mill., 2, p. 505. 

Synonymcs. R. Lindloy^/na Tratt. Ros. 2, p. 190; R. paliistris Buchaii. {Ham.) 
MSS., according to Lindl. Rosar. Monog., p. 8. 

Spec. Char., (f-c. Shoots long, tender. Branches pale brown, tomentose, scarcely 
prickly. Leaflets 3 — 9, clliptical-lanfteolate, tomentose beneath. Stipules hardly at- 
tached to the petiole, bristle-like-fringod. Flowers terminal, mostly solitary, white. 
Peduncles and calyxes tomentose. {Dec. Prod., ii.p. 602.) Seringe seems to consider 
this as a variety of i?. bracteata. It is a native of Nepal and China, with white flowers 
in corymbs, surrounded by three or four approximate leaves; grows to the height of 
3 ft. or 4 ft. ; and flowers in June and July. Plants of tiiis kind, which is very distinct 
both in its foliage and its flowers, are rare in collections. Beina somewhat tender, it is 
greatly improved in growth by the protection of a wall, on which it makes a fine ap- 
pearance. 

III. CINNAMOME-E. Lindl. Ros., p. 13. 

Sect. Char. Plants setigcroiis or unarmed, bracteate. Leaflets 
lanceolate glandlcss. Disk tliin, never thickened. This section i.s 
distinguished by its long lanceolate leaflets, without glands, upright 
shoots, and compact habit. Red flowers, never solitary, except by 
abortion, and always supported by bracteas. Round, small, red fruit 
(soon losing its long narrow sepals), and with small, smootli, shining- 
carpels. The shoots are usually setigerous next the ground ; but rarely 
so towards the apex, except in one or two instances. R. alpina and 
R. acieularis, of the following division, sometimes liave bracteas ; but 
their sepals never fall off till the fruit is decayed. Sepals simple, 
entire, or nearly so, unless when mentioned otherwise. [DorCs Mill., 2, 
p. 5G5.) 



BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 2i7 

6. R. LU^ciDA Ekrh, The shining-ZrawrZ Rose. 

Identifirntion. Ehrh. Beitr., 4, p. 22 ; Red. and Thor. Ros., 1, p. 45, ic. ; Lindl. Rosar. 
Monog., p. 17; Jacq. Fragai., t. 107, f. 3 ; Dec. Prod., 2, p. 602; Don's Mill., 2, p. 565. 

Synonymcs. R. rubra lucida Rossig. Ros., t. 7, and t. 25, f. I; R. lucida Jacq. Fragm., 
71 ; Rose Turneps ; Rosier a Feuilles de Frene, Fr. 

Spec. Char., i^'C. Prickles recurved, or none. Leaflets 5 — 9, lanceolate-ellip- 
tical, coriaeeoiis, bluntly serrated, glossy. Stipules dilated, large, finely serrated, 
and extended as far as to the leaflets. Peduncles somewhat hispid. Flowers red, 
and opening late in the season. Sepals almost entire, appendicled, spreading. 
Fruit oblately globose, a little hispid or glabrous, scarlet. (^Dcc. Prod., 2, p. 602.) 
Flowers red, overtopped by the leaves and young branches. Fruit bright red. 
A native of North America, from New York to Carolina; near Boston, in 
bogs, and on the edges of marshes, and in Newfoundland. Growing from the 
height of 4 ft. to 6 ft., and flowering from June to August. A handsome species, 
on account of its shining foliage, and one which is very hardy ; but the flowers 
have a very disagreeable smell. 

7. R. (l.) ni'tida W. The ^\o?>sy -leaved Rose, 

Identification. Willd. Enum., 544: Lindl. Rosar. Monog., p. 13; Dec. Prod., 2, 
p. 603 ; "Don's Mill. 2, p. 565. 

Synoriymes. R. Redutea rufescens Thory in Red. Ros., I. p. 103, ic. ; the dwarf 
Labrador Rose. 

Spec. Char., if-c. Dwarf and reddish in aspect. Stem and branches almost covered 
with slender, rather equal prickles. Leaflets 5 — 9, rather rigid, lanceolate, glossy. 
Stipules large, finely serrated, extending as far as to the leaflets. Flowers red. Pedun- 
cle bristly. Sepals spreading. Fruit bristly, shining and scarlet. {Dec. Prod., 2, p. 
603.) A shrub, a native of Newfoundland, beset with straight red spines. Flowers 
deep red. Fruit depressed, spherical, bright scarlet ; grov/ing to the height of 2 ft., and 
flowering from June to August. This is an interesting plant, from its dwarf stature, 
its abundant reddish prickles, its glossy leaves, its flowers, and its fruit. Seringe seems 
10 think it a variety of R. lucida. The R. nitida, which forms No. 36. in Lodd. Cat., 
ed. 1836, is a variety of R. ferox. 

8. R. (l.) Ra'pa Base. The Tuim^p-fnuted Rose. 

Identification, Bosc. Diet. d'Agric., according to Poir. Suppl., 4, p. 710; Lindl. 
P.osar. Monog., p. 15 ; Red. and Thor. Ros., 2, p. 7, ic. ; Doc. Prod., 2, p. 602: Don's 
Mill.. 2. p. 565. 

Synonymcs. R. tiirgida Pers. Ench., 2, p. 49 ; R. yraxinifulia Dumord in Cours. Bot. 
Cult. 

Spec. Char., (^-c. Taller than R. lucida, and spreading. Brandies without 
prickles. Leaflets oblong, undulate, shining. Fruit hemispherical. Closely 
allied to R. lucida. of which it is very likely a variety. {Dec. Prod., 2, p. G02.) 
Petals always multiplied, smaller than those of i?. lucida; bright red. Fruit 
deep red. Sepals compound. Native of North America, in the warmer States; 
growing from 3, ft. to 4 ft. high, and flowering from June to August. This is 
only Imown in its double-flowered state in British gardens. It is a freel)^ growing, 
hardy plant, with large double flowers, and is desirable both in flower-gardens 
and shrubberies. It is not of a robust habit, but forms a bush about 3 ft., or per- 
haps more, in height. According to Dr. Lindiey, this rose forms a taller bush 
than R. lucida, but is of a more straggling habit. It is, he says, " a naked, strag- 
gling briar, with scarcely a vestige of prickles on the shoots; its flowers are on 
long stalks, the mouth of the fruit is so wide, that the fruit itself is nearly hemis- 
pherical ; and the sepals are reflexed." (^Ros. Monog., p. 16.) 

9. R. Woo'Dsii Lindl. Wood's Rose. 
Identification. Lindl. Ros., p. 21 ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 566. 
Synonyme. R liitea nigra Pronv. Nom., p. 24. 

Spec. Char. d^'c. Stipules and sepals connivent. Leaflets oblong, obtuse, glabrous. 

Don's Mill., 2, p. 566.) A low shrub with dull, dark branches. Flowers pink. Fruit 

ovate, naked. There is a plant which was gathered about Cumberland House Fort, 

which Mr. Borrer take.5 to be a variety of the present species, having the leaves downy 

beneath. A native of North America, near the Missouri, and north of the Saskatcha- 

19 



'IS botajXical classification. 



wan, and as far as tlie Bear Lake ; growing to Iha height of 2 ft. or 3 ft., and flowiring 
f/oni March to June. 

10. li. FRUTETo^RUxM Bcss. The Coppice Rose. 

Jdentlfication. Bess, ex Spreng. Syst. 2, p. 548 ; Don's Mil!., 2. p. 565. 

Spec. Char., t^-c. Prickles almost stipular, strong, reflexed. Petioles unarmed, and, 
as well as the under surface of tlie leaves, villous. Leaflets elliptic. Peduncles very 
.short, glabrous. Fruit globose, glabrous. {Don's Mill., 2, p. 565.) Native of Volhy- 
nia ; growing to the height of from 5 ft. to 6 ft., and flowering in June and July. 

IL R. CAROLi^NA Li/i. The Carolina Rose, 

Ideniijication. Lin. Sp., 703 ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 566. 

Synonymes. R. virginiana Du Roi Harbk., 2, p. 353: Ros^ing. Ros., t. 13: R. 
valiistris Marsh. Arbr., 135; R. corymbusa Ehrh. Beitr., 4, p. 21 ; R. pennsylviinica 
Mij:h. Ft. Bor. Amcr., 1, p. 296 ; R. UuAsowiclna Red. Ros., 1, p. 95. t. 35; R. carolia- 
na Bigd. Fl. BosL, 121. 

Spec. Char., i^c. Stipules convolute. Leaflets lanceolate. Sepals spreading, (Doji's 
Mill., 2, p. 566.) Branches green, or reddish Lrown. Cymes 1- or many-flowered. 
Flowers crimson. Petals concave or flat, crumpled. Fruit round, scarlet, hispid. 
Sometimes the ends of the shoots have no prickles. Native of New England, Virgin- 
i :, and Canada as far as the Saskatchawan; growing to the height of from 2 ft. to 8 ft., 
and flowering in June and July. As the name of R. paliistris imports, it grov/s best in 
a marsiiy soil. 

13. R. LindleHm Spreng. Lindley's Carolina Rose. 
Identification. Spreng. Syst., 2, p. 647; Don's Mill., 2, p. 565. 

• Synonymes. R. laxa Llndl. Ros., 18, t. 3 ; R. Carolina Ait. Hort. Kciv., ed 2, vol. 
3, p. 260; R. Carolina iiimpinellifulia Andr. Ros., with a figure. 

Spec. Char., tf'C. Diffuse. Branches twiggy, almost unarmed. Leaflets oblong un- 
dulated, opaque, glaucescent. A spreading shrub, with reddish-brown branches. Flow- 
ers rose-colored, growing usually in pairs. Native of North America. In cultiva- 
tion, growing from 3 ft. to 4 ft. high ; and flowering in July and August. 

13. R. PARViFLO^RA Ekr. The small-flowered, or Pennsylvanian, Rose. 

Idenfijicafion. Ehrh. Beitr., 4, p. 21; Du Roi Harbk., 2, p. 354; Don's Mill., 2, 
p. 555. 

Synonymes. R. humilis Marsh. Arh., 136 ; R caroliniana Mich. Fl. Bor. Amer., 

1, p. 295 : R. caroli y et ^ Ait. Hort. Kexc, ed. 2, vol. 3, p. 260 ; Pennsylvanian Roee 
Lawr. Ros. t. 3, ct t. Qi5, and of the nurseries. 

Spec. Char., *^c. Dwarf. Stipules linear. Prickles acicidar. Leaflets lanceolate, 
smoothish, sharply serrated. Calyxes clammy. A very low, weak plant. Flowers 
pale blush, usually growing by pairs. It is a native of North America, on the declivi- 
ties of hills, in the States of New York and Carolina, where it grows to the height of 
2 ft., flowering from June till August. 

14. R. FRAXiNiroYiA Boj-k. The Ash-leaved Rose. 
Identification. Bork. Holz., 301 ; Ker Bot. Reg., t. 453; Don's Mill , 2, p 566. 
Synonymes. R. virginiana Mill. Diet., No. 10 ; R. blanda a Sol. MSS., Jacq. Fr gm , 

70, t. 105; R. corymbosa Base Diet, d Agri ex Dcsf. Cat. Hurt. Par., p. 272 ?; R. 
alpina Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2, vol. 3, p. 265. R. alpina IseVis Red. Ros., 1, p. 57; 
Lawr. Ros., t. 75. 

Spec. Char., tf'C. Tall, unarmed. Branches straight, glaucescent. Leaflets onacp.e, 
undulated, and glabrous. Branches darli purple, with a jiale blue lloom. Flowers 
small, red, in few-flowered cymes. Fruit naked, small-round or ovate, of a difl], pale 
red. A native of Newfoundland, and on the north-wei=t coast of America ; growing to 
the height of from 4 ft. to 6 ft., and flowering in May and June. 

15. R. ciNNAMO^MEA Besl. The Cinnairion-scented Rose. 

Identification. Besl. Hort. Eyst. Vern, Ord., 6, p. 5; Lin. Sp., 703; l>on ? ililj. 

2, p. 566. 

Synonymes. R. foecundissima Munch. Hausv., 5, p. 279; Fl. Dan., 1214; R. 
majahs Herm. Diss., 8. 

Spec. Char., <^c. Tall, cineroua. Branches straight. Prickles stipular, straightish, 
Stip^Ues dilated, undulated. Leaflets oblong, obtuse, wrinkled, tomantose beneath. 



BOTANICAL CLASSII- ICATION. 219 

Flowers solitary, or 2 — 3 together, pale or bright red. Fruit round, naked, and crimson , 
The double-l'lowe; ed vaii<jty is most common in gardens. A native of most i}arts of Eu- 
rope. Growing to the height of 5 ft. or 6 ft., and flowering in May and June. A -^'ery 
desirable sort, on account of its fragrance, which resembles tiiat of cjnnarnon. There is a 
semi-double variety ; and tiie single state is supposed to be identical with li. majalis 
below. 

IG. B. maj.Olis Retz. The May Rose. 

Identification. Retz. Obs. Bot., 3, p. 33; Don's Mill., 2, p. 566. 

Synonymes. i?. mutica i^/. Dan., 688; /?. spinoslssima Gorter. Ingr., 78 ; /?. C0\- 
llncola Eiirk. Beitr., 2, p. 70 ; R. cinnamumea Eng. Bot., 2338. 

Spec. Char., (f«c. Dwarf, grey. Branches straight, colored. Prickles scattered, 
nearly equal. Stipules linear. Leaflets oblong, flat, glaucous, and tomentose beneath. 
Flowers usually solitary, pale red. Fruit orange red, spherical, and naked. Native 
of Sweden and Lapland; and of Britain near Pontefract, in Yorkshire : growing to tiie 
height of from 3 ft. to 4 ft., and flowering in May and June. This is supposed by some 
to be tire single state of R. cinnamomea. 

17. R. DicksoniaVa Lindl. Dickson's Rose, 

Identification. Lindl. Hort. Trans., 7, p. 224 ; Svn. Brit. Fl., ed. 2, p. 99; Don's 
Mill., 2, p. 566. 

Spec. Char., (f«c. Branches flexuous, setlgerous, armed with a few slender, scattered 
priclcles. Leaflets folded together, unequal, with coarse double serratures. Stipules, 
petioles, and sepals compound. Styles stretched out, glabrous. Flowers white. Na- 
tive of Ireland; growing to the height of from 5 ft. to 6 ft., and flowering in June and 
July. 

18. R. tau'rica Bieb. The Taurian Rose. 

Identification. Bieb. Fl. Taur., 1, p. 394 ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 566. 

Spec. Char., ^-c. Tall, cinerous. Prickles scattered, weak. Branches straight, un- 
armed toward the apex. Leaflets oblong, wrinkled, villous beneath. Sepals com- 
pound. Styles stretched out, glabrous. Habit of i?, cinnamomea. Flowers red. Na- 
tive of Tauria, in bushy places; growing to the height of from 5 ft. to 6 ft., and flower- 
ing in June and July. 

19. R. DAHu^RicA PaU. The Dahurian Rose. 

Identification. Pall. Fl. Ros., p. 61 ; Lindl. Ros., p. 32; Don's Mill., 2, p. 566. 

Spec. Char., c^c. Tall, much branched. Branches slender, colored. Prickles stip- 
ular, spreading, a little recurved. Stipules linear. Leaflets oblong, wrinkled, tomen- 
tose beneath, deeply serrated. P"'lowers red. Fruit ovat:', red. Native of Dahuriaand 
Mongol Tartary, in birch woods ; giowing to the height of from 4 ft. to 6 ft., and flow- 
ering in May and June. 

IV. PIMPINEtiLIFO^LI.E. Lindl. 

Sect. Char., Sfc. Plants bearing crowded, nearly equal, prickles, or 
unarmed. Bractless, rarely bracteate. Leaflets ovate or oblong. Se- 
pals connivent, permanent. Disk almost wanting. This section is 
essentially different from the last in liabit, but in artificial characters 
they approach very nearly. It, however, may be distinguished by the 
greater number of leaflets ; which vary from 7 to 13, and even to 15, 
instead of from 5 to 7. The flowers are also universally without 
bracteas ; except in the R. alpina, R. Sabini, R. Jyomdna. and, per- 
haps, R. marginata. These having connivent permanent sepals, can- 
not be confounded with the preceding division ; nor, on account of 
their disk, with the following. There is no instance of stipular prickles 
in the present tribe. The sepals are entire, or nearly so, unless when 
mentioned otherwise. 



220 BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 



20. R. aijmVma Lin. Tlic Alpine Rose. 

Idcn/i/imtion. Lin. Sp., 703 ; Don'n Mill., 2, p. 567. 

^>li/iH)iii/ines. R. rupdstiis Craidz. Austr., 85; Ji. iiionHpeiiiica Ooiian Moiisu., 255 
/.•. \n6i\u\H Mill. Diet., Nu. 6; R. iiy'l)iii1a 17//. Dauph., 3, p. 554; AMugonariu F/7Z,, 
I. c. p. 5()3; y^. birtora KroU. M. SU., 2, p. 157. 

Spec. Char., i^v. Uainued. Fruit clongatod, pendulous. Peduncles h4luHi)i i. 
Flowers erect, bluHii-coJored, solitary. Fruit orauf^o red, ohlonj^- or ol)ovate, with long 
sepaJH, generally pendulous. Native of the Alps ol' AiiHlria, hilln in the .^'oulh ot' Franco. 
Silesia, l.oluMnia, i^aupliiue, SwilJierland, &.e., ^n(»win^( lo (In: lieiiilu ol lV<>jn 5 i"t. to H 
ft., and llosvtMiiiy' in Jinic and July. 

22. Ji. acic;iii,aVis Liiidl. The umnWc-pricldiul Hose. 

JdcntiJiraUun. Lindl. Rofi., p. 41 ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 567. 

Si/noni/iiie. R. alpina i aculeilta Ser. in Dec. Prod., 2, p. (ill. 

Spec. C/utr., tjv\ Tall. Priekles aeicninr, unequal. Loidlils f^laueou.s, wiinklod, 
rather eonve.v. Fruit rather llaslv-Hluiped, drooping. Flowers Holitarv, pale l).'r.sh, 
fragrant. J'^uit ohovate, naked, of q ycllowi^ih oningc rolor. Native of Sil)rria ; grow- 
ing to tlie height of from 6 ft. to 8 ft., and lowering in May and .June. 

23. R. mjtk'scens Punk. The yellow American Rose. 

Identijicatioii. Pnrsh. Fl. Amer. Sept., vol. 2, p. 735; Tilndl. Ros., p. 47; Don's 
Mdl., 2, p. 5tiH. 

Si/noivjme. R. hlspida Curt. Hot. Mag., I. 1570. 

Spec. Char,, tf«r. Priekles of hraneh((s <'rowded, unequal, slender, relieved; of the 
braixdilrts, small and nearly equal. Leaflets flat, gl ibrous, sinii^ly serrated. Flowera 
pal(! yelhjvv. I'^-uit larg.\ ovate, hl.iek. Native of Noi th vVineriea and .Siberia ; glow- 
ing lo tlie height oi'froni 4 ft. to 6 ft., and llowering in May and June, it forms a vury 
distinct variety, or probable species, and on that account, is well deserving a place in 
bolani(ral colleetionH. 

24. R. .suijMiu^HKA Ait. 'I'he ^n\\\\iWv-roliircil-JluH'crcd Rose. 

Identlflration. Ait. Ilort. Kow., 2, p. 201 ; l/iiull. Ros., t. 77; Don's Mill., 2, p. 568. 

Syuonymrs. Ji, henusphi'rica Herm. Uisa,, IH; R, glinicu|)l\y'll i Kkrii. Ihitr., 2, p. 
61) ; yi'os a Iht.a llure pleno Jtai. Jlld., 1175. No. 31 ; R. lutea Urot. 7''/. Jms., 1, p. 337 ; 
the double yellow Rosi;. 

Spec. C/uir,, if'C. Stipules lineai', divaricaie, dibit •(! at the npex. Lealleis 
glaiieouH, flattish. Tubi; hemispherical. Stem prickles une{[ual, scitterod. Flow- 
ers large, of a fine transparent yellow, always doiilde. Native of the Levant; 
^Mowing to the height of from 4 ft. to 10 ft., and llovverin;,-- in July. This .sort 
does not flower freely, except in open airy situations ; and, if trained apfainst a wall, 
exposed to the north or east rather than to the south. Its flower buds are apt to 
burst on one side before they exparul, and eonsequ;'nl]y to become, defonned ; to 
prevent this, the blossom buds should be thinned, and care taken that they hayo 
abundance of light and air. Watering it freely in the llowerins; season is also 
found advantageous, and the shoots in general ought not to be shoriened. This 
beautiful species is said to llower fre>dy, if grafted on th". mu-lf cluster at H It. vv 
10 ft. from the giouiul ; or it v/ill do well on the China rose. It is grown in great 
aliundance in Italy, where its flowers produce a magnifu-ent effect, from their large 
size, doublcne.ss, and brilliant yellow color. It is one of the old.'Sl iiihabilauls of 
our gardens, though the exact year of its introduction is unknown. "Ludovieo 
Berihema tells lis, in 1503, thatlie saw great quanlities of yellow roses at Calicut, 
whence it appears probable, that both the single and double-flowered varieties 
were brought into Europe by the Turks; as Parkinson tells us, in a work which 
he dedicated to Henrietta, the queen of our unforiunate Charle.s 1., that the double 
yellow rose 'was first procured to be brought to Kngland, by Master Nicholas 
Lete, a worthy merchant of Londoti, and a great lover of flowers, iiom Constan- 
tinople, which (as we hear) was first brought tliiiher from Svi'ia, but perished 
quickly both with him, and with all other to whom h'- imparted it; yet aflerward 
it was' sent to Master John de Frangueville, a merchant of London, and a gi^eal 
lover of all rose plaids, as well as fli)wers, from wliiidi is s])rung the greatest store 
that is now flourishing in this kingdom.'" 



T^OTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 221 



"25. /?. spiNosi'ssiMA L. The most spiny, or Scotch, Rose. 

Identification. Lin. FJ. Sue^., 442; Sp., 491; Don's Mill., 2, p. 568. 

Spec. Char., dl-c. Prickles unequal. Leaflets flat, glabrous, simply serrated. 
A ctwarlcompiict bush, with creeping suckers. Flowers small, solitary, white or 
blush-colored. Finit ovate, or nearly round, black or dark purple. Native of 
Europe; plentil'ul in Britain. Shrub, 1 ft. to 2 ft. high; flowering in May and 
June. 

Varielics. A p'reat many varieties have been raised of this rose, \\\i\\ flowers 
double, seuii-double, white, purple, red, and even yellow. The first double varie- 
ty was found in a wihl state, in the neighborhood of Perth. 

2G. R. hibf/rnica Smith. The Irish Rose. 

Identification. Smitli in Engl. Bot., 2196 ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 569. 

Spec. Char., d^c. Prickles unequal, slightly hooked, smaller ones bristle-formed. 
Leaflets ovate, acute, simply serrated, witii the ribs hairy beneath. Sepals pinnate. 
Fruit neaily globular, smooth, as w^ll as the peduncles. Flowers small, light blush- 
colored. Fruit orange-colored. Native of Ireland, in the counties of Derry and Down, 
in thickets. A shrub, from 4 ft. to 6 ft. in height, and flowering from June to Novem- 
ber. 

27. i?. oxyaca'ntha Bicb. The sharp-prickled Rose. 

Identification. Bieb. Fl. Taur., 3, p. 338; Don's Mill., 2, p. 569. 

Spec. Char., cf-c. Stems very prickly. Prickles setaceous, reversed. Petioles prick- 
ly and filandular. Leaflets sharply and simply serrated, glabrous. Sepals undivided. 
Peduncles clothed with glandular bristles; when in fruit, reflexed. Fruit nearly glo- 
bose, gl ibrous. Flowers red. A native of Siberia. A shrub, from 3 ft. to 5 ft. high, 
and flowering in Jane and July. 

28. /?. sANGuisoRBiFo^LiA Donu. The Burnet-leaved Rose. 

Identification. Donn Hort. Cant., ed. 8, p. 169; Don's Mill., 2, p. 569. 

Synonynies. R. sninosissima var. i sanguisorbifolia Lindl. Ros., p. 51 ; R. spinos. 
var. macrophy'lla Ser. in Dec. Prod., 2, p. 609. 

Spec. Char., d^c. Td\. Prickles nearly equal. Leaflets 9—11, oblong, glabrous, 
simply serrated. Fruit globose, depressed, dark. Flowers white. This plant is easily 
distinguished from the last, by the greater number of its leaflets, the shortness of its 
peduncles, and by its globose depressed fruit. It is a shrub, from 3 ft. to 5 ft. high, and 
flowering in May and June. 

29. R. GRANDiFLO^RA Lindl. The large-flowered Rose. 

Identificaiion. Lindl. Ros., p. 53 ; Bot. Reg., t. 808 ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 569. 

Synonyrae. R. pimpinellifolia Bicb. Fl. Taur., 2, p. 394. 

Spec. Char., c^c. Branches without bristles. Prickles nearly equal, distant. Leaf- 
lets flat, glabrous, simplv .serrated. Flowers white. Fruit dark. Native of Siberia; 
growing to the htight of from 4 ft. to 6 ft. and flowering in May and June. Of this 
rose Dr. liindley remarks, that it differs from R. spinosissimn, though scarcely so much 
as to render it a distinct species. " However," he says, " it is too remarkable a plant 
to escape notice; and, if it should hereafter be reduced to i?. spinoslssima, it must 
stand as a distinct variety." 

30. R. myriaca'ntha Dec. The myriad-prickled Rose. 

Identification. Dec. Fl. Fr., 4, p. 439 ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 569. 

Si/nofiymes. R. parvifolia Pall. Ro.ss., 62 7; R. provincialis Bieb. PI. Taur., I. p. 
396 7 ; R. spinoslssima var. /y myriacantha Ser. in Dec. Prod., 2, p. 608. 

Spec. Char., (^c. Prickles unequal, larger ones dagger-formed. Leaflets glandular, 
glabrous, orbicular. Flowers white. Native of Dauphine, and near Montpelier ; grov/- 
ing from 1 ft. to 2 ft. high, and flov/ering in May and -June. According to Dr. Lindley, 
this rose forms a diminutive shrub, with almost r-im-lc and erect shoot=, resembling, in 
many respects, R. spinoslssima in a stunted state; though tbe glands on its leaves ap- 
pear suflicient to prevent the two sorts from be'ng mistaken for each other. 

19* 



222 BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 



'U. /?. iNVOLU^TA Smith. The involntc-;;r<;«^(,v/ Rose. 

Jdcnlijiratlon.. Smith in ICnp;. Hot., 20()8; Don's Mill., 2, p. 5G9. 

Si/nuiiyiiir. Ji. uivuiis /foiiu. Jlurl CuiU., cd. 8, p. 170. 

Sj)cr. C/utr.y t)V. Pri(d<lrH vory unoquiil, iind very iiiiicli crowclcd. liOiiflrls doubly 
BcirakMi, pul)(\scc'iit. Pi'tids cotivolutc. Fruit prickly. I'ctals pjilc red, concavo. Na- 
tive ol' tliu Urbridi's, iu IIk; lalt; ol' AriMii and in (Hen fiVon. Shi ul), 2 I'l. lo '.i ft. high, 
and flowering in June. 

'.i2. If. nKVK'u.sA W(il(ht. ct Kit. The; YO\vx^c(.\-prickled llo.sc. 

IdcnliJiaUioit. VValdst. ot Kit. Ilun',^., 3, p. 293 ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 5G9. 

Spec. Cliiir., t(''c. PrU'kk'.s scfaecous, nearly equal, njflc'.xi'd. Leaves doubly scrrateil, 
pul>eseenl. J'^'uit hispid. J^'lowcirs solitary, white, tinj^i-d vvilh pink. I'^ruit ovale, 
.laik purple. Native ol' llunifary, on the mountains ol' JVI itr.i, in stony places ; growing 
to llu' hei,!;hl ol" J'rom 2 It. to ,'') I'l., and tlowcriii^ in June iiid .July. 

'X). /'. Sahi'ni Woods. Sabine's Jlo.so. 

Identified /Ion. Woods in liin. Trans., 12, p. 188; Don's Mill., 2, p. 501). 

Spec. C/uir., <|v;. PeduncN^H, calyx, iVuit, and branches bristly. Priekli-s scatt(,rod, 
Htraif^htish. L(;afl(!ts doul)|y serrated, nc^arly smooth, witii h dry rii)fl. Sepals pinnate. 
Flowir stalks rather aj47fre<fate. Petals fine red. Fruit ov.ite, bri^lit scarlet. Native 
ol' Scotland, near Dunki'ld ; in England, in Cumberland, Nortiunnberland, and York- 
shire. 5 I't. lo 8 ft. hi^h, and llowerinj;' in .Iidy. 

31. Ji. DoNiA^NA Woods. Don's Ros(\ 
Identification. Woods in Tiln. Tnuis., 12, p. ISj ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 570. 
Sijnoni/inc. R. Sablni (i Lindl. lios., p. 59. 

Spec, Ciiar., (("v. Peduncles braelless, bristly, as well as liie ^^lobular fndt and caly.x. 
Stem bristly imd prickly like thi; downy petioles. Leaflets elliptical, doubly ami shar|)- 
ly serrated, hairy on both sides. Petals sjjreadin^. [''lowers pird<, expanded. Si^p;- 
nients of tl)(! ealy.K simpli\ Native of the HiL,dd:nids ol' Scotland, parlicidiirlv on the 
mountains of Clova, Anyusshire. Slnad), 4 ft. lo 5 ft. hi^di and ll()werin<,f in June and 
July. This rose was named n\ honor of Don of Forfu'; and Sir iMlward Snulh oi>- 
eerves of it: "It is much to lie wished, that this rose? should ali()rd a permanent 
wr(!.ilh in honor of its diseovcrer-i one of the most indef iti'rable as wr|| as accurate of 
botiuiists, who loved t'ae science for its own sake, anil braved cvi-ry di/lieulty in its ser- 
vi<!e. lie iid'used the same s])!rit into his sons [Iwo of whom, Prof Don, and ("r. Don, 
author of Don's Miller, arc well known in the botanical world], who are now living evi- 
dences of his knowlrdge, and of his i)ovveis of instruction." 

V. l^r:NTIF<)'I.B,l': Idndl. 

Derivation. From centum, a hundred, and /hiiiini, a leaf; bneauso the species con- 
tained in this section ajTrce in (diaracter with the hundred-leaved rose, which is so ex- 
tensively douiile as to seem to have a hundred jxtals. 

Srd. Char., iS^-c. SIiru})S, all bearing bristles aiul prickles. Pe- 
duncles bracteate. LealUits oblong- or ovate, wrinkled. Disk tliicken- 
cd. elosiiifi; tlie throat. kSt:])als eoiiipouiid. Thi.s division coin])riscs 
the portion of the genns /iNisa wiiieh lias most particularly interested 
the lover of flowern. It is probtiblo that the ctirlicst roses of which 
there are any records of beinjj; cidtivatcd bi'loiigfid to this s(!Ction ; but, 
to which ]):irtictdar species tliose of (,-yrenc or Mount Pan^;icu« are to 
be referred, it is now too late to iiKpiiro. The attar of roses, which is 
an iniportiint articb; of eoinmerce, is either obtained from roses biilong- 
ing to this division indiscriminately, as in the manulactory at Florence, 
conducted by a convent of friars ; or from some particular kind, as in 
India. It appears, from spccinums brought from Chizapore by Colonel 
Ilardwicke, tluit JI. damascena is there exclusively used for obtaining 
the essential oil. T\\o. l*ersians also make use of a sort which Knomp- 



BOTANICAL CLAISSU'ICATION. 2^^ 



fcr callK II. Kliiraz^nsis (from its growing about Sliiraz), in lirolVrenco to 
others : tliis may be; either 11. (iaiiiasceiia, or R. g<illic;a, or li. euntit'olia, 
or periiap.s 11. iiioschivta. TJio ispocicy containod in tho present section 
are all setigerous, hy which tiusy are <lihtingiiiMhed Ironi tiio ioUowing 
divisionH: their thickened disic and divided Bepals Hcpjii-ate them ivowv 
tho preceding. To the bcction of Jiubigino.su) tlie ghmdnlilerous sortM 
appr(ia(*li ; but ti)e diflerenee of their ghinds, tlie size of their lh)W('JH, 
and tiieir dissimilar h;i.bit, ])rovent tiieii' being (!onfounde(J. 

.'{f). Iv. i>,uiAHci:'\A I\tU. 'I'lic l);ii)ia.sciis, or Dama^h Rose. 

hlr.ntijiralion. MiU. Diet., No. I."); Duu'h Mill., 2, y. 571. 

Si/ii()iii/iiir.s\ If. b('liL;i(M MiU. Die!.., INo. 17; It. (MliJiidAcum Ma)\<-li . Ifaitsv. c.x Jfork, 
Ifolz. ;{.)<), Ifoss'i^. /fu.s., t. 8, iiiid I. \i:i; li. biforu l*olr. Uluppl. 6, p. 270, JiaL lias. 1, p. 
lt)7 Jind p. 121 ; Rohu li (iiiiilro Saisoiis. 

Spec. Ckar., <f»6-. l*rickl(!s unc(jn;ij, liir;;'* ones fa I en te. .Sopals reflexed. i-'niir, 
cloii^jiled. Native (d'tSyii.'i. I'Mowcrs lar^c, vvhit<j or rwd, sinj;le ordoubb*. The 
jiresciU ,s]k;(;ics ii);iy b'i (iisiiii;L,'iiislii*!l IVorii R. emili/olia by the ;.^r>jater si/i.- ol'tlir; 
jirickb.'s, the fjrc^'iincss ol' tbe baiif, iJic eh)iiiJ^al('d (luit, and the lon^ rcdexed st;- 
j).'il.s. The petals ol' this sjxicies, afid all the vaiii!ti''s of A*, eciuilolia, jih well ii.s 
iho.se ol' other .species, ;ire eniploy(;d iiidiscriiaiiialcly lor the pin'pose ol' niiikiri,;^ 
rosc-wal(»r. A shrub ^;^rowiii;,f I'loin 2 I'l. to H It. hi;,'li, and (loweriiif^ in June and 
.Inly. This sj)ecies is (.'xlremely beaulirnl, Iroai the .size and brilliani color (jl'its 
rtovvers. li is as.s(!rlttd by some wriiers lo have bec.'n brouj,'ht fi'orn Damascus in 
Syria at the time ol'the crnsadcs, bnl. ihcr.' is ijvery j)rob;ibilily that it came I'lcjiri. 
Italy, since it is tin; samt; as the hifcra or iht; twice-bearinj.'; rose oC tlie aiicicni: 
Iloman gardeners, and is lije oii;,n'nal Iy|)eoCoiir Ri'ujontant Roses. The Roman 
f^ardeners could have prodnci:d a certain atilnmnal bloom only by a sort ol' re- 
tarding' [)roci'ss Himilar in ibai^ mentioned in oui' c]iaj)ter on (Uiltnre, Cor althoufj^li 
tlie Damaslc Ro.se will, under jieeuliar citcninstancefi, l)looni in autmnn of in 
own accord, yci it cannot always be relied upon to do so. Dnrinj>; the f;ar!y 
period ol'the French monarchy, when none of the Remontant Roses were known 
and this sf)ccies was common, it was considenul quite a phenomenon to see them 
appear natnrally in winter. Gregory of I'onr.s, .speaking of the year .')H1, says, 
" 'Ihis year many prodi;?ies appeared and many calamities afnicted the |)eople, for 
roses ^(\\\\ .seen bloomin;^,' in Januaiy, and a circle was formed arcntnd th<! sini." 
And of the year .58!) he says, *' This year trees blo.ssonv^d in autumn and bore I'ruit 
the second time, and roses ap]H!ared \\\ the ninth month." 

R. cicNi'ii'o'mA Lvn. The hnndred-pelaled, Provence^ or Cabbage Ro.sc, 

IiUntiJivaliou. Lin. S;)., 7(J1 ; Don'.-t Mill., 2, [). 571. 

Synnnymca. R. provincialis 71/i//. Dkl.^ No. IH; R. j)olyantlios Rosslir. Rd.','., I. ^.5 ; 
R. catyojihy'llei Pair. Sujipl., G, p. 27(j ; Ji. unguiculilta Ui-sf. C(U., llty; R. varlanH 
Pohl Jtolian., 2, p. 171. 

Spcr. Ckar., i^c. Prickles Nnetiual, larj^er ones falcate. LeaHels ciliabd wiili 
glands. Flow(!rs (lroopinf>:. (Jalyxi'S(dammy. Fruitoblong. NativcMif |<;asteni 
Caucasus, in {i;rovcs. I'Movvers white or red; siiif^^lc, but most commonly donble. 
This species is dislini^tiishcd from R. dama.sciina by the sttpais not bidn;^' reljiixcd, 
and the flowers having' their |>etals cin'ved inwards, so as, in the doid)le stale, to 
give the flower the ap|)earanc(! of tip- heart of a cabbage; whence tin; name of tli(! 
cabbage losc;. iLs fruit is either (ddong or roundish, but never elongated. From 
R. gallica it is distinguished by the flowers being droojiing, and by tin" larger .•-i/e 
of the prickles, with a more robust habit. A shrub, growing from '.i i't. to <> 
It. high, and floweiing in June and July. VVIkti this ro.se b(;eomes unthrifty from 
age, it is renewed by cutting off th(! sterns close to the ground as soon as the flow- 
ers have fallen; sho(jts will then be produced siifliciently vigoroii.s to lurni.'-h a 
beaidiful and abundant blooui liie IoUowing spring. 

VaricLlrs, Abov>; 100 varieties hav(' been assigned to this species, and classed 
in three divisions: 

R. c. 1 proDi/icidlh Mill. ; ///<• Provcna'^ or Cabbage lior.e. 



224 BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 



R. c. 2 uMiscosa Mill., ike M)ss li sc. 

R. c. 'A pompon i a Dec, ike Poinpn". R se. 

According to Loudon we have m.ide this a variety of the ceiitilolia, although 
some authors assert it to have been found growing wild in 1735, by a gardener 
ot Dijon, in France, who discovered it while cutting wood on a mountain near 
that city. Many varieties of it have been obtaine.l, among wliichtiie most singu- 
lar is the little dwarl given in the New Du IJamel as a distinct species, it dojs not 
grow more than 1'2 or 15 inches high and frv'quenlly perishes before blossoming. 

R. c. 4 bipiiiiuUa Red. Rjs., li., p. 4, which has bipinnate leaves. 

37. R. g.v'llica L. The French Rose. 

Identification. Lin Sp., 704 ; Dec. Prod., 2, p. 603. 

Syuotiymes. R. ccntiluLa 3Iill. Diet., No. 41 ; 7'. sylvatica Gater. A/o/j^., p. 94 ; 
R. riii^ra Lam. M. Pr. 3, p. 130; R. holosericou Rossig. Ros., t. 18; R belglc.i Brot. 
F'l. Lus., 1, p. 33S ; R. bl.lnda Brut., 1, c; Rose de Provins, l<'r.; E&sig Rose, Gcr. 

Spec. Char., &lc. Prickles unequal. Stipules narrow, divaricate at the tip. 
Leaflets 5 — 7, coriaceous, rigid, ovate or lanceolate, deflexed. Flower bud ovate- 
globose. Sepals spreading during the time of the flowering. Fruit subglobose, 
very coriaceous. Calyx and petluncle more or less hispid with glanded hairs, 
somewhat viscose, A species allied to R. cntiiolia D., but with round fruit, and 
very coriaceous leaflets, with more numerous neives, that are a little prominent, 
and are anastomosing. Native of middle Europe and Caucasus, in h(>dges. The 
flowers vary Irom red to crimson, and Irom single to double ; and there is one va- 
riety with the flowers double while. Tiie petals of some of the varieties of this 
rose are used in medicine, particularly that called officinal ; which, though not so 
fragrant as those of the Dutch hundred-leaved rose, also one of the varieties of this 
species, are preferred for their beautiful color and their pleasant asiringency. 
The petals ot R. gallica are those which are principally used for making conserve 
of roses, and, when dried, lor gargles: their odor is increased by drying. They 
are also used in common with those of R. centifolia, for making rose-water and 
attar of roses. This rose was called by old writers the red rose, and is supposed 
to have been the one assumed as the badge of the House of Lancaster. This, al- 
so, is one of the roses mentioned by Pliny ; from which, he says, all the others 
have been derived. It is often confounded with the Damask rose ; and is the i?dsa 
damasccna of the druggists' shops. 

Varkly. The varieties of this species are very numerous. One of the most 
distinct is — 

R. i,'-. 7 parvifdUa Ser. in Dec. Prod.^ ii., p. 6G4; /?. parvifolia iShr. Beltr., vi., p. 
97, Ker in Bot. Reg., t. 452, DorVs MlU.y ii., p. 573; R. burgundiaca I^ossia-. Ris., 
t. 4; R. remensis Dc![f. Cat., t. 175, and our ^^. 41)4. T.ic Buiguufty Rose. — A 
dwarf compact shrub, with stiff, ovate acute, and sharply serrated small leaflets, 
and very double purple flowers, which are solitary, and iiave some resemblance, 
in form and general appearance, to the flower of a double-flowered Asiatic ra- 
nunculus. Besides the botanical varieties, given in Don's Miller, there are 19 in 
the Nouvean Du Havui. 

38. R. pulche'lla Willd. The neat Rose. 

Identification. Willd. Enum., p. 545 ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 573. 

Spec. Char., tf-c. Ovaries roundish-obovale. Peduncles and calyxes beset with 
glandular bristles. Petioles clothed with glandular pubescence, unarmed. Cauline 
prickles scattered. Native country unknown. Allied to R. turbinata ; but the stems 
are much smaller; the flowers also smaller; and the form of the ovaries is diflercnt. 
Perhaps this is the rose de Mcaux of the gardens, or some variety of R. gdllica. It is 
a shrub, 2 ft. high, and produces its flowers in June and July. 

VL VII.L.O SiE. 

Derivation. From villosus, villous; in allusion to the hairiness of the species. 
Sect. Char. Surculi erect. Prickles straiglitisb. Leaflets ovate 
or oblong, with diverging serratures. Sepals connivent, permanent. 
Disk thickened, closing the throat. This division borders eijually close 



BOTANICAL CLASSIFiCATION. 22j 



upon those of Can ma; and riublgiD6sa3. From botli it is distinguislied 
by its root-suckers being erect and stout. The most absolute marks 
of difference, however, between this and Oanlnae, exists in tl).e prickles 
of the present section being straight, and the serratures of tiie leaves 
diverging. If, as is sometimes the case, tlie prickles of this tribe are 
falcate, the serratures become more diverging. The permanent sepals 
are another character by which this tribe may be known from Caninie. 
Itubiginosa) cannot be confounded with the present section, on account 
of the unequal hooked prickles and glandular leaves of the species. 
Roughness of fruit, and permanence of sepals, are common to both. 

39. R. TURBiN.v^T.A. AU. Thc i\.\Th\n^{Q-calyxed, or Frankfort Rcse, 

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., ed 1, v. 2, p. 20G ; Dec. Prod., 2, p. 603 ; Don's Mill., 
2, p. 57t). 

Synonyines. R. campnnulata Ehrh. Beitr., 6, p. 97; /?. francofortiana Munch. 
Hausv., 5, p, 24; R. francfurteiisis Rossig. Rus., t. 11. 

Si)ec. Char., <^c. Stem nearly without prici<les. Brnnches smooth. Leaflets .5 — 7, 
ovate-cordate, large, wrinkled in a bullate manner, serrate, approximate, a little villous 
beneath. Stijiulcs large, clasping the stem or branch. Plowers disposed subcorym- 
bosuly, large, violaceous red. Peduncles wrinkled and hispid. Calyx turbinate, 
smoothish. Sepals undivided, subspathulate. Flowers large, red, and loose; probably 
a native of Germany; growing to the height of from 4 ft. to 6 ft., and flowering in June 
and July. 

40. R. viLLo^sA Liii. The viUoas-leaved Rose. 

Jdtntifwation. Lin. S;)., 704; Don's Mill., 2, p. 576. 

Synonymes. R. mollis Smith in Eng. Bat., t. 2459; R. tomentosa (3 Lindl. Ros., p. 
77; R. heterophy'lla Woods in Lin. Trans., 12, p. 195; R. pulchella Woods 1, c, p. 
196 ; R. pomiiera Ilerm. Diss., 16. 

Spec. Char., i^-c. Leaflets rounded, bluntlsh, downy all over. Fruit globose, rather 
depressed, partly bristly. Sepals slightly compound. Flowers red or pink. This is a 
very variable pi int. Branches without bristles. It is a native of Europe, in hedges; in 
Britain, in bushy rather mountainous situations, in Wales, Scotland, and thc north of 
England, growmg to the height of 5 ft. or 6 ft., and flowering in July. 

41. R. gra'cu.is Woods. The slender Rose. 
Identification. Woods in Lin. Trans., 12, p. 186 ; Don's Mill., 2, 570. 

Synonyme. R. viUusa Smith, in Eng. Dot., t. 5S3, excluding the synonyrne and the 
fruit. 

Spec. Char., cf«c. Peduncles usually in pairs, bristly, often bractcate. Branches, 
fruit, and calyx bristly. Larger prickles curved, usually twin. Leaflets doubly serrated, 
hairy on noth sides. Petals slightly concave, of a pale pink. Fruit globular. Seg- 
ments of the calyx simple. Growing to the height of 8 ft. or 10 ft., and flowering in 
July. 

42. R. TOMENTo\sA Smilk. The tomentose, or ^ooolly-leaved Rose. 

Identification. Smith Fl. Brit, 539; Eng. Bot., 990; Don's Mill., 2, p. 576. 

Synonymes. R. villosa Ehrh. Arb., p. 45, Du Roi Ilarbk., 2, n. 341, El. Dan., t. 
145H ; R. mollissima Bork. Holz., p. 307 ; R. dubia Wlbel. Wirth., p. 263 ; R. villosa 
& Hods., 219. 

Spec. Char., <^c. Leaflets ovate, acute, more or less downy. Fruit elliptical, liispid. 
Sepals pinnate. Prickles slightly curved. Petals white at the base. Native of Eu- 
rope, in hedges and thickets ; plentiful in Britain ; growing to the height of 6 ft., and 
flowering in June and July. 

43, R. S'iiera'rdi Davies, Sherard's Rose. 
Identification. Davies' Welsh Bot., 49; Don's Mill., 2, p. 578. 
Synony?nes. R. subglobosa Smith Eng. Fl., 2, p. 334 ; R. tomentosa var. e and ti 
Woods in Lin. Trans., 12, p. 201. 



226 BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 

Spec. Char., ifv. Prickles conical, hooked, compressed. Leaflets elliptical, acute, 
downy on botii surfaces. Sepals pinnate. Fruit globular, abrupt, rather bristly. 
Found near Kingston upon Thames, near Tunbridge Wells, and on the Downs in Kent, 
in Cambridgeshire, and in the Isle of Anglesea. Peduncles from 1 — 8, the more nti- 
merous the shorter, beset with glandular bristles. Fruit large, and globular. A shrub, 
growing to the height of 6 ft., and flowering in June and July. 

44. R. sylve'stris Lindl. The Wood Rose. 

Identification. Lindl. Syn. Brit. Fl., p. 101 ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 576. 

Synonyme. R. tomentosa sylvestris Woods. 

Spec. Char., tf-c. Stem erect, colored, flexuous. Prickles hooked. Leaflets oblong, 
acute, hoaiv on both sides. Sepals diverging, deciduous before the fruit is ripe. Fruit 
elliptic, bristly. Native of Oxfordshire, in hedges. Growing to the height of 6 ft. or 8 
ft., and flo.vering in June and July. 

45. R. mo'llis Led. The soft-leaved Rose. 

Identification. Led. ex Spreng. Syst., 2, p. 551 ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 577. 

Synonyme. R. Ledebourii Spreng. Syst., 2, p. 551. 

Spec. Char., t^c. Ovaries ovate, glaucous, and prickly, as well as the peduncles. 
Branches unarmed and pubescent, as well as the petioles. Leaflets obtuse, doubly ser- 
rated, villous on both surftices. Native of Caucasus ; growing to the height of from 4 
ft. to 6 ft., and flowering in June and July. 

46. R. a'lba Lin. The common white Rose. 

Identification. Lin. Sp., 805; Lawr. Ros., t. 23, 25, 32, 37; CEd. Fl. Dan., t. 1215; 
Red. Ros. 1, p. 97, and p. 17 ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 577. 

Synonyme. R. usitatissima Gat. Montauh., t. 94. 

Spec. Char., (^c. Leaflets oblong, glaucous, rather naked above, simply serrat- 
ed. Prickles straightish or falcate, slender or strong, without bristles. Sepals pin- 
nate, reflexed. Fruit unarmed. Native of Piedmont, Cochin-China, Denmark, 
Franca, and Saxony. Flowers large, either white, or of the most delicate blush 
color, with a grateful fragrance. Fruit oblong, scarlet, or blood-colored. A shrub, 
growing from 4 ft. to 10 ft. in height, and flowering in June and July. 

VIL RUBIGINO^S^ Lindl. 

Derivation. From ruhiginosus, rusty ; the leaves of the species being usually fur- 
nished with rust-colored glands beneath. 

Sect. Char., ^c. Prickles unequal, sometimes bristle-formed, rarely 
wanting. Leaflets ovate or oblong, glandular, with diverging serra- 
tures. Sepals permanent. Disk thickened. lloot-shoots arched. 
The numerous glands on the lower surface of the leaves will be suffi- 
cient to prevent anything else being referred to this section ; and 
although It. tomentosa has sometimes glandular leaves, the inequality 
of the prickles of the species of Rubiginosae, and their red fruit, will 
clearly distinguish them. This division includes all the eglantine, or 
sweet-briar roses. 

47. R. LU^TEA Djdon. The yellow Eglantine Rose. 

Identification, Dodon. Pempt., 187; Mill. Diet., No. 11; Lawr. Ros., t. 12; Curt. 
Bot. Mag., t. 363; Don's Mill., 2, p. 577. 

Synonymes. R. Eglanteria Lin. Sp. 703, Red. Ros., 1, p. 69 ; R. fos'tida Ilerm. 
Diss., 18; R. chlorophy'lla Ehrh. Beitr., 2, p. 69 ; R. cerea Rossig. Ros. t. 2. 

Spec. Char., <^c. Prickles straight. Leaflets deep green. Sepals nearly entire, 
setigerous. Petals flat, concave. Flowers deep yellow, large, cupshaped, solitary. 
Fruit unknown. A shrub, a native of Germany and the south of France; growing 
from 3 ft. to 4 ft. high, and flowering in June. 

48. R. RUBiGiNo^sA Lin. The rusty-leaved Rose, Sweet-Briar, or Eglwidne. 
Identification. Lin. Mant., 2, p. 594; Dec. Prod., 2, p. 604; Don's Mill., 2, p. 577. 



BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 22? 



Synonijme.^. R. suavifolia Light/. Scot., 1, p. 2G1, M. Dan., t. 870; R. Eaiinieria 
Mfli. Diet, No. 4, Lin. Sp., edit. I, p. 491; R. agrt^stis Sati Fl. Pis., p. 475^; R. ru- 
biginosa parviilora Rau. Enum., 135. 

Spec. Char., (f'c. Prickles hooked, compressed, with smaller straighter ones in- 
terspersed. Leaflets elliptical, doubly serrated, hairy, clothed beneath with rust- 
colored glands. Sepals pinnate, and b^'istly, as well as the peduncles. Fruit 
obovate, bristly toward the base. Native liiroughout Europe, and of Caucasus, 
In Britain, in bushv places, on a dry gravelly or chalky soil. Leaves sweet- 
scented when bruised, and resembling the fragrance of the Pippin Apple. When 
dried in the shade and prepared as a tea, they make a healthful and pleasant bev- 
erage. This species is extensively used in Europe for the formation of Tea Roses, 
and it is estimated that two hundred thousand are budded annually in the vicinity 
of Paris alone. The species is very vigorous, hut does not seem to answer well in 
our hot sun. The change from its native shaded thickets and hedges is too much 
for its tall exposed stem and although the stock may not itself die yet tne variety 
budded upon it will frequently perish in two or three years. This is doubtless 
partly owing to a want of analogy between the stock and the variety given it for 
nourishment, but that the former is the prominent evil is evident by the fact that 
dwarfs of the same stock, where the stem is shaded by the foliage, flourish much 
better. Tht3 Eglantine, in favored situations, is very long-lived. A French wri- 
ter speaks of one in which h*^ Had counted one hundred and twenty concentric 
layers, making thus iis age me .,ame number of years. Another writer speaks of 
an Eglantine in Lower Saxony, whose trunk separated into two very strong 
branches, twent3"-four feet high and extending over a space of twenty feet. At tha 
height of seven feet, one of the branches is nearly six inches and the other four 
inches in circumference. There is a tradition that it existed in the time of Louis 
the Pious. King of Germany in the ninth century. This however must evidently 
be received with some allowance. Flowers pink. Fruit scarlet, obovate or ellip- 
tic. A shrub, growing from 4 fi. to 6 ft. in height, and flowering in June and 
J Illy. 

40. R. suAVE^oLENs Pursli. The sv/eet-scented Rose, American Sweet-Briar, or 

Eglantine. 

Identification. Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. vol. 1, p. 346 ; Don's Mill,, 2, p. 578. 

Synont/ines. R. rubiginusa and Eglantlria of the Americans, Rqfin. Ros. Amer. in 
Ann. Phi/s., 5, p. 518. 

Spec. Char., (f*c. Prickles scattered, straight. Petioles beset with glandular bristles. 
Leaflets ovate, serrated, sparingly glandular beneath. Flowers usually solitary. Pe- 
duncles bracteate. Fruit ovate. Native of North America. Leaves sweet-scented 
when bruised. Flowers pink. Sepals entire. A shrub, growing to the height of 5 ft. 
or 6 ft., and flowering in June and July. 

50. R. MicR.i'NTHA Sm. The small-flowered Rose, or Sioeet- Briar. 
Identification. Smith in Eng. Bot., t. 2490; Don's Blill., 2, p. 578. 

Synonynxe. R. rubiginusa /S micritntha Ldndl. Ros., p. 87, with erroneous syno- 
nymes. 

Spec. Char., <^c. Prickles hooked, scattered, nearly uniform. Leaflets ovate, doubly 
serrated, hairy, glandular beneath. Sepals pinnate. Fruit elliptic, rather bristly, con- 
tracted at the summit. Stems straggling. Native of Britain, in hedges and thickets, 
chiefly in the south of England. Leaves sweet-scented. Flowers small, pale red. A 
shrub, from 4 ft. to 5 ft. in height, flowering in June and July. 

51. R. sE^piUM Thuil. The Hedge Rose, or Briar. 
Identification. Thuil. Fl. Per. 252; Bon-, in Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2653 ; Don's Mill., 

Synonymes. R. helvetica and R. myrtifolia Hall; R canina /S Dec. El. Er., ed. 3, 
No. 3617 ; R. agrestis Savi El. Pis., 1, p. 474 ; R. blserrata, R. macrocarpa, and i?. 
stipularis Mer. El. Par., 190, ex De^., f. 75. 

Spec. Char., <^c. Prickles slender. Branches flexuouf?. Leaflets shining, acuts at 
both ends. Flowers usually solitary. Fruit poUshed. Sepals pinnate, with very liar- 
row segments. Native of Europe in hedges ; in England, near Bridport, Warwick- 



228 BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 

shire. Flowers small, piak. A shrub, growing from 4 ft. to 6 ft. in height, and flow- 
ering in June and July. 

52. R. ibe'rica Stev. The Iberian Rose, 
Identification. Stev. m Bieb. Fl. Taur. Suppl., 343 ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 578. 
Spec. Char., (^c. Cauline prickles scattered, hooked, dilated at the base. Petioles 
glandular and prickly. Leaflets broad, o\ ate, glundularly biserrated, and beset with glanda 
on both surfaces. Fruit ovate, smooth, or with a few bristles, as well as the peduncles. 
Native of Eastern Iberia, a'jout the town of Kirzchinval. Very nearly allied to R. pui- 
verulenta, according to Bieberstein. A shrub, growing from 4 ft. to 6 ft. in heigiit, and 
flowerina: in June and July. 

53. R. GLUTiNo\sA Smith. The clammy Rose, or Briar. 

Identification. Smith. Fl. Graec. Prod., 1, p. 348 ; Fl. Graec, t. 482 ; Don's Mill., 2, 
p. 573. 

Synonymes. R. rubigindsa cretica Red. Ros., 1, p. 93, and p. 125, t. 47; R. rubigi- 
nosa spheerocarpa Deis. Journ. Bot., 1813, t. 118, Cupan. Painph., ed. 1, t. 61. 

Spec. Char., t|'c. Branches pilose. Prickles numerous, falcate. Leaflets roundish, 
coarsely serrated, hoarj'^, glandular, and viscid on both surfaces. Fruit and peduncles 
beset with stiff bristles. Flowers pale blush. Sepals subp.nnate. Fruit scarlet. Na- 
tive of Mount Parnassus, and of Sicily and Candia, on the mountains j growing to tiie 
height of 2 ft. or 3 ft., and flowering in June and July. 

54. R. Klu^kii Bess. Kluki's Rose, or Sweet-Briar. 

Identijication. Bess. Cat. Hort. Crem., 1816, Suppl., 4, p. 19; Bieb. Fl. Taur. Suppl., 
343; Don's Mill., 2, p. 579. 

Synonymes. R. rubiginusa Bleb. PL Taur., No. 979, exclusive of the synonymes ; 
R. floribiinda Stev. ; /^.^balsaniea Bess. 

Spec. Char., <|'c. Cauline prickles strong, compressed, dilated at the base, recurved. 
Petioles villous and prickly. Leaflets small, elliptic, acute, sharply biserrated, with the 
ssrratures glandular, villous above, but rusty and glandui ir baneath. Peduncles and 
fruit bes3t with glandular bristles. Flowers pink. Allied to R. rubiginosa, according 
to Bieberstein ; but, according to Besser, to i?. alba. Native of Tauria ; growing to 
the height of 5 ft., or 6 ft. and flowering in June and July. 

55. R. MoNTEZU^iiE Humb. Montezuma's Rose, or Briar. 

Identification. Humb. et Bonpl. in Red. Ros., 1, p. 55 ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 579. 

Spec. Cliar., x^c. Petioles armed with little hooked prickles. Branches unarmed. 
Leaflets ovate, sharply serrated, glabrous. Flowers solitary, terminal. Tube of calyx 
elliptic, and as well as the peduncles, glabrous. Native of Mexico, on the chain of por- 
phyry mountains v/hich bound the valley of Mexico on the north, at the elevation of 
1416 toises, on the top of Cerro V'entosa, near the mine of San Pedro. Flowers pale 
red. Sepals compound, dilated at the end. A shrub growing to the height of from 4 
ft. to 6 ft., and flowering in June and July. 

VTIT. CANI^N^ Lindl. 

Derivation. From caninus, belonging to a dog; because R. canina is commonly 
called the dog rosa. The name is applied to this section, because all the species con- 
tained in it agree in character with R. canina. 

Sect. Char., <^x. Prickles equal, hooked. Leaflets ovate, glandless 
or glandular, with the serratures conniving. Sepals deciduous. Disk 
thickened, closing the throat. Larger suckers arched. 

58. R. CAUCA^SEA Pall. The Caucasian Dog Rose. 

Identification. Pall. Ross., t. 11 ; Lindl. Ros., p. 97 ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 579. 

Synonyme. R. leucantha Bieb. Fl. Taur. Suppl., 351.7 

Spec. Char. d^c. Prickles strong, recurved. Leaflets soft, ovate. Calyx and pedun- 
cles hispid. Sepals simple. Fruit smooth. Flowers large, growing in bunches, white 
or pale red. A shrub, gi'owing to the height of from 10 ft. to 12 ft., and flowering in 
June and July. This species, as grown in the collection of Loddiges, at London, is of a 
robust habit, with glaucous leaves, flowering and fruiting freely. The plant is a useful 
one for the filling up of large shrubberies. 



BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 229 



57. R. CAN!\\A Lin. The common Dog Rose, 

Identification. Lin. Sp., 704; Don's Mill., 2, p, 579. 

Synonymes. JR. dumalis Bcchst. Forstb., 241, and 939, ex Rau; R. andegavensis 
Bat. Fl. Main, et Loir., 139, Red. Ros., 2, p. 9, t. 3; R. gl iuca Lois, in Desv. Journ. ; R. 
arvensis Schrank Ft. Man.; R. glaucescens Mcr. Par. ; R. nitens Mer., 1, c; A*, t^n- 
crifFjnsis Dona Hart. Cant., ed. 8, p. 169; R. senticusa Ackar. Acad. Haadl., 34 p. 91, 
t. 3. 

Spec. Char., c^-c. Prickles strong, hooked. Leaflets simply serrated, pointed, quite 
smooth. Sepals pinnate. Fruit ovate, smooth, or ratlier bristly, like the aggivgato 
fljwer stalks. Native througiiout Europe, and the north o. Afiica; plentiful in Brit i.n, 
in hedgc-s, woods, and thickets. Flowers rather large, pale red, seldom white. Frun 
ovate, bright s ;arlet, of a peculiar and very grateful flavor, especially if made into a con- 
serve Witli sugar. Tae pulp of the fruit, besides saccharine matter, contains citric acid, 
whi ;h gives it an acid taste. The pulp, before it is used, should be careluily clear-.d 
from tae nuts or seeds. A shrub, growing to the height of 6 ft. or 10 ft., and flowering 
in June and July. 

5S. R. Fo'rstkri Sm. Forster's Dog Rose. 

Identijvcaiion. Smith Engl Fl., 2, p. 302; Borr. in Eng. Bot. Suppl., 2611 ; Don'a 
31111., 2; p. 580. 

Synonyme. R. coilina /? and y. Woods in Lin. Trans., 12, p. 392. 

Spec. Char., tf«c. Prickles scattered, conical, hooked. Leaflets simply serrated, 
smooth above, but h dry on the ribs beneath. Sepals dou'aly pinnate. Fruit elliptical, 
smooth, like the aggregate flower stalks. A native of Europe, in hedges ; pleniiful in 
Englmd. Flowers pale red. A shrub, growing to the height of from 6 ft. to 8 ft. ; flow- 
ering in June and July. 

59. R. DUMETo^RUM Tkuill. The Thicket Dog Rose, 

Identification. Tauil. Fl. Par., 250; Bor. in Eng. Bot. Suppl., t. 2610; Don's Mill., 
2, p. 5S0. 

Synonymes. R. leucantha P acutifuha Bast, in Dec. Fl. Fr., 5, p. 535 ; R. sepium 
Borkk. ex Rau. Enum., 79; R. solstitiaiis Bess. Prim. Fl. Gall., 324; R. corymbifera 
Gmd. Fl. Bad. Als., 2, p. 427. 

Spec. Char., if-c. Prickles numerous, scattered, hooked. Leaflets simply serrated, 
hairy on both surfaces. Sepals pinnate, deciduous. Peduncles aggregate, slightly 
hairy. Fruit elliptical, smooth, as long as the bracteas. Native of iEurope, in hedges ; 
and found, in England, in the southern counties, but seldom in any abundance. Flow- 
ers reddish. A slirub, growing from 4 ft. to 6 ft. in height, and flowering in June and 
July. 

60. R. bracte'scens Woods. The bractescent Dog Rose. 

Identification. Woods in Lin. Trans., 12, p. 216; Don's iEHill. 2, p. 5S0. 

Spec. Char. c^c. Prickles aggregate, hooked. Leaflets ovate, almost simply ser- 
rated, downy beneath. Bracteas rising much above the fruit. Sepals pinnate, falling 
ofl'. Peduncles aggregate, occasionally rather hairy. Fruit globose, smooth. Native 
of England, in hedges, about Ulverton, Lancashire ; and Ambleton, Westmoreland. 
Flowers flesh-colored. A shrub, 6 ft. to 7 ft. high, and flowering in June and July. 

61. R. SARMENTA^CEA Sivarlz. The sarmentaceous Dog Rose, 

Identification. Swartz MSS. ; W^oods in Lin. Trans., 12, p. 213; Don's Mill., 2, p. 
580. 

Synonymes. R. glaucophy'lla Winch Geogr. Distrib.,A5: R. canina Roth FL Germ., 
2, p. 560. 

Spec. Char., (^c. Prickles hooked. Leaflets ovate, doubly serrated, smooth, glandu- 
lar. Peduncles aggregate, smooth or minutely bristly. Sepals pinnate, deciduous. 
Fruit broadly eUiptic, naked. Native of Europe, common in hedges and bushy place?; 
plentiful in iBritain. Flowers pink, and fragrant. Fruit scarlet ; as grateful to the pal- 
ate, probably, as that of R. canina, with which this equally common plant is generally 
confounded. A shrub, 8 ft. to 10 ft. high ; flowering in June and July. 

63. R. CE^siA Sm. The grey Dog Rose. 
laentijication. Smith Eng. Bot., t. 2367; Don's Mill., 2, p. 580. 
Synonymes. R. canina pubescens Afz. Ros, Suec. Tent., 1, p. 2 ; R. canina ^ cae sia 
LAndl. Ros., p. 99. 

20 



230 BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 



Spec. Char., <^c. Prickles hooked, uniform. Leaflets elliptical, somewhat doubly 
serrated, glaucous, hairy b:?neath, without glands. Sejials distantly pinnate, deciduous. 
Flower stalks smooth, solitary. Fruit elliptical, smooth. Native of Scotland, in the 
Highland valleys, but rare; at Taymilt, in Mid-Lorn, Argyleshire ; and in Strath Tay, 
between Dunkeld and Abprfeldie, and by the side of Loch Tay. Flowers generally of a 
uniform carnation hue, but occasionally white. A shrub, from 4 ft. to 5 ft. in height; 
flowering in July. 

63. R. Bo'kreri Woods. Borrer's Dog Rose. 

Identification. Woods in Lin. Trans., 12, p. 210; Don's Mill., 2, p. 580. 

Spwnyines. R. dumeturum Smith in Eng. Bot., t. 2579 ; R. rubiginosa ^ Lindl. 
Ros., p. 88: R. rubiginosa inodora Hook. Land., t. 117; R. sepium Borkh. ex Rau. 
Emim. 90 ? but not of Thuil. ; R. afTinis Rau. Eiium., 79 ; R. uncineila B Besscr 
Enum., 64 7 

Spec. Char., cfc. Prickles hooked. Leaflets ovate, doubly serrated, hairy, without 
glands. Sepals pinnate, olten doubly pinnate, deciduous. Flower stalks aggregate, 
hairy. Fruit elliptical, smooth. Native of Britain, in hedges and thickets. Flovi'era 
oale red. Fruit deep scarlet. A shrub, growing from 6 ft. to 10 ft. in height; flowering 
n June and July. 

64. R. RUBRiFO^LiA VIU. The red-leaved Dog Rose. 

Identification. Vill. Dauph., 3, p. 549; Don's Mill, 2, p. 531. 

Synonymes. R. multiflora Reyn. Act. Laus., 1, p. 70. t. 6 ; i?. rubiciinda Hall. Fil in 
Roein. Arch., 3, p. 376 ; R. liirida Andr. Ros. ; R. cinnamumea y rubrifolia Red. Ros., 1, 
D. 134. 

Spec. Char., tf«c. Pric'vlcs small, distant. Leaflets ovate, and, as well as the branches, 
glabrous, opaque, discolored. Sepals narrow, entire. Fruit ovate, globose, smooth. 
Flowers corymbose. Peduncles smooth. Native of Dauphine, Austria, Savoy, Pyr- 
enees, and Auvergne, in woods. Stems red. Leaves red at the edges. Flowers small, 
deep red. Sepals narrow, longer than the petals. A shrub, growing to the height of 5 
ft. or 6 ft., and flowering in Ju"ne and July ; and producing a pleasing effect in a shrub- 
bery, from the pinkness of its foliage. At the funeral of Villars, who first named and 
described this rose, branches and flowers of it were cut and strewed over his grave. 

65. R. i'ndica L. The Indian, or common China Rose. 

Identification. Lin. Sp., 703 ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 581. 

Synonymes. R. sinica Lin. Syst. Veg., ed. 13, p. 393; R. semperflorens cirnea Ros- 
sig. Ros., t. 19; R. indica chinensis semiplena Ser. Mel., 1, p. 31 ; R. recUnata flora 
submultlplici Red. Ros., p. 79 ; the monthly Rose, the blush China Rose, the Tea-scent' 
ed Rose ; Rosier Indien, Rose The Fr. ; Indische Rose, Ger. 

Spec. Char., d^c. Stem upright, whitish, or green, or purple. .Prickles stout, 
falcate, distant. Leaflets 3 — 5 ;« ovate-acuminate, coriaceous, shining, glabrous, 
serrulate ; the surfaces of different colors. Stipules very narrow, connate with 
the petiole, almost entire, or serrate. Flowers solitary, or in panicles. Stamens 
bent inward. Peduncle sub-articulate, mostly thickened upward, and with the 
calyx smooth, or wrinkled and bristly. Native of China, near Canton. Flowers 
red, usually semi-double. Petioles setigerous and prickly. Petals obcordate. A 
shrub, growing to the height of Irom 4 ft. to 20 it., and flowering throughout the 
year. 

Varieties. There are numerous varieties of this beautiful rose cultivated in 
England; but the garden varieties of it are very generally confounded with those 
of R. sem.perflorens. The following are quite distinct ; and may each be considered 
the type of a long list of subvarieties. 

R. i. 2 Noisetliaim Ser. in Dec. Prod., 2, p. 600, Do?i's Mill, 1, p. 581. The 
Noisette Rose. Stem firm, and, as well as the branches, prickly. Stipules nearly 
entire. Flowers panicled, very numerous, semi-double, pale red. Styles exserted. 
This well-known and very beautiful rose is almost invaluable in a. shrubbery, from 
Its free and vigorous growth, and the profusion of its flowers, which are continu- 
ally being produced during the whole summer. 

R. i. 3 odoratisslma Lindl. Ros., p. 106, Bot. Reg., t. 854, Don's Mill., ii., p. 583 
R. odoratissima Siol. H>rt. Sub. Lond. ; R. indica fragrans Red. Ros., i., p, 6. 1. 19 
the siveetest, or tea-scented, China Rose; Rose a Odeur de The, i^/.; has serai- 



BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 231 



double flowers, of a most delicious fragrance, strongly resembling the scent of the 
tmest green tea. There are numerous subvarieties. 

60. R. sEMPERFLO^RENs Ciirt. The ever-flowering China Rose. 

Ideniifkation. Cuvt. Bot. Mag., t. 284 ; Smith Exot. Bot. 2, p. 91 ; Jacq. Schonbr., 
3, p. 28i ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 582. 

Synonymes. R. diversifulia Vent. Cels., t. 35; R. bengalensis Pers. Ench,, 2, p. 50; 
R. indica Red. Ros., 1, p. 49, t. 13, p. 123, t. 46, and 2, p. 37, t. 16. 

Spec. Char., d^c. Branches dark green, armed with scattered, compressed, 
hooked prickles, and a very few glands. Leaflets 3—5 ovate-lanceolate, crenate- 
serrated, shining above, but glaucous aad slightly setigerous beneath. Sepals 
compound, narrow. Fruit spherical. Native of China. Flowers solitary, single, 
or semi-double, deep crimson. There are some very splendid varieties of this 
species, with semi-double crimson flowers, in our gardens; and the French appear 
to have some others still more beautiful, which have not yet been imported. A 
shrub, growing from 8 ft. to 10 ft. in height, and floAvering throughout the 3^ear. 
For this beautiful rose v/e are indebted to Gilbert Slater, Low-Layton, Essex, a 
gentleman to whose memory a genus has not yet been devoted, though he was the 
means of introducing several of our finest plants. 

67. R. Lawrengea^na Swt. Lawrence's CJdna Rose. 

Jdenfification. Sweet Hort. Suburb ; Lindl. Ros., p. 110 ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 582. 

Synonymes. R. s:'mperflorens minima Sims Bot. Mag.^ t. 1762 ; R. Indica var. a acu- 
minata Red. Ros., 1, p. 53 ; R. indica Lawrenceana Red. Ros., 2, p. 38. 

Spec. Char., (^-c. Dwarf. Prickles large, stout, nearly straight. Leaflets ovate, 
acute, finely serrated. Petals acuminated. Native of Ciiina. Flowers small, single 
or seml-doubie, pale blush. A shrub, 1 ft. in height, which flowers throughout the year. 
The beautiful little plants called fairy roses are nearly all varieties of R. hawrenceana : 
and they are well worthy of culture, from their extreme dwarfness (often flowering when 
not more than six inches high), and the beautiful color of their miniature rose-buds, the 
petals of which appear of a much darker hue than those of the expanded flower, 

IX. SY'STYI^^ Lindl. 

Derivation. From sun, together, and stidos, a style ; in reference to the styles being 
connected. 

Sect. Char. Styles cohering together into an elongated column. 
Stipules adnate. The habit of this section is nearly the same as that 
of the last division. The leaves are frequently permanent. 

68. R. sy'styla BaL The connate-style Rose. 

Idcni[ficaiion. Bat. Fl. Main, et Loir. Suppl., 31 ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 582. 

Synonymes. R. collina Smith in Eng. Bot., t. 1895; R. stylosa Desv. Journ. Bot., 
2, p. 317 ; R. brevlstyli Dec. Fl. Pr. Suppl., p. 537 ; R. bibracteata Dec, Ic; JR. sy'styla 
a ovata Lindl. Ros., p. 111. 

Spec. Char., <^-c. Shoots assurgent. Prickles strong, hooked. Peduncles glandular. 
Sepals pinnste, deciduous. Styles smooth. Floral receptacle conical. iSfative of 
Fnmce and England, in hedges and thickets ; common in Sussex; at Walthamstow, 
Q,uendoii, and Clapton, near London ; at Dunnington Castle. Berkshire ; near Penshurst, 
Kent; and Hornsey, Middlesex; hills in the south of Scotland. Flowers fragrant, 
pink or almost white. Fruit ovate-oblonir. A shrub, growing from 8 ft. to 12 ft. in 
height, and flowering from May to July. There are several varibties, but they do not 
differ materially in appearance from the species. 

69. R. arve'nsis Hiids. The Field Rose. 

Identification. Huds Fl. Ansrl., ed. 1, d. 192, according to Lindl. Ros., Mon ; Lin. 
Mant., p. 245 ; Dec. Prod., 2, p.^596. 

Synonymes. R. svlvestris Hem. Diss., p. 10; 7?. seandens Mcench Weiss. PL, j), 
118; R. herperhodon Ehrh. Beitr., 2, p. 69 ; R. Halleri Krok. Siles, 2, p. 150 ; R. fiisca 
MoL-ndi Metk., p. 688; R. serpens Ehrh. Arbor., p. 35; R. semnervirens Rossig. Ros; 
/?. repens Gmel. PI. Bad. Als. 2, p. 418, Jacq. Pragm., p. 69, t. 104 ; R. tampans i^et/n, 
Mem. Laus. 1, p. 69, t. B. 



232 BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 

Spec. Char., cf'C. Shoots cord-like. Prickles imeqiial and falcate. Leaves 
deciduous, and composed of 5 — 7 glabrous, or indistinctly ciliated, leaflets, glau- 
cescent beneath. Stipules diverging at the tip. Flowers solitary or globose. 
Sepals almost entire, short. Styles cohering into an elongated glabrous colamri. 
Fruit ovate, or ovate-globose, coriaceous, crimson, glabrous, or a little hispid, as 
well as the peduncles. In open situations, a trailing plant, .sometimes rooting at 
the joints; but, in hedges, and among bushes, a climber by elongation ; reaching 
to their tops, and covering them witli tufts of foliage and flowers; the leaves re- 
maining on late in the season ; and the fruit often remaining on all the winter. 
The shoots are, in general, feeble, much divided, and entangled; and they gener- 
ally produce, here and there, rugged excrescences, Avhich readily take root. Hence 
by budding the more rare sorts on the shoots, a little above these excrescences, 
and, after the luds have united, cutting off a portion of the shoot containing the 
excrescence al one end, and the inoculated bud at the otlier. and putting in these 
Doriionr- as -ni". '.i^t different varieties may be propagated with expedition and 
''ase. 

R. a. k n-7-. hirea Scr. B. capreolata Nclll in Edin. Phil. Jimru., No. 3, p. 
!02. Cu.a'^aicd in British gardens under the name of the Ayi-shire Rose, 
•^-^'-•kles slender, very acute. Leaflets ovate, sharply serrate, thin, nearly of the 
saii;e color on both surfaces. Peduncles hispid with glanded hairs, or wrinkled. 
A vigorous- irrc wing climber, producing shoots sometimes 20 ft. in length in one 
season, and dowering profusely from the middle ot^May to the middle of Septem- 
ber. One of the hardiest of climbing roses, and particularly useful for covering 
naked walls, or unsightly roofs. It is .supposed by some to be of American origin, 
and to have been introduced into Ayrshire by the Earl of Loudon, 

70. a. (a.) sEMPERvfRENs Liii. The evergreen (Field) Rose. 

TdentificaUoii. Lin. Sp., 704; Dec. Prod., 2, p. 597 ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 583. 

Synony7nes. R. scandens Mill. Diet., No. 8 ; R. balearica Desf. Cat. Pers. Ench., 
2, p. 49; R. ntrovirens Viv. Ft. Ital., 4, t. 6 ; R. sempervirens globusa Red. Ros., 2, 
with a fig. ; R. sempervirens var. « scandens D:c. El. Er., 5, p. 533. 

Spec. Char., dl'c. Evergreen, Shoots climbing. Prickles pretty equal, falcate. 
Leaves of 5 — 7 leaflets, that are green on both sides, coriaceous. Floweis almost 
solitary, or in corymbs, Sepals nearly entire, longish. Styles cohering into an 
elongate pilose column. Fruit ovate "or ovate-globose, orange-colored. Pedun- 
cles mostly hispid with glanded hairs. Closely allied to R. arvensis, but differ- 
ing in its "being evergreen, in its leaves being coriaceous, and in its ."-tipules being 
.subfalcate, and more acute at the tip. Native of France, Portugal, Italy, Greece, 
and the Balearic Islands. A climbing shrub, flowering from June to August. 
Used for the same purposes as the Ayrshire rose; from which it differs in retain- 
ing its leaves the greater part of the winter, and in its less vigorous shoots. This 
species is well adapted for rose carpels made by pegging down its long flexile 
shoots. It glossy, rich foliage forms, in this way, a beautitul carpet of verdure en- 
ameled with flowers. 

71. R. MULTiFi.o^RA TJiUTib. The many-flovv-ered Rose, 

Identijcation. Thunb. Fl. Jap., 214 ; Dec, Prod,, 2, p. 593 ; Don's Mill., 2, p, 583. 

Synonyme. R. flava Donn. Hort. Cant., ed, 4, p, 121 ; /?. flOrida Poir. SuppL; R. 
diffasa Roxb. 

Spec. Char., t!^c. Branches, peduncles, and calyxes lomentose. Shoots very 
.ong. Prickles slender, scattered. Leaflets 5 — 7, ovate-lanceolate soft, finely 
wrinkled. Stipules pectinate. Flowers in corymbs, and, in many in.stances, 
very numerous. Buds ovate globose. Sepals short. Styles protruded, incom- 
pletely grown together into a long hairy column. A climbing shrub, a native of 
Japan and China ; and producing a profusion of clustered heads of single, semi- 
Uouble, or double, white, pale red, or red flowers in June and July, It is one of 
the most ornamental of climbing roses ; but, to succeed, even in the climate of 
London, it requires a wall. The flowers continue to expand one after another 
during nearlv two months. 

R. ra. 2 Grevillci Hort. R. Roxburghri Hort. ; R. platyphy'lla Red. Ros., p, G9. 
The Seven Sisters Rose, A beautiful variety of this sort, with much larger and 



BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 23t 



more double flowers, of a purplish color; and noclimlM'ng rosebeiter deserves cul- 
tivation a^^ainst a wall, it is easily kaown li-osu R. muliiddra by the iringcd euge 
ol" the .stipules; while tliose oi i\r^ cornmoa R. rnuliiflora h:ivc mncii less iriiig.*, 
and the leaves are smaller, with the leaflets much less rugose. The form oi' the 
blossoms and corymbs is pretty nearly the same in both. A plant oi' this v..riety 
on the gable end ol R. Donald's house, in the Goldworth Nursery, in I8'2i), coveted 
above 100 square I'eet, and had more tlian 100 corymbs ol" bloom. iSome of the co- 
rymbs had more than 50 buds in a cluster ; and the whole ji veraged about 30 in each 
corymb ; so that the amount of flower buds was about 3000. The variety of color 
pr'jdueed by the buds at first opening was not less asioni.-^hing than tiieir number. 
VVliiie, light blush, deeper blush, light red, di:rker red, .scarlet, and purple flow- 
ers, all appeared in the same corymb; and the production of these seven colors at 
once is said to be the reason why this plant is called the seven sisters rose. This 
tree produced a shoot the same year which grew 18 ft. in length in two or three 
weeks. This variety, when in a deep tree soil, and an airy situation, is of very 
vigorous growth, and a free flowerer ; but the shoots are of a bramble-like texture, 
and the piant, in consequence, is but of temporary duration. R. Donald's R. 
Grevillei died in three or four years. 

R. m. 3 RasseUiandi is a variety differing considerably, in flowers and foliage, 
li'om the species, but retaining the fringed loot-stalk ; and is, hence, quite distinct 
from R. sempervirens Russell/a>j«. 

R. m. 4 Bowrsaidti Hart., BoursauWs Rose, is placed, in Don's Miller, un«ier 
this .species; tho»igh it differs more Ifom the pref;eding variety than many species 
do Irom each other. It is comparatively a hard-wooded, durable rose, and valua- 
ble for flowering early and freely. This is a very remaikable rose, from its pe- 
tals having a reticulated appearance. 

7"2. R. Bruno^nii Lindl. Brown's Rose. 

Identification. Lindl. Ros. Monog., p. 120, t. 14; Dec. Prod., 2, p. 598. 

Sijnonyme. R. Brijwnii Spreng. Syst., 2, p. 556. 

Spec. Char., d^c. Shoots trailing. Prickles of the stem stout and arched. Leaflets 
5 — 7, lunceolate, pilose on both surfaces; the under one glandulous, and of a difll'rent 
color from the upper one. StipulesE narrow, acute. Inflorescence corymbose. Pedun- 
cles and calyxes pilose, and a little hispid. Sepals entire, narrow, and longish. Styles 
cohering into a very long pilose column. Fruit ovate. A native of Nepal. Leaves 
simply serrated. Flowers in terminal bunches, white or pale red. A rambling shrub, 
flowering in June and July. 

73. R. MoscHA^TA Mill. The Musk Rose. 

Identification. Mill. Diet., No. 13; Red. et Thor. Ros., 1, p. 33, ic, and p. 99, ic; 
Lindl. Rosar. Monog., p. 121 ; Dec. Prod., 2, p. 593 ; Don's Mill., 2, p. 583. 

Synonymes. R. opsostemma Ehrh. Beitr., 2, p. 72 ; R. glandulifera Ro.vb. 

Spec. Ckur., <^r. Shoots ascending. Prickles upon the stem slender, recurved. 
Leaflets 5 — 7, lanceolate, acuminate, nearly glabrous, the two surfaces of different 
colors. Stipules very narrow, acute. Flowers, in many instances, very numer- 
ous ; white, w^ith the claws of the petals yellow; very fragrant. Lateral pedun- 
cles jointed, and, as well as the calyx, pilose, and almost hispid. Sepals almost 
pinnately cut, long. Fruit red, ? ovate. 

Descriptioji, d^c. The branches of the mu.sk ros-e are generally too weak to sup- 
port, without props, its large bunches of flowers, which are produced in an umbel- 
like manner at their extremities. The musky odor is very perceptible, even a: 
some distance from the plant, particularly in the evening, — 

" When each iiicon.stanbbreeze that blows 
Steals essence from the musky rose." 

It is said to be a native of Barbary ; but this has been doubted. It is, however, 
found wild in Tunis, and is cultivated there for the ^akeof an essential oil, ■^'^hich 
'•• o.btained from the petals by distillation. It has also been Ibund wild in S^ain. 
The first record of the musk rose having been cultivated in England is in Ila/cluy'. 
in 1582, who states that the musk rose was bi'ought to England from Italy. It 
was in common cultivation in the time of Gerard, and was iormerly much valued 
for its musky fragrance, when that scent was the fashionable perfume. Thj Pcr- 

20* 



234 BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 

sian altar cl roses is said to be obtained from this species. The musk rose does 
best trained agrainst a wall, on account oi" the length and weakness of its branches ; 
and Miller adds that it should always be pruned in spring:, as in winter it will 
not bear the knife. It requires very little pruning, as the flowers are produced at 
the extremities of the shoots, which are often 10 fi. or 12 ft, in length. It flowers 
freely, and is well worthy of cultivation. This rose is thought by some to be the 
same as that of Cyrene, which Athennsus has mentioned as affording, a delicious 
perfume, but of this there is no certain evidence. It seems to have been rare in 
Europe in the time of Gcssner, the botanist, who, in a letter to Dr. Occon, dated 
Zurich 1565, says that it was growiiig in a garden at Augsburg, and was extremely 
anxious that the doctor should procure some of its shoots for him. Rivers men- 
tions ;nai Olivier, a French traveler speaks of a rose tree at Ispahan, called 
ihe ' Chinese Rose Tree," fiiteen feet high, formed by the union of ricveral stems, 
eacK :our or five inches in diameter. Seeds of this tree were sent to Paris and 
proau>.€G tne common Musk Rose. 

"^4 J?. RCBiFo^Li.i it. Br. The Bramble-leaved Rose, 

Identification. R. Brown in Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2, vol. 3, p. 260 ; LindL Rosar. 
Monog.', p. 123, ic ; Dec. Prod., 2, p. 508. 

Spec. Char., (^c. Stems ascending. Branches glabrous. Prickles scattered, fal- 
cate. Leaves pubescent beneiith. Leaflets 3, ovate-lanceolate, scrnite. Stipules nar- 
row, entire. Flowers very small, of a rosy color, mostly solitary. Buds ovate. Sepals 
ovate, short, simple. Peduncles and calyxes a little hispid. Styles coliering into a 
tonientose club-shaped column, as long as the stamens. Fruit pea-shaped. A native 
of North America. A shrub, from 3 ft. to 4 ft. in height, and flowering in August and 
September. 

X. BANKSIA^N^ Liiidl. 

Derivrdion. So called in consequence of all the species contained in this section 
agreeing in character with /?. Banksice, a rose named ia honor of I/ady Banks. 

Identification. Lindl. Ro?., p. 123; Don's Mill., 2, p. 584. 
Sect. Char., c^c. Stipules nearly free, subulate, or very narrow, 
usually deciduous. Leaflets usually ternate, shining. Stems climb- 
ing. The species of tliis section are remarkable for their long, grace- 
fuu and often climbing, shoots, drooping flowers, and trifoliolate shin- 
ing leaves. They are particularly distinguished by their deciduouSj 
subulate, or very narrow stipules. Their fruit is very variable. 

75. R. si'nica Ait. The trlfolldtc-leaved China Rose. 

Identification. Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2, vol 3, p. 261 ; Lindl. Ros., p. 126, t. 16; Don's 
.^Ii!l., 2, p. 5S4. 

Synonymes. R. trifoliata Bosc Diet, ex Polr. ; R. ternata Poir. SuppL, 6, p. 284; R. 
cherokeensis Don. Hort. Cant., ed. 8, p. 170 ; R. nivea Deo. Hort. Monsp., 137, Red. 
Ros., 2, p. 81, with a fig. 

Spec. Char., d^-c. Stipules setaceous, deciduous. Cauline prickles equal, falc.'^.te. 
Petioles and ribs of leaves pricklj'. Peduncles and fruit beset with straight bristles. 
Sepals entire, permanent. Flowers white, solitary. Fruit elliptic, orange-red. Disk 
conical. A rambling shrub, a native of China, and flowering in May and June. 

76. R. BA'NKsiiE R. Br. Larhj Bank's Rose. 

Identification. R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2, vol. 3, p. 256 ; Lindl. Rosar. Monog., 
D. 131 ; Dec. Prod., 2, p. 601. 

Synonymes. R. Banksitlna Abel Chin., 160; R. inermis Roxb. 1 

Spec. Char., (^r. Without prickles, glabrous, smooth. Leaflets 3 — 5, lanceo- 
late, sparingly serrated, approximate. Stipules bristle-like, scarcely attached to 
the petiole, rather glossy, deciduous. Flowers in umbel-like corymbs, numerous, 
very double, sweet-scented, nodding. Tube of the calyx a little dilated at the tip. 
Fruit globose, black. A native of China. A climbing shrub, flowering in June 
and July. 



BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 235 

Descrrptinn, cf-c. This is an exceedingly beautiful and very remarkable kind of 
rose; the flowers being small, round, and very double, on long peduncles, and re- 
sembling in form the flowers of the double French che-rry, or that of a small ra- 
nunculus, more than those of the generality of roses. The flowers of R. Banks/^ 
alba are remarkaly fragrant; the scent strongly resembling that of violefs. 

77. R. microca'rpa Lindl. The small-fruited Rose. 
Identification. Lindl. Rosar. Monog., 130, t. 18; Dec. Prod., 2, p. 601. 
Synonyme. R. cymosa Trait. Ros., 1, p. 87. 

Spec. Char., (^^c. Prickles scattered, recurved. Leaflets 3 — 5, lanceolate, shining, 
the two surfaces different in color. Petioles pilose. Stipules bristle-shaped or awl- 
shaped, scarcely attached to the petiole, deciduous. Flowers disposed in dichotomous 
corymbs. Peduncles and calyxes glabrous. Styles scarcely protruded higher than the 
plane of the spreading of the "flower. Fruit globose, pea-shaped, scarlet, shining. Al- 
lied to R. Banksice. A native of China, in the province of Canton. Flowers very nu- 
merous, small, white. A rambling shrub, flowering from May to September. 

1, L. BERBERiFO^LiA Lbidl. The Berberry-leaved Lo\vea. 

Identification. Lindley in Bot. Reg., t. 1261. 

Synonymes. Rosa simplicifulia 5*0/. Hort. AUert., 3,59, Parad. Lond., t. 101, Oli- 
vier' s Voyage, 5, 49, atl. t. 43 ; R. herberiihlm Pall, in Nur. Act. Petr., 10, 379, t. 10, f, 
5, Wllld. Sp., 2, p. lOQ3,'Ait. Hort. Kew., ed. 2, 3, p. 253, Smi!k in Rees' Cyclopcedla, 
RedciUe Ros., 1, 27, t. 2, Lindl. Rosarum Monog., p. 1, French edition, p. 23, Dec. Prod., 
2, p. 602, Spreng. Syst., 2, p. 546, Wullrotli Monog., p. 25. 

Spec. Char., <f«c. Leaves undivided, without stipules, obovate-cuneate, serrated 
at the tip. Prickles decurrent, and of the color of ivory. Sepals entire, subspath- 
ulate. Petals yellow, marked with purple at the base. An undershrub, a native 
of Persia, near Amadan, where it abounds in saltish soil; and also in fields at 
the bottom of Mount Elwend, and in the Desert of Soongaria. It grows to the 
height of 2 ft., and flowers in June and July. It is said to be so common in Per- 
sia, that, according to Michaux, who first brought it into France, it is used for 
healing ovens. 

We have classed this singular plant with the Rose, although Dr. Lindley makes 
it a .separate genus, under the name of Lowea, and with very correct reasoning. 
There are, however, many who have been accustomed to consider it a Rose, and 
would be disappointed in not finding it here, and we therefore give it the old clas- 
sification. 

Description, d^c. The plant of this species in the garden of the London Horti- 
cultural Society is an undershrub, with recumbent, slender, and rather intricate 
branches, and whitish leaves. It rarely flowers ; and, in regard to its propagation 
and culture. Dr. Lindley, in the Bot. Reg. lor Augu.>t, 1829, remarks that no more 
appears to be now known of it, than was at the period of its first introduction in 
1790. " It resists cultivation in a remarkable manner, submitting permanently 
neither to budding nor grafting, nor layering, nor striking from cuttings, nor, in 
short, to any of those operations, one or other of which succeeds with other plants. 
Drought does not suit it ; it does not thrive in wet ; heat has no beneficial effect, 
cold no prejudicial influence; care does not improve it, neglect does not injure it. 
Of all the numerous seedlings raised by the Horticultural Society from seeds sent 
home by Sir Henry Wilcock, and distributed, scarcely a plant remains alive. 
Two are still growing in a peat border in the Ch is wick Garden, but they are 
languishing and unhealthy; and we confess that observation of them, in a living 
state, for nearly four years, has not suggested a single method of improving the 
cultivation of the species." These pJ-jnts still remain without increase; but 
young plants may be obtained in some of the nurseries, which have been raised 
from seeds; and at Vienna, as we are informed by Mr, Charles Rauch, it suc- 
ceeds periectly by budding on the common dog ro.se. 

Thunberg speaks of the Rosa rug'osa, as growing in China and 
Japan, being extensively cultivated in the gardens of those coun- 



236 BOTANICAL CLASSTFTCATTON. 



tries, and producing flov/ers of a pale red or pure white. The 
original plant is of a deep purple color. Siebokl, in his treatise 
on the flowers of Japan, sa3^s that this rose had been already cul- 
tivated in China about eleven hundred years, and that the ladies 
of the Court, under the dynasty of Long, prepared a very choice 
-)Ot-pourri by mixing its petals with mrrsk and camphor. 

More than one hundred distinct varieties are mentioned by 
botanists, in addition to those we have enumerated, but none o^ 
very marked characters or much known. 



LUl AFTER XVI. 



GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 




HE varieties of a plant are, by BotanLvv^, J !» 
f^ signated by names intended to convey an 
idea of certain characteristics, — the form 
and consistency of the leaves — the arrange- 
ment, number, size, and color of the flowers, 
seed-vessels, <fec. The varieties of roses, 
however, have so few distinct characteristics, 
that amateurs find it difficult to give any name expressive of the 
very slight shades of difference in the color or form of the flower. 
Fanciful names have therefore been chosen, indiscriminately, 
according to the taste of the grower ; and Vv^e thus find classed, 
in brotherly nearness, Napoleon and Wellington, Q,ueen Vic- 
toria and Louis Philippe, Othello and Wilberforce, with many 
others. Any half-dozen Enghsh or Frencli rose growers may 
give the name of their favorite Wellington or Napoleon to a rose 
raised by each of them, and entirely different in form and color 
from the other five bearing the same name. Thus has arisen 
the great confusion in rose nomenclature. 

A still greater difficulty and confusion, however, exists in the 
classification adopted by the various English and French rose 
growers. By these, classes are multiplied and roses placed in 
them without sufficient attention to their distinctive characters ; 
these are subsequently changed to other classes, to the utter con- 
fusion of those who are really desirous of attaining some know- 
ledge of the respective varieties. Even Rivers, the most correct 
of them all, has in several catalogues the same rose in as many 



238 



GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 



diffeient classes, and Lis book may perhaps place it in anothet 
He thus coQiments upon this constant change : 

" Within the last ten 3-ears, how many plants have been 
named and unnamed, classed and re-classed ! — Professor A. pla- 
cing it here, and Dr. B. piaciug it ihero ^ I cf^n 'ilmost imagine 
Dame Nature laugliiiig hk her sleeve, when uur p lilosophers are 
thus puzzled. Well, so it is, in a measure, v/ith roses : a variety 
has often equal claims to two classes. First impressions have 
perhaps placed it in one, and there rival amateurs should let it 
remain." 

If there exists, then, this doubt of the proper class to w^;^ck 
many roses belong, we think it would be better to drop entirel , 
this sub-classification, and adopt some more general heads, under 
Dne of which every rose can be classed. It may often be difficult 
to ascertain whether a rose is a Damask, a Provence, or a Hybrid 
China ; but there can be no difficulty in ascertaining w^ietber it 
IS dwarf or climbing, whether it blooms once or more in the year, 
and whether the leaves are rough as in the Remontants, or 
smooth as in the Bengals. We have therefore endeavored to 
simplify the old classification, and have placed all roses under 
three principal heads, viz. : 

I. Those that make distinct and separate periods of bloom 
throughout the season, as the Remontant Roses. 

II. Those that bloom continually, without any temporaiy ces- 
sation, as the Bourbon, China, &.c. 

III. Those that bloom only once in the season, as the French 
and others. 

The first of these includes only the present Damask and Hy- 
brid Perpetuals, and for these we know" no term so expressive as 
the French Remontant. Perpetual does not express their true 
character. 

The second general head we call Everblooming. Tiii.- is 
divided into five classes : 

1. The Bourbon which are easily known b}^ their hixuriant 
growth and thick, large, leathery leaves. These are, moreover, 
perfectly hardy. 



GARDE?^ CLASSIFICATI N. 331; 

2. The China, which inchides the present China, Tea, and 
Noisette Roses, which are now much confused, as there are many 
among the Teas which are not tea-scented, and among the Noi- 
settes which do not hloom in chisters ; they are, moreover, so 
much alike in their growth and habit, that it is better each 
should stand upon its own merits, and not on the characteristics 
of an imaginary class. 

3. Musk, known by its rather rougher foliage. 

4. Macartney, known by its very rich, glossy foliage, almost 
evergreen. 

5. MicROPHYLLA, easily distinguished by its peculiar foliage 
and straggling habit. 

The third oreneral head we divide asrain into five classes : 

1. Garden Roses. This includes all the present French. 
Provence, Hybrid Provence, Hybrid China, Hybrid Bourbon 
White, and Damask Roses, many of which, under the old ar- 
ranofement, differ more from others in their own class than from 
many in another class. 

2. Moss Roses, all of which are easily distinguished. 

3. Briar Roses, which will include the Sweet-Briar, Hybrid 
Sweet-Bria-r, and Austrian Briar. 

4. The Scotch Rose. 

5. Climbing Roses ; which are again divided into all the 
distinctive subdivisions. 

We had thought of making a separate group of roses that are 
so robust as to need some support, and to call these Pillar Roses ; 
but, for various reasons, deem it better to leave them among the 
others for the present, simply designating them as Pillar. In 
describing colors, we have given those which prevail. It is well 
Known that many roses are very variable in this respect, and 
that the same flower Avill frequently be white or yellow, crimson 
or blush, at different periods of its bloom. We have seen a plant 
produce several flowers totally unlike each other, one being 
dark crimson and the other pale blush. We therefore describe 
the prevailing color, and the cultivator should not be disap- 
pointed if his rose, the first season, should not correspond with 



240 GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 

the description ; neither should he be disappointed if a rose which 
we describe as very double, should w^ith him prove very single. 
Transplanting will often temporarily change the character of 
roses, and they often refuse to develop themselves perfectly under 
our hot sun, or in a poor soil. A second season is thus often 
required to test them fairly. We have seen the fine rose figured 
in this v\^ork, La Reine, semi-double and worthless at midsum- 
mer, while at other seasons, and perhaps in a different location, 
.1 is fully equal, if not superior, to our engraving. It is fre- 
quently tlio case, that roses imported from Europe, under glowing 
jlescriptions. prove w^orthless the first season, but fully sustain 
Jieir character the second. We mention these things here, in 
order that the amateur may be prepared for any temporary dis- 
appointment that may occur. In describing two hundred choice 
-arieties, we have endeavored to select those whose character is 
.veil established for superior and distinct qualities. There are 
many equally good that have been necessarily omitted, and there 
are also new varieties we have recently received from Europe, 
which may prove superior to many we have named. 

From this list of two hundred, the rose amateur may feel safe 
•n selecting, without incurring the risk of obtaining inferior vari- 
eties. A descriptive catalogue of 3,000 kinds, with their syiio- 
iiymes, will be found at the end of the work. 



ROSES THAT BLOOM DURING THE WHOLE SEASON. 

REMONTANT ROSES. 

The term Remontant — signifying, literally, to grow again — 
v/e have chosen to desis^nate this class of roses, there beim? no 
word in our own language equally expressive. They were for- 
merly called Damask and Hybrid Perpetuals,* but are distin- 
guished from the true Perpetual or Everblooming Roses by then 
oeculiarity of distinct and separate periods of bloom. They 
'.>loom with the other roses in earlv summer, then ceare for a 



GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 241 

while, thea make a fresh season of bloom, and thus through the 
summer and autumn, differing entirely from the Bourbon and 
Bengal Roses, which grow and bloom continually through the 
summer. In order, therefore, to avoid confusion, we have 
deemed it best to adopt the French terra, Remontant. 

These roses have generally been obtained by hybridization 
between the Hybrid China and Damask and the Bourbon and 
China Roses, uniting the luxuriant growth and hardy character 
of the two former with the everblooming qualities of the latter. 
They are generally large, double, very fragrant, and bloom, 
many of them, freely throughout the season. They are also 
perfectly hardy, and grow well in any climate without protection. 
These qualities render them very desirable, and they are fast 
driving out of cultivation the Garden Roses, which bloom but 
once, and during the rest of the season cumber the ground. 
There are, it is true, among the latter some varieties like Ma- 
dame Plantier, Chenedole, Persian Yellow, and others, that are 
not equaled by any varieties existing among the Remontants. 
Such, however, is the skill now exerted by rose growers, that 
this will not long be the case, and we may hope soon (o have 
among the Remontants, roses of every shade of color, with the 
snow-like whiteness of Mad. Plantier, the golden richness of Per- 
sian Yellow, or the peculiar brilliancy of Chenedole. 

These roses are difficult of propagation in any other w^ay than 
budding, and two or three varieties only will readily take from 
cuttings. When budded on strong stocks, however, they will 
nearly all make luxuriant shoots and show an abundant bloom. 
The following varieties are among the most esteemed for various 
excellent qualities. The other varieties will be found in the list 
at the end of the work. 

Abianda Patenotte is a new rose, and one of a class re- 
cently originated by Yibert, having the scent of the Dog Rose. 
It has large, bright, rose-colored flowers, very double, and globu- 
lar. It is also very fragrant. 

Aubernon is a brilliant and beautiful crimson rose, opens 
well, and blooms abundantly throughout the season. 

21 



242 GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 

Augustine Mouchelet is a beautiful and desirable variety. 
Its color is a rich velvety crimson, slightly shaded, and much re- 
sembling La Reine. As a forcing rose it is not surpassed by any 
in this class, and, under our glass, has scarcely been equaled the 
past two seasons. It has all the fragrance of the Damask Rose, 
opens well, and blooms abundantly. In the open ground, how- 
ever, it is not equal to some other varieties. 

Baronne Prevost is one of the very best of this class, bloom- 
ing freely in autumn, and producing very fragrant flowers, of a 
bright rose color. It is also of luxuriant growth, and large, rich 
foliage. 

Bernard is a desirable rose, with small but very fragrant 
flowers. They are well formed and double, and their color a 
lisrht carmine tinted with salmon. 

Blanche Vibert is one of the new white roses received this 
season from Vibert. It is of the same class with Amanda Pate- 
notte, and one of the few white Remontants. It is of medium 
size and double, slightly inclines to yellow when it first opens, 
and blooms profusely throughout the season. It was considered 
so great an acquisition in Paris, that our correspondent there in- 
voiced it to us last spring at thirty-two francs. 

Comte d'Eu is a fine rose, opening and blooming freely. Its 
color is a bright carmine, inclining to scarlet, its foliage and 
flower somewhat resembling those of Gloire de Rosamene, al- 
though not possessing the pillar habit of that luxuriant rose. 
Its form is cupped. 

Comte de Paris is one of the best, growing and blooming 
freely throughout the summer. It is double and globular, and 
possesses a very agreeable tea scent. Its color is light crimson 
with a shade of lilac. 

Comtesse Duchatel is a cupped and large flower, very 
double, fragrant and perfect. Its color is a bright rose. 

Crimson Perpetual is an old rose, and one of the very best. 
Its form is cupped ; its color is rich crimson ; and its fragrance 
dehghtful. A small bed of these will furnish an abundance of 
flowers through the whole season. It very rarely will flourish on 



GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 2J3 



its own root, but will make liixii riant growths when budded on a 
strong stock. It was introduced by Calvert, a nurseryman of 
Rouen, in France, having been originated by Lelieur, the gardener 
of Louis XVIIL, at Sevres, who wished to name it after himself. 
The rose was, however, so much admired, that the minister 
wished it named Rose du Rol. and appealed to the king, who 
decided in the minister's favor, when Lelieur immediately re- 
signed his situation. 

Dr. Marx is a hardy and luxuriant growing rose, blooms freely 
throughout the summer and autumn, and is very fragrant. Its 
shape is cupped and line, and its color a bright, rosy carmine. 

Due d'Aumale is a new and thrifty variety, with beautiful 
and very fragrant flowers of a bright crimson. 

Duchess of Sutherland is a very beautiful cupped rose. Its 
growth and foliage are very luxuriant, and its color delicate rose. 
It cannot however be relied upon for an autumnal bloom. 

Eliza Balcombe is one of the new white Remontants. Its 
flowers are well formed and small, sometimes slightly tinted with 
blush, and blooming in clusters. Like the other white Remon- 
tants, it is a desirable acquisition to this class. 

Ernestine de Barente is one of the new French roses, and 
is indeed a beautiful little flower, very regularly cuf)ped, very 
double, and in shape much resembling a fine double Ranunculus. 
Its size is scarcely larger than a quarter dollar, and its color is a 
bright pink. With its delicate, small, dark foliage, good habit, 
perfect hardiness, and abundant blooming qualities, it forms one 
of the most desirable little floral gems we know. 

Earl Talbot is a very double and fragrant rose, of the largest 
size. Its color is a deep rose, and it is well adapted for a warm, 
dry climate, and for forcing. 

Lady Alice Peel is a very perfect and beautiful rose, finely 
cupped and very double. Its color is deep pink, often veined 
with red. 

La Reine is the largest Remontant rose known. It is beau- 
tifully cupped, almost globular, very double, and very fragrant. 
Its color is a brilliant rose, slightly tinged with lilac, and as 



244 GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 

bloomed in our grounds, is not at all inferior to the frontispiece. 
Its foliage and habit are very good, and it may fairly rank as one 
of the most magnificent roses. It owes its origin to Laflay, and 
made its appearance in 1843. 

Laurence de Montmorency is a new and very fine variety. 
Its flowers are cupped, well formed, large, and very double. Their 
color is a deep, rosy pink, tinted with lilac. 

Madame Laffay is unsurpassed in beauty of form and bril- 
liancy of color. Its beautifully cupped form is almost perfect, 
althougli of medium size. Its fine, large foliage, and its very 
fragrant flowers of a glowing, rosy crimson, place it at tlie very 
head of this class. It blooms freely throughout the summer and 
autumn, and its form and color render it, like Chenedole, striking 
amonor a thousand flowers. 

Marq-Uise Boqella is a rose of ver}^ robust but rather dwarf 
habit, with stitF and erect flower-stems. Its flower is fragrant, 
large, very double, and of a pale rose color. It is a free bloomer, 
and one of the best of the pale Remontant roses. 

Mauget. This is one of a new class of Moss Roses, bloom- 
ing in the autumn. It is of medium size, double, and of a deep 
rose color, and is valuable as a mossy Remontant. It will 
probably give rise to an interesting series of new varieties. 

Mogador is a very double and superb rose, of robust habit. 
Its form is beautifully cupped, and its color a brilliant crimson, 
slightly shaded witli purple. The above name is one of its 
synonymes, but we have chosen it as being rather more pro- 
nounceable than its legitimate name of Hose du Roi afleurs 
]j6ur])7^es, or even that given it by the English rose growers, of 
tSiiperb Crimson Perpetual. We think it always better to guard 
against confusion ; and there is already one Crimson Perpetual. 

PoMPONE DE Ste. Radegonde is oiie of the new roses, and 
is a most abundant bloomer throughout the summer and autumn, 
sometimes almost hidins: the foliasre wiih its flowers. These are 
well formed and of a deep rose color, inclining to violet. 

Prince Albert is one of the most beautiful of this class, 
scarcely second to any but Mad. Laffay. Its flowers are double, 



GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 2\o 



finely formed, and unusually fragrant. Its color is a deep crim- 
son purple, and it is one of the best forcing roses. 

Prince of Wales is a remarkably vigorous and luxuriant 
growing variety. In good soils it would make a fine pillar rose. 
Its Howe IS are produced in very large clusters, and are of a bright 
rose color tinted with lilac. 

Prudence Raeser is a very fragrant rose, blooming in laro-e 
and very beautiful clusters. Its flowers are cupped, finely formed, 
and of medium size. Its color is pale rose witli fawn centre. 
Every shoot gives a cluster of flowers tjiioughout the summer 
and autumn, and it is weii adapted for pillars. 

Reine de la Guillotiere is a free blooming rose, with 
glossy foliage and brilliant crimson flowers. 

Rivers is one of the best cupped roses, blooming abundantly 
all the autumn, and producing its large, crimson flowers in beau- 
tiful clusters. 

Robin Hood is a very symmetrical and perfect rose, very fra- 
grant, and of a deep, rosy pink. Its finely cupped flowers are 
produced in large clusters. 

Stanwell is a Scotch Remontant, and has the peculiar foliage 
and habit of the Scotch roses. Its flowers are large, blush- 
colored, and rather flat. It is an abundant and constant bloomer 
throughout the season, and its peculiar, delightful fragrance ren- 
ders it very desirable. 

William Jesse is one of the very largest roses in this class, 
scarcely second in size to La Reine. Its flowers open freely, but 
require good culture to be produced abundantly in the autumn. 
Its form is cupped, and its color crimson, witli a tinge of lilac. 

The directions for the culture of Remontant roses are very 
much the same as for roses in general, and will be found in a 
preceding chapter. In order to ensure a perfect autumnal bloom, 
it is well to shorten a large number of the flower-bearing shoots, 
as soon as the flower buds appear early in summer ; for tliere is 
then a great abundance of summer roses, and these are not 
needed. The plant will then furnish a fine bloom the latter part 
of summer, and through the autumn. The faded blooms should 

21* 



246 GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 

also be removed from the plant, as, if left to form seed-vessels, 
much of the sap is diverted from the support of the young shoots 
For forcing (according to directions given in a preceding chapter) 
the Remontant Roses are very beautiful. From tlieir luxuriant 
growth they also form very fine tree roses. A few varieties, in the 
list at the end of the work, will sometimes make barren shoots. As 
soon as this is perceived, they should be cut down to eight or ten 
buds, and will then generally give flowering branches. 

The Remontant is a valuable class of roses, and will doubtless 
soon furnish so great a variation in form and color as to drive 
out of cultivation the old summer varieties. 



EVERBLOOMING ROSES. 

These roses are distinguished from the Remontant by bloom- 
ing continually throughout the season, without any temporary 
oessation. They include the Bourbon, the Bengal and its sub- 
varieties, the Tea and Noisette, the Musk, the Macartney, and 
the Microphylla Roses. They number almost every variety of 
form and color, and tlieir character of constant blooming renders 
them very desirable wherever the climate will allow their culti- 
vation. 

BOURBON ROSES. 

For this latitude, or even that of Albany and Boston, this is 
perhaps the most desirable class of roses ; and even in the Southern 
States, its valuable qualities will make it a formidable competitor 
for the Tea-scented Rose. These qualities are, its perfect hardi- 
ness, its very thick, leathery foliage, its luxuriant growth, its con- 
stant bloom, and its thick, velvety petals of a consistency to endure 
even the burning heat of a tropical sun. It was introduced into 
France by Jacques, head gardener of the Duke of Orleans, at 
Neuilly, who received it in 1819 from Breoii, director of the royal 
gardens, in the Isle of Bourbon. The following account of its 
origin is given by Breon, and is also mentioned by Rivers : 



GARDEN CLASSlFlCATiUX. 247 

"At the Isle of Bourbon, the inhabitants generally inclose their 
land with hedges made of two rows of roses ; one row of the com- 
mon China Rose, the other of the Red Four Seasons. M. Peri- 
chon, a planter in the island, found in one of these iiedges a 
young plant, differing very much from the others in its shoots 
and foliage. This he transplanted into his garden. It flowered 
the following year, and proved to be of a new race, and very differ- 
ent from the above two roses, which at that time w^ere the only 
varieties known in the island." 

Its resemblance to the Bengal Rose was, however, so strong, 
that it was soon considered a variety of that species. Its char- 
acteristics, are, however, so entirely different from the Bengal, 
particularly in its entire hardiness, that we give it a separate 
place in our garden classification. To the French we owe nearly 
all the varieties of this class which have been produced from the 
original semi-double rose, or Bourbon Jacques, as it was called. 
Of these varieties, the following are distinct, and possess many 
charming qualities that cannot fail to gratify the amateur : 

Augustine Lelieuii is one of the most brilliant and beautiful 
of this class, w^ith erect, bell-shaped flowers. Its form is cupped, 
and its color vivid rose. 

BouGtuET DE Flore is a superb cupped rose, with large, double 
and fragrant flowers of a deep carmine. In rich soils, it will 
make a good pillar rose. 

Charlemagne is a new and very beautiful rose, grown by 
Dorisy, a French cultivator. It is a large flower, with pointed 
petals, blooming freely, and of vigorous habit. Its color is 
variable ; sometimes white, and sometimes rose and carmine. 

CoMiCE DE Seine et Marne is a new and superb cupped 
rose, with brilliant crimson flowers. 

CoMTE DE Rambuteau is a rose of fine foliage and habit. Its 
flower is cupped, and of a deep crimson hue, tinged with lilac. 
It is well adapted for forcing. 

Dr. Chaillot is new and very distinct. Its flower is of me- 
dium size, delicate rose- color, and very beautiful. 



248 GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 

Edouard Desfosses is a very beautiful cupped rose, of very 
symmetrical shape. Its color is a bright rose. 

Emile Courtier is one of the finest roses of this group. Its 
form is cupped, double and perfect, and its color is deep rose. 

Enfant d'Ajaccio is a very robust growing rose, making 
shoots twelve or fifteen feet long. As a pillar rose, or even a 
climber, it is perhaps the best of this group. Its flower is double, 
cupped, very fragrant, and of a brilliant scarlet crimson. 

George Cuvier is a very distinct rose, with cupped and ele- 
gant flowers. Its color is a beautiful light cherry. 

Gloire de Rosamene is a rose of very luxuriant growth and 
large foliage. It will make longer shoots in the same period than, 
any other rose in this group, and will form a good pillar rose or. 
climber. It is an abundant bloomer, and its flowers are cupped, 
large, semi-double, and of a brilliant deep scarlet. 

Grand Capitaine is a fine cupped rose, with serrated foliage. 
Its color is a brilliant velvety scarlet. 

Hkrmosa is an old variety, but still one of the very best of 
this group. Its form is cupped, very double and perfect, and no 
rose blooms more abundantly, either forced or in the open ground. 
Its color is delicate rose. The plant is of medium growth, and 
well adapted, for grouping or for planting in beds with Mrs. Bo- 
sanquet and Agrippina. 

Imperatrice Josephine is a very beautiful variety, bloom- 
ing in immense clusters of a delicate pink. Its form is cupped, 
and the very robust habit of the plant makes it a good pillar rose. 

Julie de Loynes is a fragrant white rose, blooming in clus- 
ters. This is an instance of the disadvantage of the old classi- 
fication, having been placed alternately among the Noisettes and 
Bourbons. Its foliage and habit, however, make it clearly a 
Bourbon. 

Lavinie d'Ost is a large and very double variety, of a pale 
rose-color. Its form is cupped, and its very vigorous habit adapts 
it well for pillars. 

Leveson Gower is a new rose, of so great merit as to com- 
mand twenty-five francs in Paris. It is very large and double 



GARDEN Cr^ASSIFICATION. 249 



and of a deep rose color. It is said to be fully equal in form to 
Souvenir de Malmaison, and if so, will prove a superb variety. 
Although a very beautiful rose, it has not bloomed sufficiently 
long in our grounds to test its claims to the above high character. 

Madame Angelina is a very distinct and beautiful variety, 
resembling Queen of B()ur])ons in habit. Its flowers are cupped, 
double, finely formed, and of a lovely pale-creainy fawn color. 

Madame Aunis is a vigorous growing rose, and suitable for 
pillars. Its (lowers are cupped, finely formed, large, and of a 
bright rose color. Many of these roses arc suitable for |)illars, if 
well cultivated and watered with liquid manure, either from the 
barn-yard or made with two pounds of guano to twelve gallons 
of water. 

Madame Desprez is a very robust rose, blooming in larger 
clusters than any other of this class. Its form is cupped and 
very double, its color is a rosy lilac, and its luxuriant growth 
makes it one of the best pillar roses. 

Madame Lacharme is a new variety, of the same habit as 
the preceding. Its flowers are of a rich blush, inclining to white. 
It blooms in clusters of beautifully-formed and double fiowers. 

Madame Nerard is a fragrant and very perfectly-shaped 
rose, of a delicate blush color. 

Menoux is a new and very brilliant scarlet rose. Its form ig 
cup()ed and fine, and it is one of the most beautiful dwarf-grow- 
ing roses. 

Paul Joseph is the most beautiful of the dark, purplish-crim- 
son roses. Its growth is robust and luxuriant, and its large, 
thick, deep glossy-green foliage contrasts well with its brilliant 
crimson flowers. 

Premices des Charpennes is a new, delicate rose-colored 
variety, of moderate growth. Its flower is cupped, and its petals 
are regular and unusually pointed. 

Q^ueen is a very beautiful and delicate rose-colored variety, 
slightly tinged with buflf. It is cupped, very fragrant, large, and 
double, and its petals are arranged with a beautiful, wax-like 
regularity. 



250 GARDEN CLASSIFICATION, 



Reine des Vierges is a new rose, much resembling' Souvenir 
de Malmaison. Its flowers are more pale, and smaller than that 
variety, but perfect and regular in their shape. 

SoucHET is a new and very fine variety, with large, double, 
and perfectly cupped flowers. Its color is dark-crimson, shaded 
with purple. 

Souvenir de Malmaison is altogether the most perfect and 
superb rose of this or any other class. It was originated by Be- 
luze, a Frenchman. Its flowers are cupped and of very perfect 
form, very double, with thick, velvety petals ; they are of the 
largest size, often four to five inches in diameter, and their color 
delicate blush, with a rich tint of cream. Its large and very 
luxuriant foliage, compact habit, and flowers of exceeding beauty, 
render this the very finest rose known. We should have figured 
it, had we been famihar with its beauty at the time our engrav- 
ings were executed. 

Splendens is a fragrant rose, of robust and very luxuriant 
habit. It opens well, and is an abundant bloomer. Its color is 
rich purplish-crimson, and its leaves are remarkably large and 
beautiful. It will make a good pillar rose. 

Triomphe de la Guillotiere is one of the most vigorous 
pillar roses of this family. It blooms in large clusters of deep 
rosy-red flowers. 

Many of these varieties of Bourbon roses are well adapted for 
pot-culture and forcing. For window culture some of them are 
unsurpassed, when budded on strong stocks. Nearly all of them 
are so difiicult of propagation by cuttings, that they will be 
found budded, in most of the nurseries. When planted m groups 
in a rich soil, and with a skilful blending of colors, they will pre- 
sent a beautiful show of leaf and flower throughout the season ; 
they make, also, fine standards for a lawn, and many of them are 
almost sufliciently luxuriant to make a good hedge. They do 
not require so much pruning as Perpetuals, but should be thinned 
out in the winter, and shortened to half a dozen buds. We hope 
to see this class of roses more generally cultivated, for it is cer- 



GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 251 

tainly not surpassed by any other, and in many important quali- 
ties it is unequaled. 

CHINA ROSES. 

It is now nearly half a century since this abundant blooming 
rose was introduced into Europe from India, and was called the 
Bengal Rose. It was, however, not indigenous to India, but was 
brought to that country from China. It is, therefore, more ap- 
propriately called the China Rose. The numerous varieties have 
been produced from two distinct species — Rosa Indica and Rosa 
Semperflorens ; but the garden varieties from these distinct spe- 
cies have so run into each other, that it is impossible to classify 
them by their parentage. Next to the Bourbon, this is perhaps 
the most valuable class of roses ; but, in this climate, need pro- 
tection from the cold. This, however, can be easily afforded by 
means of salt hay or straw. They bloom most freely and abun- 
dantly — flower succeeding bud and bud succeeding bloom through- 
out the whole season. Such is their ever-blooming nature, that, 
if brought into a mild temperature on the approach of cold 
weather and properly pruned, they will bloom the whole year 
without cessation. This quality renders them peculiarly adapted 
for early and late forcing and for window culture ; for, by means 
of them a regular succession of abundant bloom can be enjoyed 
during what are deemed the dreariest months of the year. This 
class is also valuable for the great range of color taken by its 
varieties. When planted in a good soil, it grows very thriftily 
and makes strong shoots. A French writer speaks of a plant of 
this species in the vicinity of Paris, which was twice the height 
of a man, and formed a bush so thick that four persons could 
scarcely embrace it. At the time of its first bloom, this bush was 
said to h^ve borne some two to three thousand flowers, and during 
the remainder of the season bore many hundreds at a time. In 
some parts of Europe it is used for making hedges, which are 
regularly pruned with shears, and arbors are also formed, fr'^m 
nine to ten feet high, which are generally in bloom during nine 
months of the year. 



252 GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 



Audot, in his '' Notes sur les Jardins d'ltalie," speaks of hav- 
ing' seen, in the garden of an Englislnnan named Mills, on the 
site of the ancient imperial palaces at Rome, a number of rose 
arcades, called, by the Italians, Pergoles (see fig. 17). The 
columns or posts which formed them were about nine feet high, 
and the same distance apart. This pergole was constructed of 
very light material, and entirely covered with a free-growing 
variety of the China Rose, which is never injured by the cold in 
the mild climate of Italy. "It is impossible," says Audot, "to 
conceive a more splendid bloom than that of these roses, trained 
upon pergoles so graceful. The foliage disappeared under the 
gorgeous drapery of glittering roses." 

This rose is particularly adapted for l)edding out upon a lawn. 
Now that an improved taste is discarding the old and regular 
Uower-garden, and in its place beds and patches of llowers are 
scattered about the lawn, there are few objects more beautiful 
than circular or oval beds of China roses, scattered in graceful 
irregularity, and intermingled with groups of trees and shrubs. 
They should' be kept free from weeds, and when the soil is rich 
and the thrifty yoimg shoots arc kept pegged down, these slashes 
W'ill present a beautiliil mass of foliage and bloom in every va- 
riety of color. It frequently happens that the grounds about a 
house are of such a nature as to require several terraces. A very 
beautiful display can be formed by planting the perpendicular or 
sloping sides of these terraces with dwarf-growing Clhina Roses, 
which, when kept pegged down, and in dry weather occasionally 
Avatered, will present a rich and glowing mass of bloom. 

It is since the advent of the China Rose and its congeners, the 
Bourbons and Remontants, that the rose can be said to have 
taken its true place as the most valuable flower of the garden. 
While the rose was only known as blooming once in the. season, 
there was some excuse for the preference given to hyacinths, 
tulips, carnations, &c. ; but at this time, while the latter require 
so very careful culture, and then bloom but for a short time, they 
cannot compare in value with the many varieties of Remontant, 
Bourbon, and China Roses, which furnish a constant succession 



GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 253 

of bloom throughout the season. The Tea and Noisette Rose^? 
have been generally classed distinct from the China ; they aie, 
however, but varieties of the latter, and tlicrc is so much confu- 
sion in the old classification, that the amateur is frequently mis- 
led. Many of the roses now classed among the China hai'e a 
strong tea scent, and many of the present Tea Roses have very 
little fragrance. The characteristic of the Noisette Rose is un- 
derstood to be its cluster-blooming habit. In the Noisette Roses, 
however, as formerly classed, there are some varieties that do not 
bloom in clusters, and among the China, Tea, and Bourbon, 
many that frequently bloom in clusters. With this confusion 
existing, we have thought it best to place them altogether under 
then true head of China Roses. For the benefit of those who 
may have been accustomed to the old classification, we have 
given each its old designation of Tea or Noisette, as classed by 
Rivers, Vibert, and others. 

The original variety of the Tea Rose was imported from China 
into France in 1810, and the yellow variety in 1824. Many of 
the tea-scented varieties have thick, rich petals, fine foliage, and 
beautiful colors ; they are, however, more tender than others. In 
the warm climate of Italy and our Southern States they grow 
and bloom most beautifully, and are general favorites. Above 
all other roses, they require a rich soil, with a dry bottom and 
X sheltered situation ; they will sometimes endure our winters 
with the thermometer at zero, but it is better to protect them by 
means of straw and hay, or of boards upon low stakes. Perhaps 
the least troublesome way of protecting them is, to have one or 
more hot-bed frames, six feet by twelve and about a foot and 
a half or two feet deep. This can be set several inches in the 
ground, and litter of any kind placed around the sides. The 
roses can be carefully taken up, and planted in this frame as 
thick as they will stand. The top can then be covered with 
boards a little slanting, to carry ofT the rain, and the plants will 
be sufficiently protected. If the weather is very severe, some 
litter can also be placed upon the top. The^whole can be made of 
rough boards very cheaply, and will protect a great many plants. 

22 



254 GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 

The original Noisette Rose is stated, both by English and 
P^rench writers, to have been introduced into France by Louis 
Noisette, the author of a work on fruits, who received it, early in 
the present centur}', from his brother in Charleston, S. C. An 
English writer, however, contradicts this, and states that it was 
raised in Long Island, whence a plant was taken to Rouen by 
one Landorme, some time before Noisette received his plant from 
America. Be this as it may, the variety was much admired in 
Paris, and very soon all roses blooming in clusters began to be 
called Noisettes, even when like Smithii, Chromatella, and others, 
they had very few of the distinctive characters of the first Noisette 
Rose, for the true Noisette roses are distinct both in habit and 
bloom. The original Noisette was at first thought a Musk Rose, 
being precisely similar to a variety raised from the seed of the 
Musk Rose by M. Robeit, overseer of the Marine Garden at 
Toulon, in France. Subsequently, various writers and botanists, 
Loudon among them, have made it a variety of the Bengal Rose. 
With this authority, and with the fact before us that the lines of 
difference between the old China, Tea, and Noisette Roses very 
much run into each other, we think we are fully warranted in 
the adoption of our present classification, which is intended less 
for the benefit of the botanist or the nurseryman than for the con- 
venience of the amateur. 

Like other classes, this of the China Rose includes a great 
number of varieties, wdiich, with their synonymes, may be found 
at the end of the work. The following are some of the best, and 
their quality is such as to ensure the amateur good varieties, 
whichever of them he may select : 

Adam, T., is one of the finest new tea-scented roses. Its 
flowers are cupped, very double and large, and of perfect form. 
It*is very fragrant, and its color is a rich, glossy rose. 

Agrippina, though an old rose, is still one of the best and 
most popular of its class. As a forcing rose, and for an abundance 
of bloom, it is largely cultivated by bouquet venders. It is cupped, 
beautifully formed, and of a rich, brilliant crimson, with a deli- 



GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 255 

cate white stripe in the centre of each petal. It is one ©f the 
most hardy and desirable of the old China Roses. 

AiMEE Plantier is a fine, large rose, cupped and very double. 
Its color is bright fawn, tinted with blush, and it is one of the 
hardiest of the class. 

AiMEE ViBERT, N., is One of the most beautiful of the Noisette 
or cluster-flowering roses. It blooms freely through the season, 
is tolerably hardy, and produces an abundance of small, snow- 
white flowers, in fine clusters. 

Archduke Charles is a fine cupped and hardy rose (in this 
class we always use hardy comparatively). Its color is rose, 
changing to crimson during expansion, and having frequently a 
beautiful carnation-like appearance. 

Augustine Hersent is a very hardy and luxuriant-growing 
variety, of distinct character ; its form is cupped, and its color a 
fine bright rose. 

Barbot, T., is a very large cuppea rose, tea-scented and of a 
beautiful fawn color. 

Bocage, T., is a very beautiful new tea-scented variety. Its 
flowers are large and double, and of a delicate white, tinged with 
yellow. 

Bougere, T., is a very large, superb rose, one of the very best 
of the tea-scented varieties. Its form is cupped, and its color a 
rich, glossy, bronzed rose. 

Boulogne, N., is a brilliant cupped rose, blooming in clusters 
of a deep crimson-purple. 

BouauET TOUT FAIT, N., is a very luxuriant-growing pillar 
rose, blooming in immense clusters. It is very fragrant, and its 
color is creamy white, with buflf toward the centre. 

Caprice des Dames is a very beautiful little miniature rose, 
formerly classed with others of the same character, under the 
name of Rosa Lawrenceana. Its foliage is beautiful and deli- 
cate, and its very small, fairy flowers are of a bright rose color. 
For window culture these little miniature roses are very beautiful. 

Caroline, T., is a fine variety, with very double and perfect 
flowers, of a bright rose color. 



256 GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 

Chuomatella, N.j is a truly magnificent and splendid rose, 
raised at Angers (France), from Lamarque ; and, as bloomed in 
our vinery and grounds, is fully equal to our engraving. It is of 
robust ha'bit, and its luxuriant shoots would make it a fine pillar 
rose. Its leaves are large and glossy, with a beautiful, rich pur- 
ple edge when young. The bud is of a rich cream color, but 
when the large globular flower is fully expanded, its color is a 
brilliant and beautiful yellow, Avith petals whose ihickness will 
endure the hottest sun without fading. When the plant is young, 
it is rather a shy bloomer, but when of some age and in a good 
soil and location, nothing can exceed the magnificence of its 
superb flowers. In our grounds it has endured our coldest win- 
ters, but it would be safest to protect it. 

Clara Sylvain is one of the best white roses of the old 
China class. It grows very freely, and gives its globular, pure 
white and fragrant flowers in the greatest abundance. 

Clarissa Harlowe, N., is a fine cluster-flowering variety, 
with very large and double flowers, of a pale blush color. Its 
vigorous and luxuriant growth adapts it well for pillars. 

CoMTE DE Paris, T., is a superb cupped and tea-scented 
rose, whose magnificent size and hardy, robust nature fully com- 
pensate for its deficiency of petals, when fully expanded. Its 
foliage is large, its growth is very luxuriant, and its flowers of a 
pale rose color. 

CoMTE Osmond, T., is a new and fine rose, with very double 
flowers, of a beautiful cream color. 

Daily Blush is one of the oldest China Roses, but one of the 
very best. There can be nothing more perfect than ils half- 
expanded bud, of a hght crimson, incUning to blush. It com- 
mences blooming among the earliest, and, if the old seed-vessels 
are picked off, will continue to bloom abundantly through the 
summer and autumn, even after severe frosts. It is one of the 
hardiest of the class, and if left in this latitude unprotected dur- 
ing the winter, will lose no more wood than it will be necessary 
to cut out in the spring. It grows freely, and making a stiff', up- 
right bushj would be well adapted for a hedge — the winter per- 



GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 257 



forming the office of the shears. We recollect seeing at Genoa, 
in Italy, a beautiful hedge of this rose, which, even at that time, 
in mid-winter, had not lost all its foliage. We can imagine few 
thinsrs more beautiful than a well-cultivated hedffe of tliis rose, 
with its smooth, glossy foliage well sprinkled with the beautiful 
ruby-tinted buds. 

Daily White is very similar to the preceding, in everything 
but the color of its flowers, which are pure white. Lii^e the 
other, its fully expanded flowers are inferior to many other varie- 
ties, but its half-blown buds are very perfect, and make it a de- 
sirable plant for the bouquet-maker. 

Devoniensis, T., is a very beautiful rose, of immense size. 
Like Chromatella, it is sometimes a shy bloomer when young, 
but is well adapted for forcing. Its form is cupped, and its color 
a line creamy white, tinted with rose. 

Duchess of Kent is a very beautiful variety. It is very 
double, with a perfect form, and of a delicate blush and pink 
color. 

DucHESSE de Mecklenburgh, T., is a very beautiful tea- 
scented variety, with very large cupped flowers, of a creamy 
yellow or straw color. 

Eclair de Jupiter, N., is a very distinct pillar rose, of most 
luxuriant habit. Its flowers are cupped, semi-double, and large. 
The inside of the petals is of a light vivid crimson, and the out- 
side of a peculiar whitish appearance, as if powdered. 

Eliza Sauvage, T., is one of the finest of the tea-scented 
roses. Its habit is good, its bloom is free and abundant, and its 
very large and double globular flowers are of a fine pale 3/^ellow, 
with orange centre. 

Eugenie Jovin, T., is one of the best of the new roses, scarcely 
inferior to any in this list. Its flowers are large, abundant, and 
of a flesh-colored white, slightly tinted with fawn. 

Fabvier is a good rose, and hardy. It is desirable for its 
distinct flowers, whose color is a very brilliant and beautiful 
scarlet. 

Fellenberg, N.j is one of the finest crimson cluster-blooming 

22* 



258 GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 



roses. Its form is cupped, its color brilliant crimson, and when 
well grown, is of very good habit. 

GouBAULT, T., is one of the most hardy of the tea-scented 
roses, and its growth is luxuriant. It is very fragrant, its form 
is cupped, and its color bright rose. 

Grandiflora is one of the most luxuriant and robust of the 
old China Roses, and a distinct, excellent variety. Its flowers 
are crimson, globular, and of the largest size. 

Jaune Desprez, N., is an old variety of first-rate excellence, 
and scarcely surpassed by any in this list. Its form is cupped, 
and its color a singular rosy-copper, inchning to fawn. It is 
of large size, and its delightful fragrance is sufficient to perfume 
a distance of many yards. It is very hardy, and of robust and 
luxuriant growth, making a fine pillar of twelve to fifteen feet in 
height. 

Josephine Malton, T., is a beautiful tea-scented variety, 
with finely-cupped and large flowers, of a creamy white. Its 
hardy and robust nature, combined with its beauty of form and 
color, render it a very desirable rose. 

Julie Mansais, T., is a large and superb tea-scented rose, 
globular, and very fragrant. Its color is white, with lemon centre. 

LAMARauE, N., is a well-known and superb variety, whose 
very vigorous growth adapts it well for a pillar, or even for a 
climber, as in rich soils and favorable locations it will make 
shoots of fifteen feet in a season. When budded on a strong 
stock, few roses can surpass its large cupped and straw-colored 
flowers, weighing down the stems with their weight. It is a 
fragrant and most desirable variety. 

Lyonnais, T., is a hardy and very large rose, of a pale flesh- 
color, and blooming freely. Its half-opened buds are really beau- 
tiful. 

Madame Breon is one of the new China Roses, and one ot 
the very best. Its flowers are very large and double, beautifully 
cupped, and of a brilliant rose color. Few of the old China Roses 
can surpass it. 

Marshal Bugeaud, T., is a new and superb tea-scented 



GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 259 

rose. Its habit is very luxuriant and robust, and its shoots are 
armed with large and stout thorns. Its cupped and beautifully- 
formed flowers are large, very double, and of a bright rose color. 

Moire, T., is one of the best tea-scented roses for a hot cli- 
mate, having very thick petals. Its form is cupped and large, 
and its color a beautiful fawn, tinted sometimes with cream and 
rose. 

Mrs. BosANauET is one of the most desirable of the old China 
Roses, and there are few^ in any other class that can surpass it. 
Its growth is luxuriant, and its superb cupped, wax-like flowers, 
are of a delicate flesh-color, and are produced in the greatest 
abundance. 

Narcisse, N., is a new and very beautiful yellow rose, bloom- 
ing freely in clusters. Its form is rather expanded, when fully 
open, but its buds are beautiful. Its good habit, its abundant 
blooming quality, and its fine color, render it one of the very best 
of the yellow roses. 

Ne Plus Ultra, N., is one of the best of the cream-colored 
roses. Its form is cupped, it is very fragrant, and is well adapted 
for forcing. 

O PHI RE, N., is a medium-sized rose, of a very singular color, 
entirely different from any other rose known, being a briglit 
salmon, almost saffron. It blooms in clusters, and its luxuriant 
habit would make it a good pillar rose. 

Pactole, N., is one of the very best of the cluster-flowering 
roses. Its form is cupped, and its color pale sulphur, with a 
deep yellow centre. It blooms very abundantly, and is robust 
and hardy. 

Phaloe, N., is one of the new cluster-flowering roses, and is 
very beautiful. It is an abunda-nt bloomei-, and its large flowers 
are of a whitish-fawn color, beautifully clouded with rose. 

Pourpre de Tyr, N., is a new variety, large and very double, 
with brilliant crimson flow^ers. Its robust habit and its large, 
dark-green foliage, make it a good pillar rose. 

Prince Charles is a beautiful cupped rose, with large and 
globular flowers of a brilliant carmine. 



260 GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 

Princesse Adelaide, T., is a highly improved variety of 
the old Yellow Tea Rose, and of deeper color. Its flowers are 
cupped, large, and very double. 

Princesse Marie, T., is one of the finest tea-scented roses. 
Its flowers are very large, often more than four inches in diame- 
ter, and of a dark flesh-color. 

Retour du Printemps is a very pretty miniature rose, for- 
merly classed as Rosa Lawrenceana. It is quite distinct, with 
bright rose-colored and cupped flowers, surrounded by a curious 
calyx. The plant is as luxuriant as any of its congeners, and 
the leaves are deeply tinged with red. 

Safrano, T., is scarcely excelled by any rose. Its half- 
opened bud is very beautiful, and of a rich deep fawn color. 
When open, its form is cupped, and its color a much lighter 
fawn. These fawn-colored roses have peculiar charms for us ; 
and of them all, there are none more beautiful or richer than 
Safrano. 

SiLENE, T., is a very beautiful tea-scented rose, cupped, very 
double, and fragrant. Its color is rose, shaded with crimson, and 
the plant is hardy and of luxuriant growth. 

Smithii, N., although an old rose, is one of the very finest we 
possess. Its form is large and globular, and, when full-blown, is 
of a rich straw color, with j^ellow centre. Its half-expanded bads 
are beautifully formed, and of a rich yellow. It blooms in clus- 
ters, opens freely, and is a very luxuriant grower. 

SoLFATERRE, N., is another superb rose, of very much the 
same character. Its flowers are large and globular, inclining to 
flat, and their color bright lemon. When half opened, the buds 
are superb. Like Chromatella (and Lamarque, the parent of 
both), its growth is very luxuriant. Rivers mentions a plant 
which threw out a shoot from a single bud eighteen feet in 
one season, and the next season was covered with flower- 
buds. 

Souvenir d'un Ami, T., is a new tea-scented rose, purchased 
in France for 15 francs ; and with none of the high-priced roses 
have we been so well pleased as with this. It is indeed the 



GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 261 

queen of the tea-scented roses, and will rank the very first among 
them. Its habit is good, it blooms freely, and its large and beau- 
tifully imbricated flowers, when open, nuich resemble in form 
those of Souvenir de Malmaison. Its color is a delicate salmon, 
shaded with rose, and its general character highly recommends 
it as first-rate in every respect. 

Strombiot, T., is an old tea-scented variety, but still one of 
the finest. lis habit is good, and its large flowers are beautiful 
and cream-colored. 

Sully is a new and very beautiful rose. Its flowers are fi-nely 
cupped, large, very double, and tjuite fragrant. Its color is a 
pale rose, shaded with fawn. 

Triomphe de Luxembourg, T., is an old and well-known 
tea-scented variety, and remarkably fine. On its first appear- 
ance, it was sold in Paris as high as 40 francs per plant. Its 
cupped flowers are of immense size, and, when half-blown, of 
great beauty. Their color is buff-rose, slightly tinged with yel- 
low. The plant is of luxuriant growth. 

In the preceding list, we have given some of the best varieties 
of the China Rose, and trust the amateur will find no difficulty 
in selecting. Many of the varieties we have designated as pillar 
roses ; and these, so trained, would be beautiful ol3Jects on a lawn, 
either singly, or in groups of three to a dozen. Where the height 
of the pillars can be gently graduated to the highest in the centre, 
the effect will be very fine. In the chapter on Culture, we have 
given more particular directions for pillar cultivation. Many of 
the luxuriant growing varieties can be trained upon a common 
pale fence, and will cover it with flowers and foliage the whole 
season. Straw can be easily thatched over to protect them from 
the severity of winter, or bass mats would be still better. There 
is another very beautiful mode of cultivating the most dehcate 
of these tea-scented roses, which we have never seen adopted, 
but which we are confident would produce a very fine effect. A 
large three or four gallon pot should be procured, and painted 
green on the outside ; a locust post should tlien be obtained, some 



2G2 GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 

three or four inches in difimcter, and five to twelve feet in heij^ht, 
according to the usual lengtli of the shoots of the variety of ro.-^c 
to he planted. Upon tlie top of this post can he placed a circular 
or square piece of board, the diameter of the bottom of the pot. 
The post sliould then be planted firmly in the ground and painted 
grefcn. Fill the pot with rich soil, as directed in a j)receding' 
chapter ; plant in it one or two roses of pillar varieties, and place 
it on the top of tlie post! The surface of the soil should then bo 
covered with moss, and if the sides can also be covered, the good 
effect will be enhanced. The plants, if strong, will soon throw 
out long, graceful shoots, which, drooping to the ground, will 
hide the pot and post, and present the appearance of an ever- 
blooming weeping tree of great beauty. If a pyramid is desired, 
wires can be carried from the top of the post to the ground, some 
tw^o or three feet from its base, and the shoots trained down these. 
We can imagine few things more beautiful than Chromatella and 
Solfaterre, or Bourbon Madame Lacharme growing and blooming 
in this way. 

MUSK ROSES. 

The Musk Rose grows naturally in Persia and other eastern 
countries, where it attains the height of a small tree, and is 
doubtless the rose which has been celebrated by eastern poets. 
It is also found in India, wliere it is })robably the species used 
for making attar. In tliis latitude it is quite hardy, and we have 
a plant of the old White Musk in our grounds, that has^braved 
the severity of more than twenty winters. It has already, this 
season, made shoots of more than six feet, and in our Southern 
States moie than double the growth would probably be obtained. 
The blossoms appear in clusters, and commencing later than any 
other rose, continue abundant throughout the season. The Old 
White Cluster has been widely distributed throughout the coun- 
try, and is deservedly a favorite. The two best varieties,- how- 
ever, arc the following : 

Eponine is a cupped and very double variety, Avith the pe- 
culiar musk fragrance. It is pure wliite, and a very pretty rose. 

Princess of Nassau is a luxuriant-growing and very fra- 



GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 263 

grant variety, and would make a good pillar rose. It blooms 
in large clusters of cupped flowers, changing from yellow to crcarn- 
color as they open. 

MACARTNEY ROSES. 

This rose was brought from China to England, by Lord Mac- 
artney, in 1793. Its habit is luxuriant, and its foliage is more 
beautiful than that of any other rose, fls leaves being thick and 
of a rich glossy green. It commences blooming about midsum- 
mer, and its flowers, whose fragrance is like the perfume of an 
apricot, succeed each other without interruption till the first frosts, 
while the leaves remain till the very latest. Although as hardy 
as the hardiest of the China Roses, it w^ould be better in this lati- 
tude to give it the same protection as recommended for the China. 
It is one of the most desirable roses for beds or borders. When 
covering the whole ground, and kept well pegged down, its rich, 
glossy foliage, gemmed with fragrant flowers, produces a beau- 
tiful effect. The varieties of this rose are very few, but the two 
best are the following: 

Alba Odorata is a vigorous growing rose, wdth very rich 
and beautiful foliage. Its fragrant flowers are cream-colored, 
and, when in bud, are very beautiful. It has stood the last three 
winters uninjured in our grounds without protection, and is a 
very beautiful and desirable variety. It is classed by Rivers as a 
Microphylla, but it so little resembles that rose, and is so de- 
cidedly Macartney in its character, that we place it with the latter. 

Maria Leonida is a very beautiful, but not entirely doubic 
variety, as its stamens can sometimes be seen, which, however, 
give a graceful appearance. Its flowers are fipely cupped, and 
pure white, with a tinge of blush at the base of the petals. 

MICROPHYI^LA ROSES. 

This rose came originally from the Himalayan Mountains, and 
was brought to Europe in 1823. Its foliage is small and singu- 
lar, and its growth is very robust. Its flowers bloom from mid- 
summer till frost, and have a singular appearance ; they are very 



26i GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 

double, with a calyx whose small, brislling sepals give the open- 
ing- bud the appearance of a small chestnut. The plant is hardy 
and has endured the winter in our grounds for the past ten 
years without protection, losing only a portion of tire top of its 
shoots. Of the several varieties, one of the best is 

Rubra, which has very double and cupped flowers, of a blush 
and often rose-color, with a deep-red centre. 



ROSES THAT BLOOM ONLY ONCE IN THE SEASON. 

GARDEN ROSES. 

For want of a better, we use this term to designate all thos« 
roses that bloom only once in the season, and that strongly re- 
semble each other in habit and flower. It includes those classes 
called, by rose-growers, French, Provence, Hybrid Provence, Hy- 
brid China, Hybrid Bourbon, White and Damask {loses. 

On a preceding page we have given our opinion respecting 
classification, but we wish it to be understood fully, that we do 
not deny the existence of clearly distinctive characteristics in the 
true French, Provence, Damask, &c., but simply assert that the 
lines of difference between these so run into each other, and are 
so blended together, that it is almost impossible to know where 
to place a new rose, which may partake of the qualities of all. 
We have mentioned Rivers as the most skilful and correct of rose- 
growers ; and yet, in classing Lady Fitzgerald and Madame Har- 
dy among the Damask, he says that neither of them are pure 
Damask ; and the Duke of Cambridge, which at first he thought 
a Hybrid China, he now places among the Damask ; other sim- 
ilar instances are frequent. Many roses, moreover, are classed as 
hybrids which are not truly such. We are quite inclined to think 
that, owing to superfoetation and other unavoidable causes, a 
large number of the varieties supposed to have been produced by 
hybridizing, are nothing more than the natural produce, and that 
the pollen, in many cases, has not impregnated the pistil to which 



GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 265 



it was applied. With this uncertainty, therefore, as evinced by 
Rivers in his work, and with doubts of the hybridity of supposed 
hybrids, we deem it better to class them all together ; and, 
for the benefit of those who may prefer the old classification, 
to attach to each name the class by which it has been hitherto 
known. 

We write principally for the amateur, and we think he will find 
it less embarrassing to make a selection from the new than the 
old classification. 

A great number of Garden Roses will be found in the list at 
the end of the work, and we describe here only a few distinct 
varieties, with colors which are seldom found among the Re- 
montants. 

Bachelierd, is a Belgian rose, of cupped and compact shape. 
It is rose-colored, large, and very double. 

Blanchefleur, H. p., is a beautiful cupped white rose, of 
perfect symmetry. 

BouLA DE Nanteuil, F., is one of the best. Its large and 
finely cupped flowers are very double, and their color crimson- 
purple. 

Brennus, H. C, is a superb pillar rose, growing ten feet in a 
season. If not too much pruned, it will produce an abundance 
of crimson flowers, of great brilliancy. 

Cerise Superbe, F., is one of the best summer roses, of a 
brilliant cherry red. It is cupped, double, and very beautiful. 

Chen^dole, H. C, is one of the most splendid roses, and is 
truly beautiful. Its foliage and habit arc very good, and its very 
luxuriant growth makes it a good pillar rose. Its flower is cup- 
ped, large, double, and fragrant, and its color is a rich, glowing 
crimson, of almost dazzling brilliancy. It is altogether the most 
desirable rose of this class. 

Coupe d'Hebe, H. B., is a very beautiful and symmetrical rose, 
with very regular petals, of a beautiful pink. Its growth is lux- 
uriant, and adapted for pillars. 

Due DE Luxembourg, A., is a beautiful rose, with very large 
and globulai flowers. A singular and beautiful eflfect is produced 

23 



:66 GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 



by its petals, which are almost white outside and a purplish rose 
inside. 

Duke of Devonshire, H. C, is a cupped variety, of very per- 
fect shape. Its color is lilac rose, finely striped with white. Its 
habit is sufficiently luxuriant for a pillar, and it is a desirable 
rose. 

Duke of Sussex, H. C, is a very fine globular rose, of a bright 
cherry red color. Its growth is luxuriant, and it blooms freely. 

Emerance, H. p., is a beautiful cupped rose, of a color unusual 
in this class, being of a pale lemon or straw color. Its form is 
very regular, and the habit of the plant good. 

Fulgens, H. C, is a very beautiful variety, with globular flow- 
ers of a brilliant scarlet. Its foliage is peculiarly tinted with red, 
and its luxuriant spreading branches make a very fine head. 
Nothing can exceed the tout ensemble of a fine plant of this va- 
riety in full bloom. The very abundant and vivid scarlet flowers 
form, witli the tinted foliage, a rich and glowing mass. 

George the Fourth, H. C, is an old rose, produced by T. 
Rivers, but is still one of t[ie most desirable of this class. Its 
flowers are of a dark crimson, and its young shoots have a pur- 
ple tinge. Its very luxuriant habit makes it suitable for a pillar. 

Great Western, H. B., is a most robust variety, with im- 
mense leaves, and blooming in large clusters of rich, purplish red 
flowers, which are very brilliant in clear, dry weather. 

Lady Stuart, H. C, is a cupped, fragrant, and very beautiful 
rose, of a pale blush color. Its half-expanded buds are almost 
round, and very perfect. 

La Negresse, D., is one of the darkest roses known. Its 
flov/ers are cupped, and of a deep crimson-purple color. 

Madame Plantier, H. C, is a cupped and double, pure white 
rose. It is a luxuriant grower, a most abundant bloomer, and 
one of the very best of the white summer roses. 

Madame Zoutman, D., is a new and very beautiful rose. Its 
form is cupped, and its color a delicate cream, tinted with fawn. 

Nero, H. P., is a rose of luxuriant growth, suitable for pillars. 
Its form is cupped, and its color dark-red, tinged with purple. 



GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 2G7 



New Double Globe, H. P., is a new white rose, of luxuriant 
habit. Its form is cupped, and it sometimes has a sh^lit, delicate 
tinsre of lemon. 

Nova C^elestis, A., is a beautiful cupped rose, pure white, 
and blooms very abundantly. 

CEiLLET Parpait, F., is a new and most beautiful striped 
rose, scarcely distinguishable from a carnation. Its form is com- 
pact, and its color a very light blush, nearly white, beautifully and 
distinctly striped with rose and bright crimson. 

Perle des Panaciiees, F., is a new cupped rose, of a pure 
white, striped with bright-red and purple. 

Pope, D., is a new cupped rose, produced by Laflay. It is 
large, very double, of a fine crimson-purple, and sometimes in- 
clined to bloom in autumn. 

Princess Clementine, H. P., is a pure white rose, of luxuri- 
ant habit, and well adapted for a pillar. Its flowers are abundant, 
finely formed, very double, and when in fidl bloom, make a beau- 
tiful show. 

Princesse de Lamballe, a., is a pure white and abundant 
blooming rose. Its form is compact and perfect, and it is one of 
the most desirable of the white roses. 

PuLCHERiE, D., is a distinct and elegant rose, pure v/liite, and 
perfect in form. 

ScHisp*iAKER, F., is one of the darkest roses known, its color 
being a deep slaty purple. Its flowers are cupped and large, and 
its habit good. 

Semiramis, D., is a very distinct and beautiful rose. Its form 
is cupped and its color rose with a fawn-colored centre. 

Sophie de Marsilly, A., is a very double and perfect mottled 
rose of much beauty. Its color is liesh, showing a pink centre 
as the flower expands. 

Tippoo Saib, H. B., is a new and very beautiful rose with 
finely cupped flowers whose color is a deep mottled pink tinted 
with salmon. 

Tricolor lyORLEANs,- F., is a new striped rose, of rather ex- 
panded form. Its ground color is red, with white stripes. 



268 GARDEN CLASSIFICAi-ION. 



TiiioMPiiE d'Angers, H. C, is a fine variety, widi luxuriant 
habit. Its flowers are large, and of a brilliant crimson, sonietiinea 
striped with white. They have also a pleasant fruit-like per- 
fume. 

Triomphe de Jaussens, F.J is a superb variety with vigorous 
habit. Its flowers are large, very double, with cupped and perfect 
form. Their color is brilliant crimson, and when half expanded, 
they are really beautiful. 

Unigiue de Provence, P., is an old variety, but still one of 
the best. Its habit is good, and its double, pure white flowers 
are produced in abundance. 

Venus, A., is a beautiful rose, of medium size, perfectly cup- 
ped, and of very symmetrical shape. It is white, delicately shaded 
to a pink centre. Its habit is good, and it will compare well with 
the best. 

MOSS ROSES. 

The Moss Rose was introduced into England from Holland 
in the sixteenth century, and is flrst mentioned by Miller, in 
1727, by whom it was supposed to be a sport of the Provence 
Rose, which opinion has been conflrmed by modern botanists. 
Its peculiarities are the delicate prickles which crowd its stem, 
and the beautiful mossy covering of its calyx. This mossy ap- 
pearance has been deemed by some a mere lusiis natnrcn, and by 
others the work of an insect similar to that which produces the 
Bede'guar. The former opinion, however, prevails ; and this 
freak of nature, cultivators have succeeded in fixing and perpetu- 
ating in a great number of varieties. The first Moss Rose known 
in France was said to have been introduced there by Mad. de Gen- 
lis, who brought it with her on her return from England. In 
1810 scarcely more than one variety was known, and now there 
exist more than a hundred. Of these the best and most distinct 
are the foUawing : 

Alice LEROvis a very good variety, of a deep rose color ting- 
ed with lilac. Its large flowers are cupped and double, and its 
habit robust. 



GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 2G9 



Common is the old rose-colored Moss, which has been general- 
ly cultivated in gardens. It grows well, blooms freely, is well 
covered with moss, and is one of the best of the old varieties. 

Crimson is a very fine variety, which appeared accidentally 
in the garden of a clergyman in England. Its habit is more lux- 
uriant than the preceding, and there is rnore moss upon its branch, 
leaf and calyx. Its form is cupped, and its color light crimson. 
When on its own root, it is a good variety for pegging down in 
beds or borders. 

Catharine de Wurtemburg is a new, large, globular rose, 
blush-colored, and blooming: in clusters. Its robust habit makes 
it a desirable variety. 

Celina is a dark crimson rose, of first-rate character and habit. 
Its foliage is a dark, glossy green, and its large brilliant crimson 
flowers are sometimes tinged with purple. 

Cristata is a very singular and beautiful variety, said to 
have been discovered in the crevice of a w^all at Friburg, in Switz- 
erland. Rivers classes it with the Provence Roses, and when open 
it is merely a variety of that rose ; but when in bud it is more 
properly a moss, although its calyx is not covered with a fine 
moss, but has more of a crested appearance. In a rich soil this 
fringe-like crest most beautifully clasps and surmounts the bud, 
and gives the rich clusters a truly elegant appearance. Its form 
is globular and its color rose. 

Eclatante is an excellent variety of very vigorous growth, 
and brilliant rose-colored flowers. 

Lancel is a compact, deep-reddish rose, of rather irregular 
form when fully expanded. Its buds, however, are very beauti- 
ful, and covered abundantly w^ith bright green moss. 

Luxembourg is a most excellent variety, of very luxuriant 
growth. Its flower is cupped, and of a dark crimson color, tinged 
with purple. It is, altogether, one of the very best of this class. 

Perpetual White is not a true Perpetual, but, in moist sea- 
sons and rich soil, will sometimes flower in the autumn. Its ex- 
panded flower, like many of the best Moss Roses, is not good, but 
its very pretty bud is produced in large clusters. 

23* 



270 GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 

Prolific is a dwarf variety of the common Moss, and most 
excellent for forcing. It is globular, rose-colored, and a most 
abundant bloomer. 

Princesse Adelaide is a remarkably vigorous-growing va- 
riety, with large and handsome foliage, and would make a good 
pillar rose. Its regularly-formed flowers, of a bright pink or 
rose, are produced in clusters and open well. This is one of the 
most desirable of this class, and owes its origin to Laffay. 

Princess Royal is a very robust rose, almost equal to the 
preceding in vigor. Its young leaves and branches have a red, 
tinge, and its cupped flowers are of a deep crimson-purple, mar- 
bled and spotted with red. Although not quite double when 
fully open, they are very beautiful when in bud. A moss rose, 
however double, is peculiar onl}^ in bud, for wiien fully expanded, 
the mossy calyx must inevitably be hidden. 

Unique de Provence is precisely similar in robust habit and 
abundant bloom to tiie old Unique. AVith the same large clus- 
ters of beautiful white flowers, it unites the mossy calyx, and is 
a most excellent and desirable rose. 

ZoE is a very singular and beautiful variety, with globular 
and rose-colored flowers similar to the Common Moss. Its pe- 
culiar beauty resides in the moss, which covers most abundantly 
its buds, leaves, and branches. From this peculiarity arises one 
of its names, Mousseuse Partout. 

Like all other roses, and even in a greater degree, the Moss 
Rose requires a light and very rich soil, with a dry bottom. 
Many of them make very beautiful beds and patches, when 
planted in rich soil and kept well pegged down. A good supply 
of stable manure should be given them in tite autumn, to be 
washed down about their roots by the winter rains. They do 
not generally require or bear so much pruning as other roses, but 
their bloom may sometimes be prolonged by shortening part of 
the shoots close, and only the tips of the remainder. When 
properly cultivated, few objects can be more beautiful than these 
roses, eitlier singly or in masses. Without making so brilliant a 



GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 271 



show as some other classes, the moss which envelops them im- 
parts a touch of graceful beauty belonging to no other flower. 

SCOTCH ROSES. 

These roses are all derived from a dwarf rose found growin^r 
wild in Scotland and in the north of England. They are distin- 
guished by their small leaves, abundant bloom and delicate hab- 
it. Being perfectly hardy, they are desirable for beds or borders, 
in which, with proper arrangement of colors, they show beauti- 
fully, sometimes two weeks before other roses open, and produ- 
cing flowers all along the stem. Rose growers describe, on their 
catalogues, two or three hundred varieties, but of them all, scarce- 
ly forty or fifty are distinct ; of these the best three are the fol- 
lowing : 

Countess of Glasgow is a very pretty and brilliant dark 
rose, blooming abundantly. 

Q,UEEN OF May is a fine and distinct variety, of a bright pink 
color. 

William the Fourth is an excellent variety, of luxuriant 
growth. Its flowers are pure white, and among the largest of the 
class. 

BRIAR ROSES. 

These roses are distinguished by their small, rough foliage 
and briar habit. They include the Sweet-Briar, the Hybrid 
Sweet-Briar, and the Austrian Briar. The Sweet-Briar is found 
in various parts of this country and in Europe, and is distin- 
guished by the peculiar dehghtful fragrance of its leaves. Its 
simple little flower, found among the hedges, has been long a fa- 
vorite, and, under the name of Eglantine, has been often the 
theme of poets. 

The Hybrid Sweet-Briar is allied to the preceding, but has 
larger foliage and is of more robust growth. Many roses have 
been placed in this class and among the Svreet-Briars that have 
none of the peculiar scent of the Sweet-Briars ; and hence, again, 
the necessity of classing together these and the Austrian Briars 



272 GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 

respecting- which there is much confusion. The true Austrian 
Rose is a native of the South of Europe, and is a clearly distinct 
rose, but some have been called Austrian Avhich have scarcely any 
of the characters of the orii^inal rose. All three, however, are 
Briars, that is, they produce their flowers on short joints all along 
the stern, and have the peculiar roug^h briery leaves. We there- 
fore place them all together, attaching as before the name of the 
old class. The best of those described at the end of the work are 
the following : 

Celestial. S. B., is a small cupped rase, very double and fra- 
grant, of a pale flesh-color and very pretty. 

Copper Austrian, A. B., is a very singular looking rose, 
blooming well in this climate. The inside of the (lower is of a 
coppery-red, and ttie outside inclining to pale yellow or sulphur. 
It is desirable for its singularity. 

Double Margined Hip, H. S. B., is a Hybrid Sweet-Briar of 
luxuriant growth, almost adapted for a pillar. Its form is cupped, 
and its color creamy-white, shaded with pink. 

Double Yellow Provence is the best of the two varieties 
which compose the species called Sulphurea. We have never 
seen its flowers, and English writers all speak of the great dilTi- 
culty of making it bloom. Rivers recommends to bud it on strong 
stocks, and says that it blooms most profusely in the warm, dry 
climate of Florence and Genoa. The phiiU grows with luxuri- 
ance and produces plenty of flower-buds, which, with proper cul- 
ture, would probably open in our warm climate, which is very 
similar to that of Florence and Genoa. Its small foliage and 
slender, thorny wood, place it fairly among the Briars. Its flower 
is so good that it is well worth the trouble of repeated experimenl 
to obtain a good bloom. It has long been admired and exercised 
the skill of rose growers, as proved by the following passages 
from some old works, which give instructions for its proper cul- 
ture : 

" Whereas all other roses are best natural, this is best inocu- 
lated upon another stock. Others thrive and bear best in the 
sun ; tliis, in tlie shade : therefore, the best way that I know to 



GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 273 



cause tills rose to bring- forth fair and kindly flowers, is performed 
after this manner. First in the stock of a Francfort Rose, near 
the ground, put in the bud of the sin^^le .yellow rose, which will 
quickly shoot to a good length ; then, half a yard higher than the 
place where the same was budded, put into it a hud of the double 
yellow rose, which growing, the suckers must be kept from the 
root, and all the buds rubbed off, except those of the kind desired, 
which, being grown big enough to bear (which will be in two 
years), it must in winter be pruned very near, cutting off all the 
small shoots, and only leaving the biggest, cutting off the tops of 
them also, as far as they are small. Tlicn in the spring, when 
the buds for leaves come forth, rub ofifthe smallest of them, leav- 
ing only some few of the biggest, which, by reason of the strength 
of the stock, aflfordeth more nourishment than any other, and the 
agreeable nature of the single yellow rose, from whence it is im- 
mediately nourished, the shoots will be strong and able to bear 
out the flowers, if they be not too many, which may be prevented 
by nipping off the smallest buds for flowers. The tree should 
stand something shadowed, and not too much in the heat of the 
sun, and in a standard by itself, rather than under a wall." That 
which follows is from a book called Systerna HorticulturcB^ dated 
1688: — " There is no flower-bearing tree that yields blossom so 
beautiful as the rose, whereof the yellow Provence Rose is the 
most beautiful where it brings forth fair and kindly flowers, which 
hath been obtained by budding a single yellow rose on the stock 
of a flourishing Francfort Rose near the ground : when that sin- 
gle yellow is well grown, in that branch inoculate your double 
yellow rose; then cut oflfall suckers and shoots from the first and 
second, leaving only your last, which must be pruned very near, 
leaving but few buds, which will have the more nourishment, 
and yield the fairer and more entire blossoms. This tree, or a 
layer from a rose of the same kind, delights most, and blows fair- 
est, in a cold, moist, and shady place, and not against a hot wall." 
Persian Yellow, A. B., is the deepest yellow rose known, 
and is a highly improved edition of the old and well-known Har- 
risonii. Its flowers are more double, of a deeper yellow than that 



274 CfARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 

rose, and supersede it entirely. It grows freely, blooms abund- 
antly, and its small double flowers possess a ricbness of color un- 
equaled by any other rose. No garden should be without it. 

Rose Angle, S. B., is an excellent variety, with very fragrant 
foliage, and large double flowers of a bright rose color. It is one 
of the best of the true Eg^lantines. 

Like the Moss Roses, the Briars will not bear much pruning, 
and require merely the tips of the shoots to be cut off. 

CLIMBING ROSES. 

In our list at the end of the work, we divide these into vari- 
ous distinctive sub-divisions. We describe here, however, so 
small a part of them, that, for convenience sake, we place them 
together, giving at the same time, the family to which each be- 
longs : 

Amadis is one of the best Boursault roses, with its pendulous 
clusters of large purplish-crimson flowers. This family is marked 
by its long, flexible, reddish shoots, growing rapidly, and perfectly 
hardy. Their smooth bark renders them desirable for stocks to 
bud upon, and a fine rose of this class, covering a trellis and bud- 
ded with roses of various colors, would present a beautiful ap- 
pearance. 

Double Blush Ayrshire is a most vigorous climber, with 
a pretty flower, and will grow in the poorest soil. Like many 
others of the Ayrshire family, it is very valuable for covering 
unsightly places, old buildings, and decayed trees. They bloom 
some two weeks earlier than other roses, and Avill grow in soil 
where others would scarcely vegetate. Hence they are valuable 
for covering naked sand-banks, or bare spots of earth, and their 
roots would be of material assistance in keeping up the soil of 
loose banks. Rivers gives an extract from the Dundee Courier, 
showing the effect produced by some of these roses. 

" Some years ago, a sand pit at EUangowan was filled up with 
rubbish found in digging a well. Over this a piece of rock was 
formed for the growth of plants which prefer such situations, and 
among them were planted some half dozen plants of the double 



GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 275 



Ayrshire Rose, raised in this neighborhood about ten years ago. 
These roses now most completely cover the whole ground, a space 
of thirty feet by twenty. At present they are in full bloom, show- 
ing probably not less than ten thousand roses in this small 



space." 



The Ayrshire Roses are also valuable for weeping trees; when 
budded on a stock some ten or twelve feet high, the branches 
quickly reach the ground, and protecting the stem from the sun by 
their close fohage, present a weeping tree of great beauty, loaded 
with flowers. 

Dundee Rambler is one of the best and most double of the 
Ayrshire Roses. Its color is white, often edged with pink, and 
blooming in large clusters. It is a very desirable variety. 

Felicite Perpetuelle is a most beautiful rose, and one of 
the very best of the Sempervirens, or Evergreen family. Its 
shoots may be thinned out, but not shortened ; and when proper- 
ly cultivated, it produces an abundance of very double creamy- 
white flowers, shaped like a double ranunculus. The Evergreen 
Roses are very beautiful and desirable, and although not entirely 
evergreen in this climate, retain their foliage very late in the sea- 
son. They are very easy of cultivation, and most luxuriant 
climbers over naked trees, old houses, fences and walls, or along 
the surface of the ground, which they will soon cover to the ex- 
clusion of all weeds, and present a large mass of rich, glossy fo- 
liage and abundant bloom. When thus planted, the large weeds 
should be pulled up until the plant fairly covers the ground, when 
no more attention will be needed. They are well adapted for 
training up columns, and we know of few things more beautiful 
than a temple or pergole formed of numerous columns, with Ev- 
ergreen Roses growing luxuriantly upon them and festooned 
gracefully between. Nothing, indeed, can be more gracefully 
beautiful than festoons, wherever they can be made. They con- 
stitute the chief beauty of the vine-clad fields of Italy, and there 
would be no less beauty in occasional festooning of roses trained 
between pillars or the trees of a lawn. They are also very bef.u- 
tiful when budded on high standards, their dark green gloy^y 



c.O GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 

foliage weeping- to the ground, and forming a fine dome or p3a-a- 
mid of leaf and bloom. When pruned in the winter, the branches 
may be thinned out, but not shortened ; for if pruned close, they 
will make a luxuriant growth the next season, but will produce 
no flowers. 

Garland is a most vigorous hybrid climber, blooming in im- 
mense clusters of fragrant creamy-white flowers, changing to 
blush after expansion. When in full bloom, the contrast of 
the large white clusters with the bright green foliage is very 
beautiful. 

Indica Major is a hybrid climbing rose, of most luxuriant 
growth and nearly evergreen foliage. Its flowers are very large, 
double and of a delicate rose color. The very rapid growth of 
this rose makes it excellent for covering old buildings. We re- 
collect being shown last spring, at the Bartram garden of Phila- 
delphia, a fine old plant which had covered the whole side of the 
house, and presented a beautiful appearance. Buist states it to 
be this variety. 

Jaune Serin is a luxuriant-growing variety of the Bank- 
sian Rose, with yellow flowers of larger size than those of the 
old Yellow Banksia. The Banksian Roses require a green- 
house in this climate, and, trained against the back wall, are 
very beautiful. We recollect seeing, at the Botanic Garden at Na- 
ples, a very large plant of the Banksian Rose, the main stem being 
six inches in diameter, and branching oflf into a dozen others, 
fifty feet or more long. In the Southern States they would grow 
well in the open air, and being most vigorous climbers, would 
soon cover a house or treUis, and, with their small but most abun- 
dant flowers interspersed among the smooth glossy-green foliage, 
would form an object of surpassing beauty. 

Laure Davoust is one of the most beautiful of the Multi- 
flora Roses, hardy and of most luxuriant growth. It has larger 
flowers and handsomer foliage than any of the other Multiflora 
Roses, and blooms in immense clusters of perfect flowers, chang- 
ing from white to pink. For covering houses or trellises it ia 
very desirable. 



gardp:n classification. 277 

Madame d'Arblay is a truly gigantic liyl)ii(l climber, per- 
fectly hardy, and with strong. Bourbon-like foliage. It blooms 
in large clusters of pure white flowers, and is a truly excellent 
variety. 

Melanie de Montjoie is an Evergreen Rose of much beauty. 
Its abundant and glossy dark-green foliage contrasts beautifully 
with its large pure white flowers. 

Myrianthes is one of the most beautiful of the Evergreen 
Roses. Its flowers are most perfectly shaped, and of a very deli- 
cate rose color. 

Q.UEEN OF THE Prairies is a most superb variety of the 
Rubifolia or Michigan Rose. The double varieties of the origi- 
nal Michigan Rose have nearly all been produced by Samuel 
Feast, of Baltimore, while a few new varieties owe their origin 
to Joshua Pierce, of Washington. They are remarkable for 
their perfectly hardy nature, braving equally well the frosts of 
Canada or the heat of Louisiana. The leaves are large, rather 
rough, and of a rich dark-green. They grow with unexampled 
rapidity, exceeding in this respect any of the climbing roses, and 
would cover old buildings or naked ground in a very short space 
of time. They bloom after the other summer roses are mostly 
gone, and produce their flowers abundantly in large clusters of 
different shades, from the pale delicate blush of Superba to the 
rich deep rose of Queen of the Prairies. 

This last is the best, and of the most luxuriant growth. Its 
large flowers are of a peculiar cupped form, almost globular, when 
in bud, and altogether of very perfect shape. They are of deep 
rose color, with a white stripe in the centre of each petal. This 
rose is truly superb, and, for our cold winters and hot sun, an 
unequaled climber. It would be a fine rose to cover a trellis or 
building, and then bud into its branches a dozen different Re- 
montant or Bourbon Roses of various colors. The tout en- 
semhle would be superb. 

Superba is the best pale colored rose of the same class. Its 
very double flowers are smaller than the preceding, but are very 
perfectly cupped and of a delicate blush color, almost white. Its 

24 



273 GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 



beautiful clusters are produced most abundantly, and when train- 
ed on a pillar, trelli^;, or house, or gracefully wreathed in festoons, 
tlieir eflbct is strikingly elegant. Both these varieties are valua- 
ble acquisitions to the list of climbing roses. 

Triomphe de Bollwiller is a very fine Evergreen Rose, 
rather tender in this climate, but valuable for its tendency to 
bloom in the autumn. Its flowers are very large, double, fragrant 
and globular, and their color is a blush or creamy white. At the 
South where it would not be killed by the cold weather, this 
would be one of the most desirable climbing roses. 

White Banksia is a beautiful little rose about half an inch 
in diameter, blooming abundantly in small and pure white clus- 
ters with a slight perfume like that of the violet. Both this and 
Jaune Serin are very elegant when in full bloom on a well-grown 
plant, either on the wall of a green house or in the open air at 
the South. 

We have endeavored in the preceding pages to convey all the 
information requisite to guide the amateur in the culture and 
selection of choice varieties of the rose. In rose culture, as in 
everything where tliere is room for the exercise of human skill, 
progress is the watchword and the result ; and while we deem 
the instructions given in these pages the best in the present 
state of knowledge on this subject, we shall hail with pleasure 
any improvement upon them. The preparation of a portion of 
this work has afforded us pleasant recreation in the intervals of 
leisure from business, and for the more toilsome part we shall feel 
abundantly repaid if we are found to have throw^n one mite into 
the constantly increasing treasury of horticultural taste. That 
this taste is increasing we deem one of the best signs of the times, 
an evidence that men are beginning to discover that the accumu- 
lation of wealth is not the whole business or pleasure of life. In 
a true love for trees and plants there is always something elevat- 
ing. A love for wealth and its accumulation is inseparable from 
idolatry, but a love for trees and plants is productive of the best 
results in a mind properly constituted. It not only preserves it 



GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 279 

from groveling thoughts and dedres, but also leads it to purer 
and higher aspirations. Not only is there wisely implanted in 
us a general love for these things, but an attachment to individ- 
ual trees and shrubs which have been planted by our own hands, 
or by the good and the wise of past generations. Men every- 
w^here are prone to be unsettled, and to wander wherever novelty 
may lead them, to the utter destruction of right mental training. 
M^o counteract this there is nothing so effective as attachment to 
particular localities and all their features, whether trees, moun- 
tains or streams. Nothing gives such a depth of meaning to the 
word home and creates so strong a determination to preserve it sa- 
cred by the performance of every duty of a good citizen. It should 
therefore be the desire of every man to provide a pleasant home 
for his children, for upon a happy childhood depends far more 
than is generally supposed the character of the man. The father 
should encourage, as one element of happiness a, love for vege- 
tation in all its forms of created beauty, whether tree, shrub 
or flower. The child w^ho has thus been educated and taught 
to look upon all these objects of his attachment as visible proofs 
of Divine beneficence will go forth into the world armed with a 
shield more effective than a thousand admonitions, and when 
temptation assails him, will find no slight defense in a recollec- 
tion of his early home, of the trees under which he has so often 
played, or read, or thought, and the flowers whose glowing colors 
have so often charmed his eye. We are very certain this is no 
mere sentiment or fancy of the brain, for w^e feel assured that nei- 
ther vice nor immorality, nor hardness of heart, nor disregard of 
the feelings and welfare of others, can readily exist where the mind 
is thoroughly imbued with a love for trees and flowers, and with a 
full appreciation of the many sources of delight bountifully be- 
stowed upon man in the various objects of exquisite beauty in 
the veoretable world. 

We have wandered somewhat from our subject, but we would 
gladly write still more, if we could only convince our readers 
of the great importance of this love for trees and plants— 
and for roses among them — and of its highly conservative influ- 



280 GARDEN CLASSIFICATION. 

ence. Let every man, therefore, that feels convinced of the truth 
of our remarks, plant a tree or a rose, and let his children care 
for it as for an old and intimate friend ; and they may rest 
assured that either mentally or morally they will be none the 
worse, but all the better for the pleasant associations connected 
with its form, for the joyous hope springing vvitli its leaf, and for 
the serious reflection accompanying its fall ; when bud and bloom 
and decay fill the mind with pure and pleasant thoughts of the 
past and hopeful anticipations of the future. 



SUPPLEMENT. 



Since the first edition of our book was issued there have 
been originated many hundreds of new roses, some good and 
many worthless. On careful examination of those wliich liave 
proved good and distinct, we find only thirteen varieties which 
are better than thirteen of the least good originally described 
in onr first edition. In order, therefore, to keep our list down 
to the two hundred proposed, we should strike out the following 
sorts and should replace them by the list which succeeds. 

REinONTANTS. 

Bernard, 

COMTE d'Eu, 

Crimson Perpetual, 
Duchess of Sutherland, 
Eliza Balcombe, 
Ernestine de Barente, 
Earl Talbot, 

Lawrence de Montmorency, 
La Heine, 

MOGADOR, 

Prince of Wales, 
Heine de la Guillotiere. 

noisette. 

Eclair de Jupiter. 



REtnONTANTS. 



Augustine Mie, clear waxy rose, well cupped petals, a free 
grower, in habit like the old La lieine, bat a better grower. 

Baron PIallez, dark purple crimson, fine form, moderate 
grower ; an excellent rose, and should be in every collection. 



ii82 supplejnient. 



Caroline de Saxsal, A^^ery large flower, rosv-blusli, with pink 
centre, verv vijjjorous e-rower. 

Dr. Arnal, bright scarlet crimson, very abundant blopmer 
and dwarf habit. 

Geant des Batailles, reddish-scarlet, very brilliant, good 
grower, fine for massing, and altogether one of the finest roses 
grown. 

Gen. Changaknier, violet-purple, large and full. 

Gen. Jacqueminot, bright rich purple, dwarf habit, and 
nearly perpetual. This is a new rose, not so vigorous in 
growth as Giant of the Battles, but in other respects quite 
equal to it. 

Julie de Krudener, a very distinct rose, nearly white, very 
double, and agreeably fragrant ; a moderate grower, and one of 
the very best. 

Lion of the Combats, brilliant reddish-crimson, shaded with 
scarlet, very large and full flower, fine vigorous grower, and 
fragrant. 

Triomphe de Paris, deep crimson flowers somewhat larger 
than a well grown Baron Prevost, very full and fragrant. 
This is quite a new rose, of moderate growth, but flowers 
abundantly, and perhaps the finest of all the Kemontants. 

William,! Griffiths, satiny rose, distinct color and habit, a 
large bold flower, will rank among the finest, 

Madame Eivers, pale flesh or silvery blush color, of good 
substance, a perfect formed flower, and very distinct. A new 
rose of rather dwarf habit, and very desirable. 

NOISETTE. 

Yicomt^sse d'Avesne, dark rose-color, very full flower. 
This is a new variety, perfectly hardy, endures tlie winter as 
well as any of the garden roses, flowers as double as Coup 
d'Hebe, and is one of the finest of the class. 



COMMERCIAL GARDEN 



AND 



NURSERY, 



OF 



PARSONS & CO., 

FLUSHLNG, NEAR NEW YORK. 



The Proprietors of this establishment invite attention to 
their large stock of 

TREES AND PLANTS, 

comprising all the desirable viieties of APPLES, PExVRS, 
CHERRIES, PLUMS, PEACHES, APRICOTS, NECTA- 
RINES, aUINCES, FIGS, ALMONDS, RASPBERRIES, 
STRAWBERRIES, GOOSEBERRIES, CURRANTS, ES- 
CULENT ROOTS, &c. 

Their personal attention to the propagating department en- 
ables them to ensure the correctness of every variety they send 
out. They invite particular attention to their large collection 
of thrifty CHERRIES, and also to their fine stock of FOR- 
EIGN GRAPES, in pots, produced from bearing vines. 

Their stock of ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, VINES, 
&c., is annually enriched by new varieties from Europe, and 
their ROSES comprise all the finest kinds, in large quantities. 

1^* Catalogues furnished gratis, on application to the Proprietors by mail 
and orders forwarded in the same manner will receive prompt attention. 



i 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



REMONTANT ROSES 



BLOOMING MORE THAN ONCE IN THE SEASON. 



No. 



j NAME. 

Abd-el-Kader,' 

lAdele Mauze, 

Adrieruie, 

Alzina, 

AmancJa Pat^notte, . . D. p 

[Amandine, 

jAmiral d'Esting, ... h. p 

'Amiral Baudin,* 

Anne Lane, 

Angelina, D. p, 

; Antigone, 

'Antinous, D. p 

Anzais, ........ 

jA'odeur deDreiges, . . d. p 

Aricie, 

Arielle, 

jArmide, 

Athalante, H. p, 

Aubemon, ..... h. p 
Augustine Mouchelet, . H. p. 
Auguste de la Boissiere,* . . 

Aurang-zeb, 

Baronne Prevost, ... h. p 
Belle Guyotiere, ... h. p 

Belle Italienne, 

Belle de Trianon, ... d. p 

Beck, D. p 

Bernard, D. p. 

Pompon Perpetual. 

Madame Ferrey. 

Bifera grandiflora, .... 

Bifera venusta, 

Bigard, 

Billiard, D. P. 

Ge')rg,\nn. 

Blanclie Vibert, 

Blanche Lamoureux, . h. p. 

Bouquet tout fait, 

Cadoudal, H. P. 

Calli^ope, H. P. 

Caree, 

Carrache,* 

Caesar,' 

Carmin Royal, 

Cn.m-,on Portland. 

Celestine, d. p. 



cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
glob. 

cup. 



cup. 

cup. 
cup. 

glob, 
cup. 
ex. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 

cup. 



cup. 

cup. 

cup. 
cup. 

glob, 
cup. 

comp. 



C'oiijr aad Character. 



Dark rose with pale edges, large. 

Rose, large and double, singular wood Jind foliage. 

Pale rose. 

Bright rose. 

Deep rose, very fragrant, fine form. 

Delicate rose, large and full. 

I.ilac red, fine form. 

Rosy crimson, large and full. 

Deep rose, large. 

Bright red, shaded with purple, very dwarf. 

Dark rose, large and full, blooming in large clusten 

Deep purplish-crimson, distinct. 

Delicate rose. 

Light lilac blush. 

Rosy lilac, fragrant, vigorous. 

Rosy lilac, small and double. 

Fine rose. 

Pale lilac rose, deep centre. 

Brilliant crimson, very fragrant. 

Deep crimson, large, and very fragrant. 

Deep rose shaded to pale lilac. 

Very delicate light blush. 

Bright rose, superb, fragrant, and very large. 

Rosy violet. 

Large cupped deep rose. 

Rose, colored, semi-double, very fragrant. 

Rose, double and well formed. 

Pink, dwarf, and very fragrant. 

Pale rose. 

Delicate rose. 

Rose. 

Bright rose, compact habit. 

White, yellowish on opening, one of the few white 

Bright red. [Remontants. 

Dark purplish-crimson. 

White, clouded with rose near the edges, free bloomer. 

Bright red, small, dwarf habit. 

Light delicate rose. 

Bright red or scarlet, very large. [short branches. 

Light red with pale edges, lai'ge, abundant bloomer, 

Bright red and dark crimson. 

Rose, fine form, large and double. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 

CoMP. — Compact. — Petals stiff, close and upright, resembling a double Ranunculus. 

Cup. — Cupped. — The outer row of petals erect, rather curving in, and enclosing numerous smaller 
petals. Cupped roses often become compact after the first day of expansion, as the outer row of 
petals is displayed in very double Roses. 

Ex. — Expanded. — The flower rather flat, petals open, in some cases showing the central stamens. 

Glob. — Globular. — The outer petals encircling the flower until fully blown. 

The names in Italics are synonymes. 

* New French seedlings, some of which may prove f oe Bourbons. 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



Nu. 

43 

44 
45 

46 
47 
4S 

49 



NA ME. 



69 
70 

71 

72 
73 
74 
75 
76! 
77 

78 
79 
80 
81 
82 
S3 
84 
85 
86 
87 
88 
89 
90 
91 
92 
93 
94 
95 
96 
97 
98 

99 
100 
101 

102 



Cliarlotte Dorisy,' 
Charles, .... 
Chabert, .... 
Clenieiice RaiTin, . 
Claire du Chatelet, 
Clementine Duval, 

hellc i\'jivt(inde. 

Clementine Seringe, 

pitudne Plantier. 

JBaronne Ayme-r. 
Comte de Derby, . . . . 
Comte d'Eu, "... 
Comte de Krespert,' . . 
Comte de i^Ioutaiivet, 
Comte de Paris, . . . 

Comte Ory, 

Comtcs.-5e de Rambuteau, 
Commandant Fournier, 
Comtesse Duchatel, . . 
Cceline Perpetueile, . . 
Cornet, 

CentfetiiUes Cornet. 
Pcrpf.lunl Provence. 

Coquette de Bellevue, . 
Coquette de Monimorency, 
Couronne de Beranger, 
Couronne des Pourpres, . 
Coquette de Meudon, . 

Crilion, 

Crispata, 

Curled Perpetual. 

Crimson Perpetual, . . 

Lee's Crimaori Perpetual. 
Rose du Roi. 

Cyme d'or, 

D'Angers, 

Pauline Dubreuil. 

Delice d'Hiver, . . . 

De Neuilly, 

De Rennes, 

De Trianon Double, . . . 

Descartes,* 

Desdemona, .... 
Desespoir des Amateurs, . 

i-'e/ petuati-sima. 

Descrivieux, .... 
Deuil de Dumont d'Urville, 
Delphjne Gay, . . 
Desiree Lanzezeur, 
De Montmorency, 
Douce Mellie, . . 
Dr. Marx, . . . 
Dr. Maijolin, . . 
Due d'Enghien, 
Due d'Alengon, 
Due d'Aumale, 
Due d'Isly. . . . 
Due de Chartres. . 
Duke of Devonshire. 
Duel. ess of Montmorency, 
Duchess of Sutherland, 
Duchesse de Nemours. . 
Duchesse de St. Quentin, 
Duchesse de Rohan, . . 
Earl Talbot, .... 
Ebene, 

J::i}J>ir/. 

Edward Jesse, .... 
Eleouore Dorisy,* . . 
Elise Miellez, .... 

Eliza Balcombe, . . . 



H. p. 
H. p. 
H. p. 



H. p. 
H. p. 

II. p. 

H. P. 
H. P. 
H. P. 
H. P. 
H. P. 
H. P. 



H. P 
H. P 



H. P. 
H. P 
D. P, 



D. P 
H. P 



D. P 
H. P 



H. P. 
D. P 



H. P 
H. P 
D. P 
H. P 
H. P 
H. P 



H. P 
H. P 
H. P 
H. P 
D. P 
H. P 
D. P 



H. P 



103 Emilie Duval, . . 

104 Emma Dampievre, 



105 

lOG 
107 

108 



n. p 

H. P 

Eniestine Audiot, 

Ernestine de Baranto, . h. p 

Ponipone. 

Estelle SCOTCH 

Eugene Sue, .... h. p 



Color and Charantpr. 



cup. 

cup. 
cup. 

glob. 



cup. 

glob, 
glob, 
glob. 

cup. 

comp. 

cup. 

glob. 



glob, 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 



cup. 



ex. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 



cup. 

glob. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
ex. 
cup. 



cup. 
cup. 



glob, 
glob, 
cup. 

cup. 



cup. 

cup. 
cup. 

cup. 



Satin rose, clouded with vermillion, pale edges, very 

Blush, lai'ge. [large, fine habit. 

Lilac. 

Flesh-colored lilac, slight lemon fragrance. 

Lilac rose, double. 

Bright rose, dwarf, brilliant, beautiful. 

Rose-colored, ver}"^ large and very fragrant, robust. 

Beautiful rose color, large and d'ble, remarkable foliage. 

Prilliaut carmine, approaching to scarlet, dwarf and 

Deep rose, laree. fine form and habit. [fragrant. 

Reddish-purple, very large. 

Light crimson, with lilac tinge, fragrant. 

Rosy carmine, with veined petals. 

Fine peach, very large and double, vigorous. 

Bright red, large, vigorous habit. 

Brilliant rose, finely cupped. [clusters. 

Delicate rose with almost white centre, blooming in 

Pale rose, vigorous. 

Bright rose, spotted, dwarf habit. 

Cherry color, distinct, dwarf habit. 

Violet red. 

Purplish-red. 

Reddish-lilac. 

Flesh color, heart-shaped petals. 

Cui'led leaves, curious. 

[fragrant. 
Crimson-purple, double, abundant bloomer, and very 

Red, double. 

Delicate rose, large and double. 

Delicate rose, large. 

Bright rose, large, very fragrant, fine for forcing 

Purplish rose-color. 

Pink, large, blooming in clusters. 

Violet rose, large. 

Reddish-carmine, double. 

Pale rose. 

Deep rose, free bloomer. 

Deejj crimson, moitled and small, dwarf habit. 

Blush white, medium size, thornless. 

Purple and small. 

Dark rose. 

Rose, double. 

Rosy carmine, large flower, fragrant. 

Deep carmine, fragrant, dwarf habit. 

Pale flesh, dwarf liabit. 

Bright pink, distinct. 

Bright crimson, fragrant. 

Deep violet-purple, semi-double. 

Briglit red, large and double. 

Fle.sh-colored, large and double. 

Blush and distinct flower, erect and dwarf habit. 

Bright rose, mottled and large, iragrant. vigorous. 

Delicate rose, large, often opens badly. 

Pale rose. 

Deep rose, centre margined with lilac, large. 

Deep rose, very large, fragrant, vigorous. 

Deep crimson-purple, the darkest of the Remontants, 

Bright rosy red. 

Purplish rose, with flesh-colored edges. 

Bripht rose, fraixrant. 

^ White, slightly flesh-colored on opening, small, 

j blooming abundantly in clusters. 
Pale rose, large, double. 
Deep purplish-red. 
Deep rose, large. 
Bright rosy-pink, habit dwarf and flowers very small. 

Rose, small and double. 
Bright rose, large. 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OP ROSES. 



No. 

109 
110 
111 
112 
113 
114 
115 



116 
117 
118 

119 

120 

121 

122 

123 

124 

12 

126 

127 

128 

129 

130 

131 

132 

133 



134 



NAMK. 



Color and Character. 



H. P. 
D. P. 



D. P. 



Faiitasque, d. p. 

Feburier, 

Ferox, 

Ferret, 

Felix Dorisy,* 

Fidouliiie, 

Fion, 

La Mienne. 

Noel 

Oloire des Perjictuelles. 

Foulard, 

Four Seasons, Blush, 
Four Seasons, Monstrous 

Pe.-petua Bullata. 

Four Seasons, Scarlet, . 

PccUina. 

Four Seasons, Striped, . . . 

Four Seasons, Wiiite, . . . 

Fulgorie, h. p 

Galathie, h. p 

General Merlin, ... h. p 

General Morangiez, . . H. P 

General Drouot, . . . moss 
General Delamoriciere,' 
General Gourgoud, . . 
Geant des Batailles, . . 

Gentilhomnie, 

Gloire d' Angers, ... H. p 

Gloire de Guerin, ... h. p 

Grand, d. p 

f'abert. 
Belle Faher. 

Grand et Belle, .... d. p 

i^I'jnst''euse. 
La Magnanime. 
La AJodeste. 
Triomphe d'Anvers. 
Van Mons. 



cup. 

glob. 



cup. 
comp. 



cup. 
glob. 

cup. 



cup. 
glob. 



cup. 



H. P. 



D. P 



13.5 Grand Roi, . . . 
136 Grandpapa. . . . 
137'Gris Cendre, . . 

ISSIGulistan 

l.SftlGuilbert Slater, . 
140!Heni-iette Boulogne, 
141 Henry IV., . . . 
142 ■ Indigo. . . ^ . . . 
143jlsaure Lablee, . . 
144 James Watt, . . 
14')j.Iucqae3 Lafitte, 
146 JetTerson,* . . . 
147 'Jenny Audiot, . . 
MSjJoasi'ne Hauet, . . 
149 [Josephine Antoinette 
1.50|Julie Dnpont. . . 
l.pT Jules Rocaut,* . . 
1.52]Julie Delaroche, . 
153 Klebert," .... 
ir34|Lady Seymour, 
155 Lady Alice Peel, . 
iDojLady Elpliinstone, 
157iLady Fonlwick, . 
153 [Lady Sefton, . . 

159 j Lane, 

l(jO;La Heine 

161 ! La IMiniature, . . 
162 La Caprick'use, 
163Xa Bedoyere. . . 
164iLa Biuquetiere, . 
165, La GracieuL^e, . . 

Constancy. 
I Volwnincase. 

16G|La Renoncnle, .... h. 
167:La Paluniade, .... h. 
163 [Laurence de Montmorencv, d. 

leglLeTisse,' '. 

170!LeMiroi:-, H. 

171 Le Nain, H. 

172ILePage, 

173|Lelia,~ h. 



H. P 
D. P 
D. P. 
H. P. 
H. P 



D. P. 
H. P. 
H. P. 
H. P. 
H. P. 
H. P. 



cup. 

glob. 



rlob. 



glob. 

glob. 

cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 

glob. 

cup. 
cup. 
ex. 



cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
ex. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
comp, 
cup. 
glob. 



cup. 
cup. 

cnp. 



Pale rose, large and double. 

Bright rose, double, but often inconstant. 

Bright red, lai*ge. 

Rose, meditim size. [bricated. 

Clear rose, with bright carmine centre, large and im- 

Rosy pink, distinct flower, and dwarf habit. 

Bright red. 



Rose. 
Pale rose. 

Crimson-scarlet, semi-double, dwarf habit. 

White striped. 

White, very fragrant, inconstant bloomer. [pillars. 

Deep rose with purple tinge, fragrant, and adapted for 

Rose, dwarf habit. 

Delicate rose, double, free bloomer. 

Purple, double, mossy, and very vigorous. 

Bright rose, large, fine form and habit. 

Rosy purplish-lilac, large. 

Reddish-scarlet, large. 

Bright rose. 

Bright x'ose, large. 

Purplish-crimson, erect, double. 

Rose, very large and fragrant. 



Bright rose, very large and fragrant. 



Light delicate rose. 
Bright rose, very large. 

Rosy lilac. 

Bright purple, and full. 
Rose, large. 

Flesh-colored, large and fine foliage. 
Slaty-purple, semi-double. 
Delicate rose. 
Violet rose, large. 
Bright rose, large, vigorous. 
Rosy Vermillion, large. 
Rose, large. 

Reddish-pui-ple, medium size, blooming in clusters. 
Pale rose, large, very tragrant. 
Bi-ight rose, fragrant. 

Pale rose, brighter towards the centre, large. 
Deep rose, finely mottled. 

Rose, large, imbricated similar to a white Camellia. 
Light crimson, mottled. 
Deep pink and tragrant. 

Deep purpiish-red. [pillars. 

Deep rose, fragrant, blooms in clusters, and adapted foi 
Light rose, free blooming, vigorous. 
Deep rose, fragrant, very large. 
1 Brilliant velvety rose, large. 
iRo.^e. 

Fine crimson, very fragrant. 
Fine crimson, large and double. 
L'lac rose, double. 
Blush, large. 



Bri.ght fed, ranunculus form, fragrant. 

Bx'i^^ht rose, with violet edge.>. 

Rosy pink, tinged with lilac, large. [ing in clusters. 

Delicate ro.ve, with brighter centre,very fragrant, bloom- 

Bvight rose, very small, well made. 

Rose. 

Fine blush. 

Bright rose, imbricated. 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



No. 



Form . 



Color and Character. 



174 Lesbie, . . . 
17o Leonie Verger, 

176 Leonids Leroy, 

177 Lilacee, . . . 

178 Lindiey, . . . 

179 Louis Pliilippe, 
18U Louis Buonaparte, 

181 Louise Aimee, . 

M(ulame Aimee. 

182 Louise Bordillon, 

183 Louise Favre, . 

184 Louise Puget, . 
183 Lodoiska, . . . 

LodoUka Marin. 

186 Louis Dorisy,* . 

187 Lucie Astaix, . 

188 Madame Cornet, 

189 Madame Uam_^eme, 

190 Madame Daresmes, 
IS I Madame Desgaches, 

192 Madame Dorus, . 

193 Madame Gros, . . 

194 Madame Feburier, 

195 Madame Jobez Desgaches, 
193 Madame Laffay, . 

197 Madame Laifarge, 

198 Madame Morel, . 

199 Madame Molroguier, 

200 j Madame Oudin, 

201 Madame Tli^lier, . 

202 Madame Trudeaux, 

203 Madame Verdier, . 

204 Marquise Bogella, . 
205 1 Marquis of Ailsa, . 
206 1 Marquise Duhiscoe,* 
207lMarie Denise, . . 
208 1 Marshal Soult, . . 
209jMardonius, . . . 

210 Marjolin, .... 

211 Mauget, .... 

212 Mauget, .... 

213 Mile. Marey-Monge,* 

214 Mathilde Jourdeuil, 

215 Melanie Cornu, 

216 Merope, .... 

217 Menstrualis Rosea, 

218 Minerva, .... 

219 Mogador, .... 

6'upcrb Crimson Perpetual. 
Rose du Roi ajieurs pour ' 

220 Mom US, .... 

221 Molierc,*. . . . 

222 Montaigne, . . . 

223 Mrs. Cripps, . . . 

224 Mrs. Elliott, . . . 

225 Mrs. Wood, . . . 

226 Newton, .... 

227 Niobe, 

228 Odeska, .... 

229 Odeur de Jacinthe, 

230 Olgerasie, . . . 

231 Olivier de Serres, . 

232 Palmyre, .... 

Blush Perpetual. 

233 'Pauline de Mandeville, 

234 Pauline Levanneur, 

235 Pauline Buonaparte, 

236 Pauline Bidault, 

237 Petit D'Ormay, 
2.38 Petite Negresse, 
2;39 Petite Marie, . 
240 Petite Louise, . 
241iPliilippel., . . 
S42jPhcebus, . . . 
243iPitt,' .... 
244 Plato,* .... 
i;45 Pompon Julia, 
2461 Pompon Four Seasons, 



MO 
H. 



cup. 

cup. 

cup. 
glob. 



cup. 
glob. 

cup. 



cup. 
cup. 

comp. 
cup. 

cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

glob, 
cup. 

comp 
ex. 

cup. 



cup. 
cup. 



glob, 
cup. 
cup. 



comp. 



cup. 
cup. 



glob, 
glob. 

cup. 



comp, 



Delicate rose, blooming in clusters. 

Bright rose, small and full, free bloomer, vigoi^ous. 

Flesh-colored, almost white. 

Pale rosy-lilac, foliage large and distinct. 

Bright red, large. 

Deep pui-ple-crimson. 

Rosy-crimson, fragrant, distinct, and adapted for pillars. 

Light rose. 

Rose, fine form. 

Bright i-ed, clouded with violet, well formed. 

Lilac rose. 

Blush, very large. 

Rosy-crimson, with pale edges, fine form. 

Rose clouded with carmine. 

Delicate rose, petals imbricated. 

Lilac rose, vigorous habit, good for forcing 

Bright rose, abundant bloomer. 
Fleshy-white. 

Light rose, well formed. 

Brilliant rose, fine form. [habit, none belter. 

Brilliant rosy-crimson, fragrant and perfect, vigorous 

Carmine rose with vf hitish centre. 
Bright red, passing to violet, large. 
Bright carmine. 
Light pink, delicate habit. 

Light rosy-pink, fine form, vigorous. 

Pale blush, dwarf, robust. 

Rosy-crimson. 

Bright carmine,with flesh-colored edges, large,Tigorous. 

Pale, with rosy centre. 

Purplish-rose, often opens badly. 

Delicate flesh-color, double. 

Fine blush, full, robust. 

Flesh-color, medium size, mossed. 

Pale rose. [imbricated. 

Flesh-colored, brighter towards the centre, large and 

Pale rose, large and full, fine form. 

Deep purplish-crimson, very fragrant, robust. 

Brignt purplish-rose, fragrant. 

Rich bright pink. 

Pale lilac rose, large, robust. 

Brilliant crimson, shaded with purple, distinct. 



Red, free bloomer. 

Purplish-carmine, abundant bloomer, dwarf habit. 
Deep rose. 

Bright rose, flowers small and blooming in clusters. 
Light lilac-crimson, fragrant, and adapted for pillars. 
Pale rose, very large. 

Bright reddish-carmine, large. [pressed. 

Rose, medium size, blooming in clusters, branches de- 
Lilac rose. 

Delicate rose, fine form, fragrant. 
Flesh-color, medium size. 
Dark rose, large, singular foliage. 
Rose, blooming in clusters. 

Delicate rose. 

Bright rose, double, large. 

White. 

Lilac rose, large, free bloomer. 

Purplish-rose. 

Purplish-brown, small and double. 

Rose. 

Rose. 

Violet-purple, medium size and double. 

Bright rose, large. 

Light carmine. 

White, inclining to flesh-color. 

White, inclining to flesh-color. 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



No. 



NAME. 



Color and Character. 



247\ 
248 1 
249 
250 ! 
251 j 

252! 
253| 
254 
255 
256 
257 
258 
259 
260 
261 
262 
263 
264 
265 
268 
267 
268 
269 

270 
i^I 

272 
273 
274 
275 
276 
277 
278 
279 
280 
281 
282 
283 
284 

285 
286 
287 
288 
289 
290 
291 
292 
293 
294 
295 
296 
297 
298 

299 

300 
301 
302 
303 
304 
305 
306 
807 
308 
309 
310 
311 
312 

ei3 

314 
315 
316 
317 
318 
819 



Pompone de St. Radegoude, h.p. cup. 

Ponctue, H. p. cup. 

Ponctue, MOSS 

Pourpre, 

Portlandica alba, cup. 

Po-tlund B'a ic. 

Portlandica Camea, .... cup. 
Portlandica graudiflora. . . [ glob. 
Poiulandica maxima, ... cup. 

Preval, cup. 

President Dumeril, . . d. p. 

Printemps, D. p. ] 

Prince Albert, .... h. p. 1 cup. 
Prince of Wales, ... h. p. cup. 
Prince de Galles, ... H. p. cup. 
Princesse Belgiojoso, . H. p. glob. 
Princesse de Saleme, . h. p. 
Princesse Helene, . . h. p. cup. 
Prince.ss Royal (Lee's), . d. p. cup. 

Prudhomme, cup. 

Prudence Raeser, ... H. p. cup. 

P.syche H. p. cup. 

Pulcherie H. p. cup. 

Queen of Pei^petuals, . . . glob. 

Palotte Picotee. 

Queen Victoria, ... H. P. cup. 
Raynal, H. P. 

Abbe Raynal. 

Rachel, . . . . ^. . h. P. cup. 

Reine de la Guillotiere, H. P. cup. 

Reine de Fontenay, . . H. P. 

Reine de Lyon, ... h. p. 

Reine du Matin, ... h. P. cup. 

Renufe d'Osniond, . . H. p. cup. 

Requien, dp. ex. 

Rivers, H. P. cup. 

Robin Hood, .... h. p. cup. 

Ronsard, H. P. 

Roch Plantier, .... h. p. 

Rosalba, 

Royal, D. p. cup. 

D' E~-<juermes. 

Rugeuse, 

Sappho, 

Scipion Amiralo, 

Scotch, cup. 

Semi-double, .... moss 

Silvio Pellico,' 

Sisley, H. p. cup. 

Six-Juin, glob. 

Soliman Pacha,* 

St. Fiacre, D. p. cup. 

St. Barthelemy, cup. 

Stan well, scotch cup. 

Striee, ....... h. p. cup. 

Striped Perpetual, . . d. p. ex. 

Panachi de Girardon. 

Striped Crimson Perpetual, d. p. cup. 

Rose du Hoi panachi. 

Sydonie, h. p. glob. 

Surpasse Antinous, .... 

Taffin, 

Talbot, H. p. 

Thibault, H. p. cup. 

Thiers, D. p. cup. 

Tite-Live, h.p. 

Torrida, d. p. cup. 

Trianon Double, 

Triomphante, .... h. p. cup. 
Triomphe de Montmorency, dp. cup. 

Van Mons, 

Vicomtesse de Belval, . h. p. cup. 

Warratah, cup. 

Watzo, H. p. 

William Je.<5se, .... h. p. cup. 

White Moss, 

Xenophon, ..... h. p. glob. 
Yolande d'Arragon, . . h. p. cup. 
Zelpha, H. p. 



Deep rose and bright violet, abundant and constant 
Bright rose, mottled. [bloomer, dwarf habit 

Bright rose, mottled with white. 
Deep purple, semi-double. 
White, does not always open well. 

Delicate rose, large and double. 

Rose, large and semi-double. 

Rose. 

Pale blush, large. 

Flesh-colored, with red centre, large. 

Delicate rose, large and tree blooming. 

Dark velvety-crimson, very fragrant. [pillars. 

Bright lilac rose, blooming in large clusters, good for 

Lilac rose, blooming in clusters, robust. 

Deep rose, large and double. 

Rosy-white, free bloomer. 

Deep purplish-red, fragrant. 

Bright crimson, dwarf habit. 

Bright i-ose. [ters, and adapted for pillars. 

Pink with fawn centre, fragrant, blooms in large clus- 

Rosy-pink, dwarf habit. 

Violet-red, medium size. 

Pale rose. 

Light crimson. 



Bright rose. 

Brilliant crimson, fragrant, glossy foliage, robust, good 

Bright rose. [for forcing. 

Bright red. 

Rosy lilac, velvety, large. 

Carmine, tinted with lilac. 

Pale rose, very large. 

Red, tinged with lilac, large, fragrant, and robust. 

Bright rosy-pink, frjigrant, vigorous. 

Bright crimson, full. 

Bright carmine, mottled. 

Bright purplish-red, double. 

Deep rose, free blooming. 

Rose. 

Flesh-colored, blooming in clusters. 

Flesh-colored, free bloomer. 

Pale rose. 

Deep rose, mossy. [blooming in clusters. 

Purplish-rose with pale centre, ranunculus form, 

Bright red, dwarf habit. 

Bright red. 

Red, with flesh-colored edges, large. 

Red, shaded with purple. 

Delicate rose, double. 

Delicate rose, double, with a peculiar fragrance. 

Rose striped with violet, large. 

Pale flesh with rosy stripes, inconstant bloomer. 

Pink with flesh-colored stripes. 

Clear light pink, fine form. 

Violet-purple, well formed. 

Deep red, large. 

Red, large. 

Glossy, bright pink. 

Dark rose, lai-ge and full. 

Delicate rose, double, robust habit. 

Rich dark crimson, semi-double. 

Rose. 

Purplish-crimson, very fragrant, good for forcing. 

Deep bright red, fragrant and inconstant. 

Bright rose, large. 

Bright rose, very double, ranunculus form. 

Dark purplish-crimson. 

Bright crimson. [adapted for pillars. 

Light crimson with lilac tinge, fragrant, very large, and 

White, in large clusters, very mossy, inconstant. 

Deep rose or red. 

Rose, large, distinct foliage, vigoroui. 

White, slightly flesh-colored. 



1 



EVER-BLOOMING ROSES, 



BLOOMING THROUGHOUT THE SEASON 



BOURBON ROSES. 



Color and Character. 



Ahrabanelle, 

Abbe Piantier, 

Acidalie, 

Adella, 

Adi^le Piantier, 

Adonnee, 

A Ileur Nerium, 

Alfred, 

AUiza, 

Amenaide, 

330|Amarantine, 

331 1 Amourette, 

332|Aiiais 

333 Angelina Bucelle, .... 

Aniie Beiuze, 

Anomalia, 

Ansegise, 

Antoine, 

Antinous, ...... 

A petales Crinelles, . . . 

Aristides, 

Arahelle, 

Armentine, 

Asteroide, 

Astaroth, 

Auguste de Challenge, . . 

Augustine Lelieur, . . . 

Auauptine Margat, . . . 

Augustine Petit, .... 

B:iucis, 

Beaute de Versailles, . . 

Bel'e Laure, 

Belle Sirah, 

Beiuze, 

Belzunce, 

Blanc de Donai 

Bizarrine, 

Bnsanquet, 

Hossuet, 

Boulogne, 

3a0j Bouquet de Flore, . . . 

301 Rreon, 

30 ICcesirine Souchet, . . . 

3631 Can r nal FeFch 

3tt-l|C 'rnejie Montmorency, . 

Celimene, 

Ct-ntifoLa, 

Ceres 

Cendres de Napoleon, . . 

yijO'Cliarlemacrne 

370 Charles Despres 

3'i Charles Souchet, .... 

372 ( hafenay 

373 Clau 'ius Piantier, . . . 

374 j Clementine 

375 Cornice de Seine et Marne, 

376 Common, 

I Bourbon Jacques. 



324 
3-5 
3-6 
327 
8iS 
329 



33-1 
335 
336 

337 
338 
33') 
34U 
341 
34-- 
343 
344 
345 
316 
347 
3 IS 
349 
SCO 
351 
352 
353 
354 
355 
356 
357 
35S 
"9 



3 .5 
'6', 
3J7 

3! 



cup. 



cup. 

cup. 
cup. 



cup. 
cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

ct;p. 
cup. 
cup. 



cup, 
cup. 

comp. 

glob. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

comp. 
cup. 

CTip 

glob 
cup 
cup 
cup 
cup 
cup 

cup. 

cup. 
cup. 



Rose with white centre. 

Deep rose, large. [for forcing. 

White, large, very double and fr&grant, vigorous, good 

Briglitred, large. 

Brilliant red, changing to rose. 

Delicate I'ose, large. 

Rosy-carmine. 

Rosy-red, distinct, good forpillare. 

Bright rose. 

Delicate rose, robust habit, good for pillars. 

Flesh rosy-red, regular, semi-double, vigorous 

Flesh-colored, small, singular petals. 

Rosy-carmine, double. 

Pale rose. 

Rose, large. 

Vivid rose, vigorous. 

Bright red. 

Lilac rose. 

R;ch vivid rose. 

Brigtit pink. 

Lil ic rose, blooming in clusters. 

Rosy-red, double. 

Clear tlesh, firic shape, double. 

Very bright ro;e, double. 

Re fd ish-rose or butf. 

Deep rose, large and double. 

Delicate rich bright I'ose. 

Lilac ro^:e. 

Pu.-plish-red. 

Brdliant carmine, large, full, and fragrant. 

Pale silvery blush. 

Nearly white. 

1,1 lac rose, well formed. 

Fresh rosy-pink, large and very double, vigorotis. 

White with ros^y centre. 

Piu-plish-red, dwarf habit. 

VVhi e tinned with flesh, double. 

Crimson-purple, dwarf, distinct. 

Vivid roie. 

I Deep cai'mine, large, fragrant, and good for pillars. 

IVivi'd crimson, rich and veivety. 

;Bliish, tin'ed with YO>e. lar ;e and very douMe. 

Dee]) crimMiU-purpIe, lariie. adapted to pJiars. 

If e^h-colored. 

iDd'cate rose, double. 

(Del. cute roi-p, large, fine form. 

JBriirht rose, dwarx". 

I Bright violet rote. 

iRosy-while, changeable, and blooming in clusters. 

IP de silvery hlu.sh. 

Deep purplish-crimson. 

Blush- while, large. 

Deep rose. 

Bright rose. 

C'.ierry-red and rich crimson. 

Vivid rose, vigorous. 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



No. 



Color luid Characlci. 



377 j 
373 
379 1 
3 SO 
33li 
3321 
3S:3! 
334 
335 i 
330! 

337 
333; 
3391 

3yol 

3.) 1 1 
3J2 
3J3 
394 i 
3J.5 
o9J' 
3.)/ 
3:)^! 
3i)'*: 
40J' 
4U1 
■402' 
4IJ3; 
4L)4i 
4LI5I 
406] 
407 1 
403! 
409 j 

410! 
411! 
4l2j 
413 

411 

415 
416 
417 

413 
419 

420 
421 
42- 
423 
424 
425 

426 
427 
428 
429 
430 
431 
432 
433 
431 
43j 
436 
437 
433 
439 
440 
441 
442 
443 
444 
445 
446 

447 
448 



Cornte de N.uileuil, . . 

Conite (ie liainbuieau, . 

Com'e de Troves, . . 
C.J.'iitebse de (Joibert, 
Comlerise de lleaf-eiguier, 

Coquelte de Melun, . . 

Cuupe de Cytuhie, . . 

Coupe d'Hebe, . . . 

Cngnoii de JMoatigny, . 

Crimson Globe, . . . 

Dr. Jio-^aej. 

Cytheree, 

D ipluie, 

D'Artaijnan, .... 

Delide, 

D-'ilice de la Gudloiiere, 

Desiiemet, 

De Toarville, .... 
DfU.l de Due d'Orleans, 

Desiiches, 

D-.tpliciiie, 

D »i"i Alvar, 

D-iuiia Maria, .... 
Dr. Bbiiidiii, .... 
Dr. Cuailiot, .... 
Dr. H irdouin, .... 

Dr. Dupuy, 

Dr. Jubert, 

Duchesne, 

Die de C dartres, . . . 
Due de Urojjiie, . . . 
Due de Grammont, . . 

Dabreuil, 

Dubour-i^, 

OaunU Dnhnurg. 

Dache-sse de Normandie, 
Dumunt de Courset, . . 
Dupedt Thouars, . . - 

D'Yebles, 

Eari Grey, 

JljIlK i>J-i!c-lJ. 

Edouard Desfosses, . . 

Eliza Lemaire, . . . 

Emile Courtier, . . . 

Emue Plantier, . . . 

Enfant d'Ajaceio, . . . 

i>juve:iir d'Aitcelme. 

Etoile du Berger, . . . 
Eloile de la France, . . 
Eugenie Guinoisse^u, . 

Eupht'mie, 

Falait, 

Faustine, 

Pulchella 

Fedora, 

Fiorilere, 

Gantin, ... . . 
Gaston de Pancks, . . 
j General Taylor, . . . 
General lloche. . . . 
[Georges Cuvier, . . . 

Gerson, 

;Gioire des Brolteaux, . 
Glory of Al-Mers, . ^. . 
Gioirc de ia Guill ticre, 
iGloire de P. iris, ^. . . 
JGioire de Rosaniene, . 
I Grand Capiiaine, . . . 

Grenadier, 

Henry IV 

I Henri Plantier, .... 

Henri, 

I Henri I/ecoq, .... 
I Henry Clay, .... 
IHermosa, 

Arrnosa. 

iHersilie, 

(Ibrahim Pacha, . . . 



cup. Red, shaded witii violet, 
cup. Crimson, tingetl with lilac. 

cup. Rose, shaded with lilac, large, 

cup. Sdvery-blush, nearly while. 

Flesii-colored, blooming in clusters, 

cup. Rose, double. 

cup. Deep rose, fine form, large, double, vigorous, 

cup. Deep rose, 

glob. Purplish-crimson, dwarf habit. 

glob. Bright rose, robust growth. 

Ro.-e. 

Fiesli-colored, double. 

Crimson or deep rose. 

Deep pink, large. 
ex. Purplisii-red, double. 

Deep purple, free bloomei. 
ex. Black cranbon, the darkest of the Bourbons, 
cup. Brigiit ro.se, good for p. liars, 
cup. Cranson. 
cup. Ro^e. 

Rose. 

i.iglit red, large. 

Delicate rose, fine form. [lent form and habit 

cup. Rose margined -with white, blooming in ciustei's, excel- 

Delicate Hesh-colored. 
cup. Crimson, 
cup. Fine crimson, 
cup. Crimson, large and robust. 

Purplish-red, large, well tbrmed. 
cup. Lilac rose, 
glob. Lilac rose, 
ex. Pale blush, large, robust growth. 

glob. Purple rose with light centre, imbricated, 
cup. Dark crimson, resembling Paul Joseph, 
cup. Vivid crimson, robust, 

Violet-purple, 
glob. Lilac rose, large and double. 

cup. Bright rose, large, with regular petals, vigorous. 

Clear tlesh-colored. 
cup. Deep rose, 
cup. jLight vivid rcse. 
cup. Brilliant scarlet-crimson, good for pillars. 

cup. Rosy white, small and double, blooming in clusters. 

Flesh-colored, double, inibricated, blooming in clustera 
Delicate rose, full. 

cup. I Pale blush, double, dwarf habit. 

cup. Crimson. 

C irmine rope, full. 
Flesh-colored, fine form. 
Flesh-colored. 

cup. Vivid rose. 

cup. Brilliant rosy carmine, well shaped. 

cup. Crimson. 

Bright red and imbricatea, petals silvery underneath, 
cup. Bri,^ht crimson, 
cup. Light rose, large, 
cup. Deep ci'imsou, shaded with purple, 
cup. Deep scarlet, large, brilliant, fine ibliage, very robui.. 
cup. Velvety-scarlet, brilliant, dwarf habit. 

Very bright red. 
cup. Liiac and purplish-rose, 
glob, j Bright rose, large 
cup. Flesh-colored, double, robust. 

cup. I Rosy-carmine, clouded with purple,fine form and habit, 
cup. P.de blush. 
;lob. Pale rose, one of the best. 

Bright rose. 
cup. Bright red with light edges, large 



10 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



No. 



NAME. 



449 Ida, 

450 Ma Percot, .... 

451 Ma Sisley, .... 
45;! Imperati'ice Josephine, 

453 Irma, 

4.''>4 .lacquard, .... 

455 Jacfiues Plantier, . . 

456 Jean d'Albret, . . . 
<157 Jeamiie (.'herie, . . 

458 J<<an of Arc, . . . 

459 Josephine Garnie, 
4G0 J alert Fatait, .... 
4(ji Julie de Loynes, . . 

While Bourbon. 

462 Julia de Fontenelle, . 
4t»3 Jupiter, 

464 Justine, 

465 La Gracieuse, . . . 
466j La Favorite, . . . 
467iLa Madeline, . . . 
.■J6SjLa Meldoise, . . . 
469 La Tundresse, . . . 
47U La Violetie, .... 
47i Lamartino, .... 

472 Lady Canning, . . . 

473 Lati folia, 

474|Ldvin!e d"Ost, . . . 

475 Le Camee, .... 

476 Le Creps,^ .... 

477 Le Florifere, . . . 

478 Le Grenadier, . . . 

479 Les Deliccs, . . . 

480 Leveson Gower, . . 

481 Lichas, 

48;i Lilacea grandillora, . 
4s;j! Louis B61uzc, . . . 
484|Louis Desarbres, . . 
4S5lLou!s XIV., . . . 
486!Lu.\cmbourg, . . . 

487 j Madame Angelina, . 

488 Matlame Aubis, . . 

Alddnme Hobitz. 

4>9| Madame Aude, . . 

'^'.)0 M idanu^ Bcrger, . . 

4;)j!JM;idaine Beluze, . . 
492j Madame Desprez, 
493|Mu(lamc Gensoul, 

494 1 Madame Lacharme, . 

495J Madame Margat, . . 

Thtrcse Alurgat. 

406lMadame Nerard, . . 
4y7i Madame Neumann, . 

liKie. iVAmour. 

Le lirun. 

Uloire de France. 

Monthly Cabbage. 

493 'Madame Plantier, 

499 Madame Souchet, 

500 Matlame Tripet, . 
501 1 Madame Varangot, 

Kinile Varangot. 

50-2|MlIe. L6bois, . . 
503 Mile. Montesquieu, 
5LmMlle. R-ichel, . . 
5!»5!Ml!e. Rosecherie. . 
506; Marie Duleau, . . 
507iMalvina, .... 
508,Manteau de Jeanne d 
500 Margat Jeune,^ , 
510,Maruuerite H.''douin, 
511 Mart'chal du Palais, 
51'2:Mars)iall Villars, . 

513 Marianne, . . . 

514 M;u(iuis do Moyria, 
515M '.niuise d'lvry, . 
516 Manpiis d'O^seray, 
517iMeliemct Ali, . '. 
518! do do (Foul 



Ar 



ird), 



cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 



cup. 

cup. 

glob, 
cup. 



cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 

glob, 
cup. 



glob. 
cup. 
cup. 

CUJ). 

comp. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 



cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
glob. 



cup. 



cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 



Color and C'liuractcr. 



Carmine, dwarf habit. 

Brilliant rose. 

Violet rose. [well adapted for pillars. 

Light tilush, blooming in clusters, robust habit, and 

Flesh-colored. 

Purplish-ci-imson. 

Vivid scarlet. 

Deep red, large. 

Rose, large. 

Brig! it rose. 

Purplish-rose, large, fine form. 

White, fragi'ant, blooming in clusters, robust. 

Crimson-purple, vigorous habit, and suitable for pillars. 

Violet. 

Rich carmine, line form, slightly fragrant. 

Rosy-crimson, large and double. 

Dark rose, blooming in clusters. 

White, with rosy centre, large. 

Bright violet rose. 

Delicate pale rose. 

Lilac rose. 

Violet red. 

Rosy lilac, double, vigorous. 

Vivid rose, vigorous. 

Pale rose, vigorous habit, suitable for pillars. 

Delicate rose, pale at the edges. 

Bright rose, free blooming. 

Rose with lilac tint, large, double and vigorous. 

Brilliant light crimson, good for pillars. 

[maison, vig^irous 
Deep rose, large, similar in form to Souvenir de Mai- 
Liglit cherry, tinted with carmine. 
Lilac rose, very largo. 
Rosy cherry-color. 

Briglit carmine clouded with white. 

Lilac rose. 

Pale creamy-fawn, large, double, and distinct. 

Brilliant rose, good for pillars. 

Bright rose, suitable for pillars. 

Crimson, small and double, blooming in clusters. 

Flesh-colored with pale edges, large. 

Lilac rose, in large clusters, vigorous. 

Purplish-rose, large. 

White, tinged with blush, very robust, large clusters. 

Bright rose, large and double. 

Delicate blush, fragrant. 
Purplish-crimson. 



Lilac and purplish-rose. 

Blush, margined with red, distinct. 

Brilliant rose. 

Bright rose, large and well formed. 



White, fine form. 

Wiiite. double. 

Purplish-rose, large. 

Delicate flesh-color. 

Bright rose. 

Wliite, tinged with rose. 

Violet-crimson, large, fragrant. [petals. 

Delicate rose, darker towards the centre, very pointeJ 

Delicate rose. 

Purplish-crimson, vigorous growtli. 

Rose, shaded with lilac. 

Carmine, shaded with vermiUion. 

Delicate rose, larire and double, vigorous. 

D trk purple or violet red. 

Vivid r-;';C. 

Deeo ro.se. 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



11 



57S 
570 
5S0 
5S1 

53i 



583 
584 

58r) 
58(i 
587 
5BS 
5S9 
59'J 
591 



namk. 



M' laiiie Lcmari6, .... 

Meuoux, 

i\ital, 

Mens, 

M llcMi, 

Minima 

Aliroir ile Periectioii, . . . 

M't^s Fanny, 

Airs, lio^ciuquet, 

Mrs. Line, 

.Miiltilloni, 

Niiliuc F.iy, 

Nulisiiu 

Nf'Cturuie, 

N'jiJl'S, 

Ne lue, 

N.ecUe, 

Nipoleon 

Nicii(il:i.s Rollin, 

N.iioii de I'Enclos, .... 

Nenu-d, 

O.^car Le Clerc, 

Pai;is.^. 

Pilunele, 

Piiiicuee, 

Pitidore, 

l»irquiu, 

I'dnaile, 

Paul .Joseph, 

I'luliiie Lecierc, 

PjtElllX, 

P.iienion, 

I'nilipiri 

Pierre de St. Cyr, .... 

P.nlo 

P )iirj)re (Falkit), 

p.jiirpre de Miuget, .... 

p,)urpie de Tyr, 

P )ussin, 

Priiice Alhert, 

Prince de Cmi, 

Prince of S ilem, 

Print:e de Joinville, .... 
Princesse do .loinville, . . . 
Princesse Clementine, . . . 
Princes.'^e de Mixiene, . . . 
Premiees des Ciiarpennes, . 

Proserpine, 

P.syche, 

Piujelle Gcno'ise, 

PulclieUa 

q,aecn of Bourbons, .... 
,';'.i,;f de.i L;li!.: de UourUon. 

Q,uecn Elizabetli, 

Qiicntin Durvvard, .... 

Ridnncl, 

Raymond. . . ^ 

JvL'ine du Con?res, .... 
Reine de Fontenay, .... 
Reinc des Vierjies, .... 
(dunlin of the Virgins. 

Roblin, 

Supintarus, 

S r Robert Peel, 

Specio.sa, 

Splendens, 

Uminequin. 

C.imjOH Mad. Denprcz. 

Sonchef, 

Souvenir de Dumont d'Urville, 
S )U\enir de la Malmaison. 

S'aviu.-, '. . 

S-dly, 

Sydonie Uorisy, 

'l'',irpnn, 

Tereata, 

Themis, 



cup. 

comp 

cup. 
cup. 

cup. 

glob, 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 



cup. 

cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
e.x. 
cup. 



cup. 
cup. 
glob, 
glob. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 



cup. 

cup. 
cup. 

cup. 



ex. 

lilob. 
:omp, 
cup. 



cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
comp. 



cup. 



coliji iuid Ciiiiracur. 



Urigiit ro! e. 

wariuine, inchning to scarlet. 

(Iiriniue I'ose. 

S -arlet, lar^e. 

P>ue blu.'ili, robust. 

Deep ro^e, small and double. 

Rue, finely imbricated. 

I,i;;iit blu^h, bloomiUiJ in large clusters. 

F'e.sli color. 

i3eei) x'ose, very large. 

ilose. 

Deep rose. 

Rose. 

Vivid rose. 

I) irk purplish ro.sc. 

Rote, deeper towards the centre. 

li right rose. 

I) irk red, vigorous growth. 

Delicate ro.~e, doulile. 

Crimson and violet, shaded, large vigorous. 

Siiaded bright rose. 



Rosy crimson. 

Bright rose. 

Crimson purple, one of the best dark Bourbons. 

Deep rose, fragrant, distinct. 

iJlac rose. 

Violet rose, large. 

Pale rose, very robust and suitable for pillars. 

Dark crimson. 

Deep crimson purple. 

Deep crimson. 

Purplish red. 

Light rose, tinged with buff. 

Deep rose. 

Vivid ro.se, opens badly. 

Di.ep red, large. 

Rosy crimson, large, fragrant. 

Purple, shaded with crimson. 

Delicate ))ink. 

Satin rose, (;louded, imbricated, petals pointed. 

Brilliant crimson, shaded with purple, dwarf habit 

Pale pink, double, dwarf habit. 

Rich tlecp rose. 

({right llcsh color, dwarf habit. 

Delicate fawn-colored rose, very fragrant. 

iJriglit carmine. 

(,ilac rose. 

l)(,ep blush. 

Deep red, tinted with purple, good for pillars. 

Pale tjltish. 

Hrilliant rose. 

Pale llesh, with deep centre. 

Vivid red. 
Rose. 
Lilac rose. 

Rosy crimson, shaded, large and double. 
Brilliant rosy crimson, fragrant, robust habit, and well 
adapted (or pillars. 

Vivid crimson, shaded with purple, very largo. 
C'lerry red. [vigorous, and unsurpassed. 

Pale llesh, slightly tinted with fawn, large, regular, 

D irk violet purple, blooming in clusters, vigorous. 
l-'lesii cc)lored, vigorous. 
Purplish red. 

Lilac rose, large. 



12 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



No. 

592 
593 
594 
59"' 
590 
597 
598 
590 
60U 
6Ul 
602 
003 
004 
605 

606 
607 
60>3 
609 

010 
611 
612 1 
613 



NAME. 

Theresita, 

riietis, 

rhiaffait,^ 

Tainiocles, 

T.iishe, 

Tliurer, ^ . . 

Triomphe c!e la Dacliere, . 
Tnomphe rle la Guillotiere, 
Triompiie de Plantier, . . 

T. Rivers, 

Valerie, 

Vele.la, 

Veiiiisina, 

Vicomte de Cussy, . . . 

Fnt- da Cu^-sy. 

Victor Varaiigor, .... 
Victoii-e Argeiitee, . . . 
Victorine Auguste, . . . 

Virgil, 

VwlcaP'o, 

Walner, ' 

Zelinda, 

Zalema, 



Form. 



glob. 

glob. 

cup. 

comp 

ex. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 

cup. 
glob. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 



Color and Character. 



Bright i-ose, double, abundant bloomer, and vigorous. 

Delicate flesh color. 

Bright rose. 

Rote, large, very double. 

Purplish roiiC, double. 

[clusters, vijrorons. 
Delicate rose, large, well-formed, and blooming in 
Rosy i-ed, very robust habit, and excellent for i)illars. 
Rosy red, robust habit, suitable for pillars or trellis. 
Pale silvery blush. 
Bright llesh colored. 
Pale silveiy blush. 

Bright cherry red, large. 

Pale blush. 

Pale silvery blush, fragrant. 

Delicate rose. 

Rose, vigorous habit, good for pillars, robust. 

Deep ros,y red. 

Lilac roae. 

Pale blush, blooming in larsre clusters. 



CHINA ROSES. 



No. 



NAMH. 



614 Abbe Bisardon, 

615 Abhe Miolan, . , 

616 Abricofee. . . . 

j Fanny Dupmj. 

617 Adam, .... 
61S A Grandes Fleurs, 

619 A Grandes Fleurs Pourprei 

620 A^ilae Loth, . . . 

621 Agrippina. . . . 
I Craw.l-ie Superieui-e- 

62'2Aimee Plantier, 
623 Aimee Vihert, . . 

I Kjsa Niuaa. 
624' Alba 

625 Aiba Elegans, . . 

626 A lei lie 

627 A'exiua, .... 

628 Aiph(Misine, . . . 

629 Alzonde, .... 

i A!ra nl. 

630 Amelia d'Abancourt, 

631 Amiral de Riijnv. . 
I Kustif } ij-ulle. ' 

632 Amiral Duperre, . 

633 Amelie 

631 Ainiefe Gysels, 
6.3-5 Andreselle, . . . 

636 AiT/elina, .... 

637 Anteros, .... 

I Anl'mroan. 

63S Antoinette Bouvage, 

639 Antonine 

640 Anim ate I. . . . 

641 A'Odeur d'Ani.sette, 



642 Archrluke Charles. . , 

643 Archduclvse There.-^e Isahelle, 

! [.<ahel. 

614 Arrance de Navarro, . . . 

645 Ariel 

646!Arkinto, 



Color and Cliura.ct':r. 



T. 
B. 
T. 

T. 
T. 

N. 
B. 
B. 

B. 

N. 
N. 
L. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
N. 

T. 
B. 

B. 

N. 
B 

N. 
N. 
T. 

T. 

N. 
B. 
B. 

B. 
T. 



com[t. 
glob. 
cup. 

cup. 



cup. 

cup. 
cup. 

cup. 

cup. 
cup. 



[Lilac red, lanre and double. 

I Purplish crini.<on, often striped. 

iBrigiit rosy-fawn color. 

Rich rose, fine shape, large. 
I Rose colored. 

Ri).-e, chan^'ing to dark red. 

Briili;nU crimson, with a white stripe, very fine. 

Bri<rht fawn color, tin-red with blush. 

Pure wliile, b!(Jomiug in clusters, small and fine. 

Vriiife. 

P.ile llesh color. 

Pui-|)lisli red. fragrant. 

Pure wiiite. large and fragrant. 
jRfi>e C'.ilored. 
iPale pink. 



glob. jDclicale pink, distinct. 

cup. |T>eep purplish pink. 

cup. Fine yiink. 

cup. Wbiie, tinged with sulphur. 

cup. Lilac, distinct, good lor pillars. 

cup. Doep purple crimson, dwarf liabit. 

cup. Pale yellow, large. 

cup. Pale flesh color, large. 

Yellowish rose color. 

BriLdit pink, 
cup. Pale blush, very Iragrant. 

cup. Rose. cVinnsing to crimson, 
cup. i Creamy wliite. 

Pale rosv pink. [bloominu- in large clustere, 

iDclicaie" blu^-li tin;jed with butf. vi^o'-'is. and 

cup. JFiesli color, witii yfllowisli cfutre, tree bKiomer 



DESCniPTlVE LIST OF ROSES. 



13 



Nu. 



NAME. 



;• crmcr 



647 Aisinne, 

648; Assuerus, 

64'J! Augustine Hersenle, . . 

}ijiiil. Kcrnente. 
650 Aurora, 

Jaune ^a:Mchi. 

eollllarbot, 

6-3.iiBar(inne Delaage, . . . 

653!Bar(lon, 

GollCelle Archinto, . . . . 
6C5' Belle An^revine, . . . 

650, Belle Aliemande, . . . 
657 Belle <le Florence, . . . 

E5i-| Belle Antoiiine 

65'.)j Belle (ie Mouza, . . . 
Colli Belie Forme, .... 

tGl, Belie Emclie 

€02! Belle Clarissima, . . . 
6u:; Belie I.^itlore, .... 

tol JU'lle r,aure, 

6o.' Belle Laurence, . . . 
606 Belle Marjruerite, . . . 
6671 Belle Menes. ..... 

66.S Belle Marseillaise, . . . 
609, Belle Rosalie, .... 

670 Belle Violetle, .... 

67! Belphlegor, 

6<2'Beau Cannin, .... 
6/3 Heurre Frai.s, .... 

674! Bijou 

675; B ssf)n, 

676 Bicolor 

677 Blanc, ' 

678: Blanche (FOrleans, . . 

679! Boisnard, 

tFOBoimere 

6Sl'Boutran(i 

t8<? Bnuloixne 

tS3 Bouquet tout fait, . . . 
tS4 Houoainville, .... 

185 lU.casie 

(86 Boi.-^ilron, . . , ^ . . . 

(87 Bniu-bon, 

088|Bri(ieof Abycios, . . . 

I-'iancte d'Abydos. 

fi'^Q Buret 

090, Cartnin Superb (Desprez), 

I Cannin a' Yr:,!e\ 

GOl'Ciroline de Berri, . . . 
09.2 Caprice (!es Dames, . . 
69:5 Camellia Rose, .... 
691 Caiiallia Blanche, . . . 
695 Camellia Panachee, . . 
698 Caroline, ...... 

697|Castaiie, 

698 Cadot, 

699i Camellia Rousre, . . . 
Cerife Belle d' Esqitermes. 

700 Cameleon 

MLitabili!-. 

701 Caesar Cardet, .... 

702| Calliope, ...... 

703:Cels Multiflora, . . . . 

704j Charles Reybaud, . . . 

705 Clirysocome 

700 Chevalier d' Amour. . . 

707 diaries X ' . . 

70S CI dor is, .' 

709 Champney, 

Ciia!nj)rie'j^o Fink Clu,^Ur. 

710 Chromarella 

Cloti'i of Gol'l. 

711 Chererce 

712 Ciroven de Deux Mondes. 



B. 
B. 
B. 



B. 
N. 
B. 
N. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
'N. 
B. 
T. 
B. 
N. 
B. 
N. 
T. 
B. 
N. 
L. 
B. 
N. 
L. 
N. 
B. 
T. 
T. 
N. 
N. 
N. 
T. 
T. 
T. 
T. 

T. 
B. 

B. 
L. 

N. 
B. 
B. 
T. 

N. 

N. 
N. 



Color aiid CharacUr. 



cup. 
cup. 

cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
glob, 
cup. 



cup. 
cup. 
cup. 



cup. 



cup. 
cup. 



cup. 
cup. 



cup. 

cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
ex. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
•lion. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

j!lob. 
cup. 
cup. 

jrlob. 

cup. 

cup. 

c'jmp. 

cup. 



Klob. 



Delicate rose, free bloomer. 
Deep purplish crimson. 
Bright rose, distinct. 

Straw color, changing to rose. 

Fawn colored rose, large. 
Purplish deep red, large. 
Pale rose, inclining lo salmon. 
Pale flesh, edired witli pink, fragrant. 
Flesh, changing to white. 

Cream, shaded blush, large. 

\AS.\\i carmine, large. 

Delicate pink. 

Ro.-:e, changing to darkcriniEon, hardy 

Flesh colored. 

Blush, with pink centre. 

Dark pink. 

Ro.'.e, chaniiin? to dark crimson. 

While, flesh colored towards the centre, large 

Marbled rose 

Rose color, shaded. 

Pale rose, linked with bronze. 

Dark crimson, distinct. 

Bright pink. 

Fiosy liJac, distinct. 

Fine rose coloi". 

Piu-ple and crimson, shaded. 

Delicate straw color. 

Rot.e ciilor. very small. 

Delicate ro.sy pink, faccnt of aniseed. 

Blush and rose. 

White, very small ilowcr. 

White. 

Sulpluir. with deep yellow centre, fragrant 

Gliissy bronzed rose', very large. 

Bright rose. 

Deef) purple, brilliant. [for pillars. 

Creamy while, shaded, very fragrant, and suitable 

Reddish crimson. 

Pale yellow, large. 

Ro?e colored. 

White. 

Creamy white, tinted with rose. 

Rosy pink, large. 
Deep carmine. 

Blush, shad«d with fawn color, fragrant. 

Pink. 

Briiiht rose, distinct, and suitable for pillars. 

Pure white. 

Rose, shaded, large. 

Pale rose wiih deep centre, large and fragrant. 

Delicate flesh color. 

Large and double, suitable for pillars. 

Deep rose, suitable for pillars. 

Rose, changing to crimson. 

Pink, Large 
Yellowish-white. 
Blush, fragrant. 

Pale rose, very larija. 

Yellow, tinned with lawn. 

Hriiiht rose, with yellow centre. [pillars. 

Brisriif red, very double, fragrant, and suitable for 

Rosy lilac, dwarf habit. 

Blush, abundant bloomer. 

C Pure yellow, verv laree. fra^nint, well ailaptcd 
< for pillars, somewhat tender, but one of the 
( very best. 

White. 

Bright crimson, cha nging to ve ry dark c nmson. 



14 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



Former 
class. 



Form. 



Color aiKi Character. 



713 Clara Sylvain, 

714 Clara Wendel, 
7 15 1 Claudia Gand, 
716;Clariss:V Harlovve, 

717 Cleopatra, . . 

718 Comle de Paris, 

719 Comte.s-se de Tolosan, 

720 CDrntcsse de Molore, 

721 Comfesse de Grillon, 

722 Comte.sse d'Orloff, 

723 Comte Osmond, 

724 Cora L Barton, 

725 Conque de Venus, 

726 Corymbosa, . . 

727 Confucius. . . ■ 
72.S Corinne, "... 
729 Comble de Gloire, 

I Gros Clui/ies. 

730!Cramoisie Eblouissante, 

731 Darius, . 

Daiietn.- 

732 Daily, . 

I/idica. 

733 Delice-s de Planiier 

734 Desfontaines, 

735 Delphine Gaudot, 
738 Devoniensis, . . 

737 D'Espalais, . . 

738 Desire Roiisse], 

739 De Chartres, 

740 De.-'prez. . . . 
741|D;cu-donn6, . . 

742 Donna Maria, . 

743 Don Carlos (of Philadelphia). 



744 

745 

746 

747 

748 

749 

751) 

751 

75; 

753 

754 

755 

756 

757 

758 

759 

76tt 

761 

762 

763 

764 

765 



766 
757 
7^>8 
769 
770 
771 

772 
773 

774 

775 
776 
777 

778 
779 

7.^1 
781 



Don Carlos (Miellez), 

Jainme Dcan^-. 
Dremonf, . . . 
Due de Nemom-s, 
Due d'Oiieans, . 
Due de Bro^lie, 
Duchesse de Mecklenberg, 
Duchesse de Cazes, . 
Duchess of Kent, . . 
Duchesse de Lavallier, 

Ducreux, 

Du Luxembourg, . . 

D'Yebles, 

Eclair de Jupiter, . . 
Eiise Mercceur, . . . 
Elisa Siuvage, . . . 

Elizabeth 

Elie de la Roque, . . 

Elegans, 

Elvira, 

Etienie, 

Etna, 

Eugene Beauharnais, 

Bourbon Ueauharnais. 
Roi (Us Ciamoiaies. 

Eugene Hardy, 

Eugene Desgaches, . . . 
Eugenie Dubourg, .... 

Eugenie .Tovin, 

Euphrosine, 

Fabvier, . 

Nuisftte Agrijypina. 

Favart, . 

Fairy, 

Felize 

Societe d' AffrieuUure de Ui Maine. 

Fellenberg, 

Fclurus, 

Fenelnn (Desprez), . . . 

Floralie 

Flenr de Cyprus, .... 

Flon 

Florns, 



B. 

N. 

T. 

N. 

N. 

T. 

N. 

B. 

N. 

N. 

T. 

N. 

N. 

N. 

B 

T. 

B. 

B. 
B. 



T. 
B. 
T. 
T. 

N. 
N. 
L. 
N. 
L. 
N. 
B. 
T. 

T. 

N. 

T. 

N. 

T. 

T. 

B. 

T. 

N. 

N. 

T. 

N. 

B. 

T. 

N. 

B. 

N. 

T. 

T 

B. 

B. 



B. 
T. 

N. 
T. 
N. 
B. 

T. 
L. 
T. 

N. 
B. 
B. 
T. 
T. 
T. 
B. 



glob, 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
glob. 

CU[). 

cup. 



cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

glob. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 



ctip. 
cup. 

CUJ). 

cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 



cup. 
cup. 
:rlob. 
cup. 

cup. 
glob. 

comp 
cup. 



cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 



cup. 
cup. 



cup. 
glob. 



Pure white, distinct, fragrant. 

Pale fawn, changing tostraw.very fragrant, tender. 

Cream and pink. 

Pale blush, large and double, suitable for pillars. 

Pale lemon. [growth. 

Pale ro.se, large flowers and foliage, luxuriaxil 

Wiiite, witli rosy centre. 

Maroon, distinct. 

Bright rose, large, and suitable for pillars. 

Rosy lilac. 

Cream color, very double. 

Rosy pink, fragrant, suitable for pillare. 

White, with r(jsy centre. 

Pure white flower, with rough dark-green foliage. 

Hose colored. 

White, with yellow ceutre, large. 

Briirht crimsoji, double. 
Pink, with purple tinge. 

Blush, good for hedges. 

Coppery-rose color. 

Pure white, fragrant. 

Pure white. 

Creamy white, tinted with rose. 

Blush, fpigrant, and suitable lor pillars. 

Pdle lies! I, sliailed with piak. 

Rose color, very small. 

Yellowish blush. 

Briirht reddish purple. 

Rose color. 

Bright crimson, with a white stripe. 

Yellowish cream color. 

D<!licate-tinged bufT color. 

Lilac, very double. 

Deep rosy clierry color. 

Flesh colored. 

Sraw, large. 

Cicuny tiesh. 

Blush, often tinted with rose. 

Delicate rose coUn*. 

Deep crunson- purple. 

Rosy lilac. 

Flesh colored. [for pilJarsr. 

L'ght vivid crimson, large, distinct, and suitable 

Deep red 

Pale straw color, oranize centre, one of the best. 

Ne:ii"ly while, very double. 

l>elicale rose, large. 

Pink. 

Deep blush. / 

While, with flelicate rose centre, free bloomer 

Rose, chan!,'irkii to bright reti. 

Bright crimson. 



Creamy pale blush, distinct. 

Bright rose. 

Light pink. 

Pale rtesh. sli<rhtly tinted with fawn. 

Pale fawn. very fragrai^t, suitable for pillars.tender. 

Brilliant scarlet. 

Blush, large. 

Very small, well formed. 

Cloudeil crimson. 

Bright crimson. 

Deep rose, changing to Mack crimson. 

D^'ep rose, lar^e and double. 

Blush, bloomiuir in clusters. 

Pale flesh. 

Flesh-colored huff, large and fragrant. 

Deep red. irood petals, double. 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



15 



No. 



NAMK. 



782 Fra^'oletta, . . 
783|Fra>rrai)s. . . . 
784 Frederic Waeber, 
7S5'G;ihrielle, . . . 
7851 Gil lalhee, . . . 
7S7 G.ilaxie, . . . 
7S3|G;ima, .... 
7S9| General Cliasse, 
790 1 General Soyez, 
791 ' 
792 
793 



704 



Geraldine, 

Gii,'antea, 

Gigiinie-scjue, .... 

Uiganld-^que dc Lima. 

Glnire des Lawrenceanas, 
79o!Gloire rie Hardy, . . . 

Hardy. 

705 GouhdLilr 

797 Goiivion St. Cyr, . . . 
79S'Golconda, . ' . . . . 

799' Grenadier, 

SOUlGrandiiiier, 

801 Grandirtora 

Graiidiriora, 

Bla.h Perpttual Cliiita. 

Lee. 

Triomphe des Noisettes. 

Cara^-sitiia. 

C eh.-tis. 

Mon-trosa. 

Ifamon, 

Ilaiiiieloiip, 

80o|JIardy 

SOG.Ifeiirv, 

807 ilenrv v., 

80S lien ri, 

809 Hermine 

810j Heroine de Vaiiclnse, 
SlliHeureuse Conqueie, . . 

812 Hibbertia, 

8l:{ Hortensia, 

814 Hymen ee, 

81." Hyppolvte, 

810 I<'ieros.' 

8l7!lmperatr!ce .Josephine, . 
8!"< Indira Maxima, . . . 

819 li-ma, 

820 .laue, 

821 ;.Iainiatre, ...... 



802 



603 
804 



822jJaune Desprez, . . . 

JJ= pi-'Z d' A' cole. 
N'.w Frenck Yellow. 

823 Jackson i a, . . . . 

I Hu '.dred-leaved Daily. 

824 '.Jenny, 

82.5i.Jeune Ar^ole, . . . 

826'.Inan of Arc 

827'.Ji!sepliine Malton, . . 
628JJosepli Deschiens, . . 
829! Jules Desmonts, . . 

830 Jules Felize, . . . . 

831 Julia, 

Ja!in Diinl'-. 

832 Julie Mansais, . . . 
833|Julienne I>e Sourd, . 
S34 Julie de I^yons, . . . 
83.T Lacepede, . . . . 

836 Landreth's Carmine, . 

Ci:rr.i'te Ciuntcr. 

837 Lady Bvron 

838 Lafly Granville, . . 

839 Lady Warreuder, . . 

840 La Biciie, 

841 La Chnrmante, . . . 
&i2 La Curieuse, . . . 

843 La Miniature, . . . 

844 LaMouclie, . . . . 

845 La Neuville, . . . . 



Former 



T. 
T. 
T. 

N. 
T. 
N. 
T. 
T. 
B. 
T. 
B. 
T 

L. 
T. 

T. 
B. 
T. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
N. 



N. 



Form. 

jrlob. 

cup. 

cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 

glob. 

cup 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 

glob, 
cup. 



T. 


cup 


B. 


fflob 


N. 


cup 


N. 


cup. 


n. 


cup 


N. 


ex. 


B. 


glob 


N. 




B. 




B. 




B. 




T. 


cup 


T. 


cup 


B. 


cup 


B. 


ex. 


B. 


Clip 


T. 


cup 


T. 


tup 


T. 





cup. 



L. 


cup 


T. 




N. 


cup 


T. 


glob 


B. 




T. 


cup 


T. 


glob 


N. 


cup 


T. 


cup 


N. 


cup 


N. 




B. 




N. 




N. 




T. 


cup 


T. 


cup 


N. 




B. 




T. 


cup 


L. 


cup. 


L. 




N. 





Color and Character. 



Rosy blush, large. 

Bright rosy crimson, small 

Clouded red. 

Pinplish rose. 

Cream color. 

Pure white, dwarf habit. 

Pale yellow, large. 

Roi-e color, with fawn centre. 

Bright crimson-purple. 

Pale blush, veined. 

I -arge, double, and hardy. 

Pale rose, very large. 

Crimson. 

Brilliant rose, large. 

Bright rose, very fragrant, large. 

Briglif piu-ple. 

Creamy blush. 

Pink, free bloomer. 

Clouded rose color. 

Crimson, large. 

Blush, large, and suitable for pillacs. 



Pale rose and buff. 

Rose, changing to crimson. 

Pale llesli, rosy centre, large and robust for pillaTi! 

Bri:,'lit rose, very double. 

Briglit crimson. 

Delicate French white. 

Flesh colored. [small. 

Delicate rose, with coppery-yellow centre, flower 

Changeable rosy lilac. 

Pink. 

Shaded dark blush. 

Wiiite, with yellow centre. 

Deep salmon color, large. 

Cream, with yellow centre, fragrant. 

Deep crimson. 

Rose color, large. 

Rose, very large. 

Delicate salmon. 

Yellowish, large. 

Bright fawn color, large, very fragrant, suitable 
for [lillars, and somewhat tender. 

Bright red, strong growth. 

Brilliant rose. 

Deep rose color. 

Pure white, vigorous habit, and suitable for pillara 

Sliaded white, large, one of the best. 

Reddisli crimson, small, double, and distinct. 

Pale rose, with deep rosy centre. 

Clear rose, large. 

Blush-white, fragrant. 

White, with lemon centre, large. 

Bright pink, dwarf habit. 

Delicate blush white. 

Rosy lilac. 

Distinct carmine, double, free bloomer. 

Pale pink, profuse bloomer. 

Blush pink, large. 

Blush white. 

Pale rose, inclining to fawn in the centre 

Rose colored. 

Rose, very large. 

Rosy crimson, very small. 

R(osy red, very small. 

Flesh colored^ large. 



16 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF R0SE3. 



No. 



S-J6 
8A.7 
81S 
&19 
85J 
8.31 
852 
853 

854 
855 
856 

857 
853 

859 
86.) 
861 
862 
863 
80-1 
865 
8uG 
867 
863 
869 

870 
871 
872 
87.] 
874 
875 
876 

877 

878 

879 

SSJ 

831 

8S2 

8S3 

8S4 

8S5 

836 

837 

a33 

SS9 

890 

S91 

892 

893 

894 

89 

896 

897 

893 

899 

900 



901 
901 
9J3 
90 1 
905 
906 
907 

90F! 
909 
310 
Oil 
912 
913 
914 



N.iMK. 



Li Nymplie 

I^a Rt'iioinmee, . . . . 
L I Ileuuliere, . . . . 
1,1 Reveillere, . . . . 
Li Seiiuisante, . . . . 

L;i S:i|»ei-be, 

Ld Sylpiiide, 

Lafayette, 

Cim-on N'oUette. 

Lamarque, 

Lactaii.s, 

Lamarque a Coeur Rose, 

Four du Jeune Age. 

F/ear de la Age. 

Lawrencia Rlus^h, . 
r,avvreiicia Rubra, . 
Le Camocus, . . 
Lelieur, .... 
Leouie Charmante, 
Lenii Felize Bigot,. 
Lennidas, .... 
Leveson Gowei', 
L'E>;meraIda, . . 
Lilliputieiine, . . 
Lilicina, .... 

Lorrainii 

Louis Philippe, . . 

K'lm; of France. 

Louis Philippe d'Ansere 
Lutescens Grandiflora, 
Luxembourg, . . 
[,younai.s, .... 
Madame Bravy, 
Madame Breoh, 
Madame Bureau, . 

1/ f'ljid'-litr. de Lisettc. 
Madame Byrne, 
Madame Chavent, 
Madame Ciiallouge, 
Madame Crequy, . 
Madame Desprez, . 
Madame Droulin, . 
Madame Uupuis, . 
Madame Fries Morel, 
Madame Goubault, 
Madame Guerin, . 
Ma.lame Galet, . . 
Madame .laqueminot, 
Madame .louvain, . 
Madame Plautier, . 
Mailame Rohan, 
Madame Roussel, . 
Madame St. .Joseph, 
Madame Viileren, . 
Mai-arthy, .... 
Mansais, .... 

Maria, 

Marie de Medic is, . 
Marjoiin, .... 
Master Burke, . . 



Ma Tante Aurora, 
Marguerite, . . 
Marie de Beaux, 
Marshal Bugeaud, 
Melville, . . . 
Merle de Laboulai 
Miellez, . . . 

T'.ca d Jlsurs Jauncs. 
Minette, . . 
Mirabile, . . 
Miss Glegg, . 
Miranda, . . 
Miss Sarge^it, 
Moire, . . , 
Mondor, . . 



Former 

cl;\as. 



N. 
T. 
B. 
B 
B. 
B. 
T. 
N. 

N. 
N. 
N. 



L. 
L. 
B. 
N. 
T. 
T. 
B. 
T. 
T. 
L. 
T. 
B. 
B. 

B. 
T. 

N. 
T. 
T. 
B. 
B. 

N. 

B. 

N. 

B. 

B. 

T. 

T. 

B 

T. 

T. 

T. 

T. 

N. 

N. 

B. 

T. 

T. 

T. 

T. 

T. 

N. 

T. 

B. 

L. 



cup. 
:omp. 

cup. 
cup. 



cup. 
cup. 
cup. 



cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
glob. 
cup. 



cup. 

glob. 

cup. 
glob, 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
glob. 



cup. 



cup. 
cup. 
cu|». 
comp 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
glob, 
cup. 
glob, 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

slob, 
glob. 



cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
ex. 



Color and ChardctOT 



N 


com] 


T 


cup 


N 


cup 


T. 


cup 


T. 


cup 


T. 


cup. 


T. 


cup. 



Pink. 

VViiite, with yellow centre. 

Brilliant carmine. 

Deep rose color. 

Pale flesh, large. 

Deep red, variable. 

O.'eamy white, large, and free bloomer. 

Briglit rose, small flower. 

[lars, and often tender. 
Straw, with lemon centre, large, suitable for pil- 
Pure white, dwarf habit. [able for pillars. 

White, with fawn centre, large, fragrant, and suit- 
Light rose, very small. 
Deep crimson, very small. 
Rosy crimson, fine form. 
Brilliant crimson, distinct, dwarf habit. 
Pale yellowish white. 
Briglit rose. 
Ro:>y red. 
Pale yellow. 
Very bright rose. 
Bright colored aud very small. 
Lilac, free bloomer. 

French white, fine form. [ble, strong growth. 

Dark crimson, with blush centre, large and dou- 

Fine crimson. 

Pule straw, large. 

Bright purplish rose, large. 

Pale flesh color. 

Cream color, large. 

Brilliant rose, erect flower stems. 

Wiiite, distinct. 

[pillars. 
Yellowish white, with pink centre, suitable foi 
Ro.ie, large. 
Yellow, and large. 
Rose, changing to bright crimson. 
Pure wiiite, fragrant. 
Crimson, slightly tea-scented. 
Wiiife, with rose and yellow centre. 
Whitish cream, with blush centre. 
Brilliant rose. 

Pure white, with buff centre. 
Pale straw color, luxuriant and hardy. 
Yellow with wiiiie centre, large. [for pillars. 

Bright rose, bull" centre, very fragrant aud suitable 
Lemon, wiih yellow centre. 
Piue white. 

White, with flesh colored centre. 
Pm-e while. 
Brilliant ro-se, distinct. 
Bi'ight rose, hartiy. 
Butf and rose, large, fragrant. 
Bright rose. 

Bright rose, shaded with fawn, large. 
Dark )"od, large. 
Sjid to exist, and to have been originatefl by S. 

Feast ; plant two inches high, and flowers the 

size of a buck shot. 
Rose color, yellowish towards the centre. 
Rosy red. 

Deep yellowish rose cohu'. 
Br-ght rose. large. 
Pale rose, sliaded with pink. 
Cream color, edged with rose. 
Wiiite tinged with lemon, erect habit, and fragrant. 

IJght crimson, very double, suitable for pillars. 

Sulplmr timed, and edged with bright ruse. 

Pale flesh, nearly white, dwarf habit. 

Straw color, with ro.se centre. 

Ho.se color, wiih lighter margin. 

Rose, shaded with fawn. 

Fawn, shaded with rose, large. 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF RC«ES. 



17 



Nc. 



NAME. 



915 Moustreuse, . . . 

( l.a Mcijeilcuse. 
OlGMultiliora, . . . 
yi? Morpliec, .... 
91S Mrt^. Bosanquet, 
919 Mrs. Siddoiis, . . 
'■SJd Nankin, .... 

j A' /i t Ite MutabilU. 
A houtoiis Nanldn. 

S2l' Napoleon, . . . 
9,".; Ncircisse, .... 
9-0 Nt'niebis, .... 
9-4 Nl- Pius Ultra, . , 
92.'i New Crimson, . 

9:^0, Nigra, 

9i7 Nid d' Amour, . . 
9JS Niphetos, . . . , 

9:^9 Nisida 

93U Odorata, .... 
I Common Tea. 

931 Otlorafissima, . . 

932 Olvmpie, .... 

933 0pliir, ..... 

I Op.'iirie. 

934 Oracordes, . . . 

9:so Orloft; 

93b Orijiinale, . . , 
937 Faciole, .... 

I TJi-.a Fartoie. 

C/i/yKcnthiinefiora 
I New Yellow Tea. 

93SPte mi flora, . . , 

939 Paillet, 

F.ndjaune de Paillet. 
mo Pallida, ... 
941 Palavicini. . , . 
94-2 Pans, .... 
943 Pauline Plantier, 
914 Peilonia, . . . 
94.J Perleciion, . . 
I L^i-ijidele. 

946 Peii-t 

947 Pet I re Laponne, 

948 Plialoe. . . . 
9l'.VPiiaraon, . . . 
9.5U Piidomfjle, . . 
9.")1 Piiiladelpliia, . . 
932|P"mpuue. . . . 
9r)3 Pourpre Brun, . . 

954 Pourpre de Tyre, . 

955 President d'Olbecque 

956 Prince Charles, 

957 Prince Esteriiazy, . 

958 Pnnce Eugene, . . 

959 Pretty American, . 

960 Pr incense Arlelaide, 

961 Princps.se He'lene (Lux.; 

962 Princesse Helene Mode; 

963 Princesse Mnrie, . 

964 Princei^s oi Orange, 
9i>5JPumila Alba, . . 
966:Reine de Hassora, . 
967'ReiHe des Beiges, . 

965 Reine d'Anude^erre, 
969 Reine de Loml)ardie 
9/0 Reioe de Poestum, . 
971 Heine Vicioria. . . 
9721 Red Noisette, . . 

I iVell.^' / I'd. 

973 R^ve du Bonheur, 

i The Jiujjfy Dream. 

*>7i Rpiour du Printemps, 

975 Robert Bruce, . 

976 Kdi d'Au:.deieiTe. 

977 Roi de Siam, 

978 Romaine, . . . 

979 II meo, . . . 
98U'R'-tanaer, . . . 



ste, 



r oriue.- 



Form. 



Color and Character. 



L. 
T. 
B. 

N. 
N. 



B. 
N. 
B. 
N. 
T. 
L. 
T. 
T. 
T. 
T. 

T. 
B. 

N. 

T. 

N. 
T. 

N. 



T. 

T. 

L. 
T. 
B. 
T. 
T. 
T. 

N. 
L. 
N. 
T. 

N. 
T. 

N. 



L. 
N. 
B. 
B. 
T. 
B. 
L. 
T. 
T. 
T. 
T. 
N. 
N. 
T. 
T. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
T. 
N. 



cup. I Lemon color, very large, frag't, suitable fcr pillars, 

I 
cup. I Deep rose, very small. 

cup. Pale fle.sh. wax-like, fuie form, 
cup. ! Bright yeilow, irregular sliape. 
ex. Nankin, changing to white, fragi-ant. 



cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
glob, 
glob, 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

glob. 

comp. 
cup. 



glob, 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup 
cup. 
giub. 



cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 



cup. 
glob, 
glob, 
glob. 

cup. 
cup. 
glob, 
glob, 
cup. 

cup. 



(up 
( up 

rup 

I up 
I up 
cup 



'Blush, very large. 

Pale yellow. 

Deep crimson, one of the darkest. 

Creamy wlnte, very fragrant, and often tender. 

J Brilliant crimson, slightly tea-scented. 

jVery dark crimson, very small. 

I Blush, with rose centre. 

(Pure white, large. 

iFawn colored rose. 

jRosy blush, very fragrant. 

[Blush, wiih deeper centre, frasrrant. 
iLilac blush. [fine, rather fen<!er 

Bright salmon and fawn, unique color, robust and 

Creamy white, with yellow centre. 

Very abundant bloomer, vigorous and hardy. 

Blush with rose centre, vigorous. 

Pale sulphur, with deep yellow centre. 



Pink, large. 

Yellowish rose, large and full. 

P.de fler.h color, very small, and rather delicate. 
iPale yedow, poor on its own root, goo.i when 
JBright roi-e. [budded. 

Yellowish white, dwarf habit. 
Pale straw, with yellow centre. 
'Apricot color, very bright. 

P.ile rose. large clusters. 
Brilliauf pink, very small. 
White, timed with fawn and rose, often tender. 
Deej) rose color 
Flesh color. 
P;nk. 

Rosy phik, frngrant, vigorous. 
Brown t-li purple, very s-mall. 
Crimson purple, large and suitable for pillars. 
Cherry red. 
Brilliant carmine. 
Pale rose, very large. 
Rich crimson'scarlet. 
Orijrinaled by Boll, very small. 
Pale yellow, double. 
Straw color, lanre. 

Flower similar to the precedingjbut different habit 
Coppery rose, large. 
While, small flower. 
Pure white, very dwarf habit. 
Rose, buff centre, lar;:e. [habit 

I Yellowish white, large, often opens badly, dwarf 
Fine crimson, large, and suitable for pillara. 
'Clierry color. 
I Slightly tea scented. 
I Pale rose, shaded with pink. 
Pink, semi-double. 

j Creamy blush, buds tipped with red, distinct. 

Bright rose, with reddish leaves, very Email and 
j White, shaded with fawn. [distinct 

Crimscn. 

Wliiie. v.-ith yellow centre. 
Creamy while, large and double. 
Dwrk red. 
Pale rose, chr.nging to blush, fragraiit. ^^ 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF R03E3. 



No. 



NAME. 



I Former! 
I class. 



931 'Rubens, .... 

I Buhan Pourpre. 

SS-2|S;ifratio, .... 
983 Sanguinea, . . . 

j iSemperJlorens. 

984iSirmenteuse, . . 
9-5ri'Semel6, .... 
986 Silene, 

! Bon Silf.ne. 

967|S'milor, .... 
988, Sir Waiter Scott, . 
9S9,Sir Walter Scott, . 
990;Souvenir d'un Ami, 
90rS.)uvenir de 30 Mai, 
99i|Solfaterre, . . . 
99:i Soliman, .... 
994iSmitliii 

i Smith's Yellow. 
I Lutea. 

995 Strombiot, . . . 

996 Sirombiot Nouveau, 

997 Stevens' China, 

99S|St. Cloud 

999 1 St. Prixde Breuze, 

lOfJO'Snllv, 

1001 iSulpliurea Superba, 
100-J Sultana, .... 



](»0: 

1004 

1005 



Superba, . . 
Surabondante, 
Suter's Pink, 



lO06lSuter's Susanna, .... 

1007 Tasiioni 

1008 Tancrede, 

1009 Tiiebe, 

lOlOThelaire 

1011 Teterie N^gre, 

1012 Tliemislocle, 

1013 Theobaldine, 

1014 Tlieresa Stravius, .... 
1015Thouin 

1016 Tom Thumb, 

1017 Triomphante, 

I Grande, ct Belle. 

Indica Superba. 

La Superba. 
1 Paeony Noisette, 

lOlSJTriomphe dn Luxembourg, 
l019;Triomphede Gaud. 

lOJO - •■ 

1021 
1022 
10-23 
1024 
1025 



rriomphe de la Guilloliere, 

Triomphe d'Orleans, . . . 

Turgot, 

Valentine, 

Vandael, 

Vesuvius 

1026|V!comtesse de Cazes, . . 
1027 Victoria, 

Victorieuse, 

Pictorium. 

Victoire d'Anmay, . . . 
Vicioire Mfjdeste, .... 

Vinella 

Virsrinie, 

Viruinie (d' Angers), . . . 

Vir^'inalis, 

M^d■ Lacharmc. 

Vitellina, 

Walner, 

Wathin?ton, 

White Daily, 

Iidira Alba. 

William Wallace, .... 

White Tea, 

Yellow Tea, 

p'nve.sceixs. 
Ydloie CIdna. 

Zephora, 

Zietrude, 



1028 

10-29 
1030 
1031 
1032 
1033 
103) 

1035 
1036 
1037 

1038 

1039 
1040 
1041 



104? 
1043 



1044|Zobcide, 



T. 
B. 

N. 
T. 
T. 

N. 
N. 
T. 
T. 
T. 
N. 
T. 
N. 



T. 
T. 
B. 
T. 

B. 
B. 
B. 

N. 
N. 
T. 
N. 
N. 
T. 
B. 
T. 
N. 
T. 
T. 
T. 
B. 
T. 
B. 
B. 



T. 

B. 
T. 

T. 
T. 
T. 
B. 
B. 
T. 
T. 
N. 

B. 
T. 
B. 
B. 
T. 
T. 

N. 
B. 
B. 
B. 

T. 
T. 
T. 



Color and Characler. 



cup. Rose, changing to deep crimson. 

cup. Bright favi^n color, one of the best. 
cup. Rich crimson, dwarf habit. 

Blush, vigorous growth. 
cup. Blush, tinged with fawn, 
cup. Rose, shaded with crimson, fragrant. 

^ ' ' " [tender, 

cup. Fawn color, changing to pale llesb, fragrant, rather 
cup. Deep dark purple, suitable for pillars, 
cup. Rose color. 

cup. Bright rose, large, very fine.' 
cup. Coppery-yellow. [fragrant and tender, 

cup. Briglu sulphur, large, pillar habit of Lamarque, 

Rosy buff, large and double, 
glob Straw, with lemon centre, large and fragrant. 

glob. White and blush, sometimes cream colored, large. 

glob. Pure white, large. 

cup. Purplish crimson. 

cup. Rich creamy rose. 

cup. Rich dark red, large and double. 

cup. Pale rose, shaded with fawn, fragrant. 

cup. Pale sulphur, large. 

Bright crimson. 

Pale pink, abundant bloomer, 
cup. Fawn, tinjred with rose, 
ex. Delicate riesh. 

cup. Yellowish white, fragrant, adapted to pillaiv 
cup. Creamy blush, with buff centre, 
cup. Very deep red, peculiar habit. 

Bright rosy red, dwarf habit, 
cup. Pure white, 
comp. Rose, shaded with dark crimson. 

White, with blusli centre. 

Deep rosy pink, large and fragrant, 
cup. Pale flesh color. 

Clouded rose color. 

Very diminutive, and diflBcult to cultiTate. 
cup. Deep rose, large. 



glob. Buff rose, large and fragrant. 

cup. Reddish rose color, shaded, very robust. 

Pure white, large, 
glob. Purplisli red, one of the darkest. 

Rose, blooming in large clusters, tender. 
glob. Flesh colored. 

Bright rosy lilac. 

Brisht crimson, fragrant, 
cup. Brilliant yellow, paler on opening, 
glob. Pile yellow, 
cup. Pdle blush, large, fragrant, and tender. 

cup. Dark crimson. 

cup. Blush, large, strong growth. 

Dark crimson, blooms well in very hotweatliCT. 
cup. Rose and crimson, shaded, 
glob. Pale rose, with yellow centre, 
glob. Delicate blush pink. 

cuj). Creamy white, buff centre, fragrant and tender, 
cup. Bright red. 

Crimson, with white centre, sometimes striped, 
cup. Pure white, abundant bloomer. 

cup. Bright rose. 

cup. White. 

cup. Straw color, large. 



Violet crimson, 
cup. Deep crimson and purple, 
cup. Brilliant rose color. 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



i9 



MISCELIiAXEOUS. 



No. 
1045 
1016 

1047 

1048 
1049 

1050 

1051 
105:2 
1U53 
1054 
1055 
1056 

1057 
1058 
1059 
1060 
1061 



NAME. 



Alba Oclorata, . . . , 

Double While. 

Blush, 

P, a.'-er's Mo.-k: 
Jio:.a Froaeiii. 

Carnea 

B irr Rose. 
Coccinea, .... 
Cramoisie, .... 

ViuUt CrnmoiAe. 
Viola'-' a. 

Double Blush, . . . 

Vin lire MorJeate. 

Eliza Werry, . . . 
Eponine, .... 

Fringed, 

Granriiflora, . . . 
Grandiflora (Rivers), 

Hardii, 

Btrberifjlin H-nxIii- 

Herbemoiit's Cluster, 
Ilybride de Luxembourg, 

Hybrida, 

Hybride Nouvelle, . . 
Lucida, 

Lucida D'iplex. 

Semi d'juble White. 

I 'lynnphylla Duplex. 

1062 Maria Leonida, . . . 

1063 Maria Leonida Scarlet, 

1064 Most:hata Nivea, . . . 

S'lnw Buah. 

1065 Nerriere, 

1066 Old White Cluster, . . 

1067 Opliir 

10-38 Pourpre (Luxembourg), 

Rouse de I uinnhourg. 

1069 Princess of Nassau, . . 

1070 1 Purpurea 

1071 1 Ranunculus, .... 
Nrw Wl He Mask. 

1072 Rivers' Musk, . . . • 

1073 Rosine, 

1074, Rosea, 

.075iRouue Striee, .... 

Rubra Variegnla. 

1076 'Rubra 

1077 Triomphe de Machetaux, 
07SiVictorieuse 



C1.16S. 



Form. 



Color and Character. 



Macartney, 

Musk, 



I Creamy rose, rich glossy foliage. 
Semi-double, blooming in large clusters. 



Microphylla,! cup. jPale rose color, dwarf habit, nearly evergreen. 



Microphylla, 
Microphylla. 

Macartney, 

Musk, 

Musk, 

Musk, 

Macartney, 

Microphylla, 

Macartney, 

Musk, 
"Microphylla, 
Microphylla, 

Musk, 
Macartney, 



Macartney, 
Macartney, 
Macartney, 

Macartney, 

Musk, 

Musk, 

Microphylla, 

Musk, 
Microphylla, 

Musk, 

Musk, 

Musk, 

Microphylla, 

Microphylla, 

Microphylla. 

Micropiiylla, 

Musk, 



cup. 
cup. 



ex. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 



glob. 



cup. 
cup. 
cup. 



cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

com p. 

cup. 



cup. 
cup. 



Bright reddish rose. 
I Purplish crimson. 

Flesh-colored white, large. 

Bright nankin, changing to white, fragrant. 

Pure white, fragrant^ [ble for pillars. 

White, with fientated petals, fragrant, andsuita- 

White, single. 

Rose, very large. 

Bright yellow, dark centre, single. 

Blush white, blooming in large clusters 
Deep rose, full flower. 
Rosy purple, strong grower. 
Yellowisli white. 
Creamy white, large. 



White, rosy centre, very fragrant. 

Briffhr red. 

White, blooming in clusters. 



[larg 



Yellowish white, deeper towards the centr 
White, small and frairrant. 
Yellowish white, fragrant, suitable for pillars 
Reddish purple. 

S*raw color, very fragrant, suitable for pillan 
Pur])lish deep rose, suitable for pillars. 
Pure white, fragrant. 

Pink, tinged with buff, very fragrant. 
Flesh colored, very fragrant 
Rose color, large. 

Rose, deep red centre. 
Blu.sh, eflged with rose. 
White, with yellow centre. 



LIST OF ROSES 



THAT BLOOM ONLY ONCE IN THE SEASON. 



GARDEl!>ir ROSES. 



107!) 

iOSO 
1031 
10S2 
1033 
1084 
1035 
1086 
1037 
1033 

iosg 

1090 
1091 
1092 
1093 
1094 
109^ 
1096 
1097 
1093 
1099 

uoo 

1101 
1102 
1 103 
1104 
llOo 
1106 
1107 
1103 
1109 
1110 
1111 
1112 
1113 
1114 

lllfi 
1116 
1117 
111^ 
1119 
11-20 
1121 
1122 

1123 
1124 
1125 
1126 
1127 
11-28 
1129 



NAM!-:. 

Abelard, 

Arialila, ....... 

Adonic, 

Aileline, 

Atlrieiinc de Cardouville, . 
Adzet Ic Couvreur, . . . 

Ai,a'nor, 

Aiiamede, 

A_'ar 

Asiiodjce, 

A'zlae Ailanson, 

Aiilae Diisart, 

AiraeLS Sui'el, 

Alicia 

Alain Blanchard, .... 

Aline, 

Alcime, 

Alelte, 

Alplionse Maille, .... 

Amandine 

Ainpliirryon, 

Amy Ilohsart, 

Amiable Q,npen, .... 
Antonine d'Oi'mois, . . . 
AuLsetio de Chantemerlc, . 

Anarelle, 

Andre Tiionin, 

Anais Segalas, 

Auliiioue, 

Anai-reon, 

Aniioln 

\uiia Kzartoryska, . . . 

An/.oLi, 

A'O ieur d'Anisetfe, . . . 
A'O leur de Pate d'Amandc, 
Apiifolia, 

Arlinde, 

Ar(ioisee (de Bnixelles), 
A ll^meaux Sirnienieux, . 

Arami.-5, 

Astree, 

Aspasie, 

A>-suet-us, 

Athelin 

AUnlalne. 

Attila, 

Attala, 

Aurelie, 

Anrelie Lamare, .... 

Anrora, 

Avenant, 

Bachelier, 



F. 


cup. 


H. C 


cup. 


H. B 


glob. 


H. P 


cup. 


H P 


cup. 


F. 


cup. 


F. 


cup. 


F. 


ex. 


F. 


cup. 


F. 


comp. 


F. 


cup. 


F. 


cup. 


H P. 


cup. 


F. 


cup. 


H. P 


cup. 


D. 




F. 


cup. 


H. P. 


cup. 


P. 


cup. 


H. C. 


cup. 


F. 


cup. 


F. 


cup. 


F. 


cup. 


F. 


cup. 


H. C. 


cup. 


F. 


ex. 


F. 


CU[). 


H. P. 


cup. 


D. 


cup. 


F. 


cup. 


P. 




H. P 


cup. 


H C. 


cup. 


H. C 


!ilub. 


H C 


cup. 


P. 


glob. 


D. 


cup. 


F. 


cup 


F. 


cup. 


F. 


cup. 


A. 


cup. 


H P 


slob. 


H. C 


cup. 


H. B. 


cup. 


A. 


cup. 


H. P. 


glob. 


H. P. 


iilob. 


F. 


cup. 


H. C. 


cup. 


F 


comp 


D. 


cup. 



Color and Character. 



Rose, slightly marbled -with blush. 

Pale Ilesli. nearly wliite. 

Lilac and red. 

Rose color. 

Deep brilliant rose, large. 

Purplish rose, spotted with -white. 

Purplish red. very double. 

Deep rose, finely spotted. 

Darli rose, with a rosette, spotted. 

Crimson, very large. 

Rf)sc, spotted with white, very large. 

Lilac, very double. 

llo.-;y crimson. 

Bright rose, very large. 

Dark crimson, spotted. 

Wliite, inclining to flesh color. 

Violet crimson, very dark. 

Pale blush, with purplish-rose centre. 

Purplisli red, very large. 

P de rose, habit dwarf and robust. 

Deep purplish rose. 

Bnglit crimson. 

Deep rosy purple, marbled. 

Fine blush, large. 

Pure while, very fragrant, suitable for pillars. 

Deep rosy blush, large. 

Bnlliaut crimson, spotted with purple. 

Rosy crimson. 

Deep rose, large, very double. 

Rich purplish rose. 

White and double. 

Bright crimson, spotted, large. 

Rich dark jjurple. 

Rose, very Iragraut. 

Red, very fragrant, with almond paste scent. 

Rose color, with remarkable foliage. 

Rose color. 

lied, large. 

Deep red. striped with lilac. 

White, striped with bright rose. 

Bright rose. 

Delicate blush. 

Bright crimson. 

Red and distinct. 

Brilli-^nt rosy crimson, large. 

Pale flesh, large. 

Deep I'ose, spotted with white. 

Briglit rose. 

Crimson purple, striped with white. 

F.ne rosy pink. 

Rose, large and very double. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 

P., Provence; F., French ; H. P., Hybrid Provence ; H. C, Hybrid Clima j A., Alba ; D., Dam- 
ask; H. B., Hybrid Bourbon. 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



21 



No. 



NaME. 



li;30 Uaron Cuvier. . . 
1131 U ironne le Kruiiner, 
113'i BiUideau N'uptial. . 
ll:io Heautc Vive. .' . 

1134 IJeauiy of Hilliard, 

1135 Bcaute Pdii'aiU . . 
1130 Beauie Pourpre, . 

1137 Beaiite Suivage, . 

1138 Belle de Marly, . . 

1139 Belle de Funtenav, 

1140 Belle de St. Cyr," . 

1141 Beiie Marie, . . . 

1142 Belle Clementine, . 

1143 Belie d'Autenil, 

1144 Belle et Mince. . . 
114.J Belie Herminie, No. 2, 
114C Belle Hel.Mi^e, . . 
] 147 Belie iJe Zelbes, 

1148 Belle de Creey, . . 

1149 Bella Donna, . . 

1150 Beethoven, . . . 

1151 Be' quet, .... 

1152 Berlete, .... 

1153 Bizarre de la Chine, 

1154 Blanche de Castde, 

1155 Blanche Davilliers, 

1150 Blanchelleur, . . 

1157 Blairii, No. 1, . . 

1158 Boidade Nanteuil, 

1159 Bi.>t^*'uet, .... 

1100 Bouvet, .... 

1101 Brillanle, .... 

1102 Brdliant, .... 

1103 Brennus, .... 

1104 Briseis, .... 

1105 Buff:n, .... 
1100 Bull.ila, .... 

Mmatrosa Cvntifolia Bullata. 

1107 Cam i lie Boulard, . 
lloNjCaniaieu, .... 
11091 Carnuset Carne, . 
llTUjCalel 

1171 Cambronne, . . . 

1172 Capiiaine Sisolet, . 

1173 Candida, .... 

1174 Calypso, .... 
1175jCai;h(istro, . . , . 

1170iCarnea, 

11771 Car m in Royal, . . 

1178 Cassiniir Perrier, . 

1179 Cardinal Cheverus, 

1180 Celesline, .... 

1151 Celesie Blanche, . 

Nova CaUi^tl-. 

1182 Cerise Saperbe. . . 

1193 Cesonie 

118^ Cli-irmante Isidore, 
lli5 Chatelaine, . . . 

Lan::ez:ur. 
1186 Charles Duval, . . 
llS7Ch.rles Louis, . . 
118S;Champ'on, . . . 
1189iCluis;c Siisanne, 
1190;CUnsiiiie de Pi.^an, 
1191 1 Charles Foucquier, 
1192:Chenedole, . . . 
1193| Chateaubriand, . . 

1194 'Cicero 

1195; Cleopatra 

1190 Ciaude Lorraine, . 

1197|Climcne 

119SCIarissn Ilnrlowe, . 
1199 C'urito Bouhert. . . 
V^W Conifede Flandres, 
1'20] Comic Plater, . . 
1-202 Comie Foy, . . . 
1203 CumtcsKe de Lacepede 



F. 

n. c. 
11. c. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 
H. B. 
H. C. 

A. 

D. 
n. C. 

F. 

n. c. 

F. 

F. 

D. 

F. 
H. C. 

F. 
H. C. 
II. P. 

D. 
H. P. 
II C. 

F. 

P. 

D. 
H. B. 

F. 
H. C. 

F. 

F. 

P. 

A. 

F. 
H. C. 
H C 

F. 
H B 

A. 

D. 

F. 
n. D. 

D. 

F. 

F. 
H. P. 

A. 

F. 

D. 

F. 

H. C 

H. B 
H B 

F. 

F. 
If. P 
II, C. 
If C 

D. 

F. 

n. P 

11. B 

D. 

I). 
II. B. 

F. 
H P 

F. 
H. C. 



Color and Character. 



cup. j Purple, very double and very large. 



cup. 

cup. 
conip. 
comp. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 
ex. 

cup. 

CUJ). 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

Clip. 

cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cuj). 
cup. 
glob. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
comp. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
ciq). 
cup. 
cup. 
glob. 
Ciqi. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 



Delicate blusli. witii rope centre. 

Rosy red, d'stinct, fragrant. [for pillars. 

]5righi scarlet, bloominjj in large clusters, suitable 

Brilllanf rose. 

Crmit-on, large. 

Brilliant rose, large. 

Rose, motlled with lilac, large. 

Pink, inariiled. 

Bright ro^e, suitable for pillars. 

Deep royy pink. 

Rose, mo'uled. 

Briglit ro.-^e, fine foliage. 

Lilac blusli. 

Crimson, spotted with blush. 

Lilac, with rosy centre, large. 

Bright bluili, edged with rose. 

Very rich deep violet. 

Pmk. fine distmcl habit. 

Briglit piiik. 

Fine purple. 

Purple, finely spotted. 

Crmison. 

Delicate blush. 

Pure while. 

French white, fine form. 

Pale rose, suitable for pillars. 

Crimson purple, very large. 

Rose colored. 

Bright crimson. 

Biilliant rose, spotted. 

Scarlet, very brdliant and distinct. 

Brilliant crimson, very large, and good for pillarSL 

Bright rose, very large. 

Purplish red, large and distinct. 

Brilliant rose, large and very curious ft Lage 

Pink, and distinct. 

Rose, striped with lilac. 

Rich paie rose. 

D.irk crmison. 

(Jrimson purple, very large. 

Rose color, distinct. 

VViiite. tinged with fawn. 

Rose, fine glossy foliage, very large. 

Deep crimson, larae. 

Blush. 

Bright rose. 

(Jherry red. 

Deep crimson fine form. 

Blush, large. 

Blush. 



Bright cherry red, beautii"ul color. 
Rose, very double. 
Purple, veined with crimson. 
Ldac purple, large 

Briffht rose, larac, robust for pillars. 
Brilliant pink, large. 
Deep red. 

Fine blusli, very large. 
Pink, spotted. 

jDeep red, with lilac margin, suitable for pillars. 
|Li!,dit vivid crimson, large, beautiful, frairrant. am 
(Jherry red. [suitable for pillars 

Crimson, sliaded with lilac. 
Pale lies!) color, suitable for pillars. 
Brilliant rose, finely cupped. 
Pink, dwarf liaMt. 
Pale llesh. 

Deep rose, very largo. 
Deep rod. fine. 

Cre;im. tineed with fawn in the centre. 
Delicate rose. 
Silvery pale blush. ___^ 



22 



DESv^RIPTlVE LIST OF ROSES. 



No. 



1227 



{See Moss 



r204 Comlesse Plater. 
1205 Corntesse Almixviv;i, 
12U6 Comtesse Delaroc, 
1207 Cdiniesse dn Mniitlivc 
120S Comlesse Mole, 

1209 Coupe irAniour, , 

1210 Coupe (le Ilebe. 

1211 Coutanl. . . '. 

1212 Cniispicua, . . , 

1213 Colonel Combes, 
12]4jCol. Boiiiiaire, . 
12l5|Coriuiie, . . . 
12161 Coralic, . . . 
1217 Columella, . . 
1218'Corvisard, . . 
1219iCocliineal, . . 
1220|Conion Bleu. . 
1221 jCi'lumi)ieiiiie, . 
1222 j Common Cahhase, 
12231 Common VVIiite, 

Old iV/dte. 

1224|Constantia, . , 

1225 Colbert, . . . 

1226 Comus, . . . 
Crislata. 
Crivalis, 

1>2S I Curled, . . 
1229'Cvntie, . . . 
1230'Cvnis. . . . 

1231 Ciivier (ViberO, 

1232 Cymodocee, . 
r233!C7,ar, . . . 
1234 'Daphne, . . 
] 2;}5 ^ I)' AiTuesseau, 
12:36 U'Ariot, . . 
1237 D'Audigne de la Dlaii 
12;3S D'Assas, . , 
12.39 De Nancy, . 

1240 De Ilennes, , 

1241 De Sfviirne, 

1242 De C uidolle, , 

1243 De M iniiiinv. 

1244 Deshoidcres, 

1245 Dee^^e Flore, , 

1246 Delpliine, . . 

1247 Delpliuie Gay 

1248 DessaLx 

12-19 Delii-es des Amateurs 

1250 De SiJoiig 

1251 Diable Boiteaux, . 

1252 Dime 

1253 Danihiflora, . . . 

1254 Didon 

1255 Diane de Poitiers, . 
1256 :D. .una S)l, . . . 
1257 Diimbnuvski, . . 
r^5S Doiuia Maria, . . 
1259 Dr. D'eltiiem, . . 
1260.Dubovt~ Dessauzais. 

I E'<isenie Dvs,aazais. 

1261 [Due (le Barriere, . 
12621 Due de Choiseul Pone 
1263|Duc de Valmy, . 
1261 1 Due (le Nemours, 
1265|Diic (i'Aiemberif, 
1266 Due de Trevise^ 



Ro 



ch 



1267 
1268 
1269 
1270 
1271 
1272 
1273 
1274 
1275 
276 



Due de Bassano, 
Due d'Anirouleme, 
Due de Cazes, . . 
Due de Luxemhour>i, 
Due d'Orleans Ponetii 
Duke of Devonshire, 
Duke of Sus.«ex, 
Duke of Cambrids;e 
[)uchess of Riclmiond, 
Duchess of Buceleu'ili, 



tut' 



H. P. 



Form. 



II C 
H. B. 
H. C. 
H. C 
H. P 

D. 

A. 

D. 

F. 
H. C 

F. 

F 
H. C. 

P. 

A. 

H P 

H C. 
F. 

F. 

P. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 
H B. 

F 

F. 
H C. 

F. 

P. 

P. 
II P. 
II C. 

A 
II P 

D. 

F. 

D 

F. 

F. 

P. 

F. 
II C. 

P. 

F 
H. P 

F. 
H. B. 

F. 

F. 
H P. 

F. 
P. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 
H. P 
H. C. 

A. 

F. 
II C 
H. C. 

D. 

F. 

F. 



cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
ylob. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
c\ip 
cup. 

CUJ». 

cup. 

iriob. 
jilob. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

comp. 

glob. 

cup. 

cuii. 
comp. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

gl"b. 

cup. 

cup. 

Jllol). 

cup. 

CU|t. 
CU|). 
ffloi). 
cup. 

cup 
cup. 
cup 
cup. 
cup 

cup 

cup. 

comp. 

cup. 

CU(). 

comp 
cup 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 

plob. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 
comp. 

cup. 
comp. 

cup. 

irlob. 

cup. 

cup, 
;omp. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 



Color and Character. 



Cream, tinged with fawn in the centre. 

Crim.son. [pillars. 

Pale rose, blooms in lar?e clusters, suitable for 

l,ilac rose, with red centre. 

Ro.-e, very large, robust habit. 

Brdliaut |)iiik. 

Delicate bright rose, suitable for pillars. 

Pur})lish rose, suitable for pillars. 

Reddish rose, robust habit tor pillars. 

Deep rosy red, very large. 

Reddish crimson, with curled petals. 

Rose, very large. 

White, with rosy centre. 

Deep rose, wiili blush marsin. [for pillars. 

Bright crimson, shaded with purple, and suitable 

Bright red. 

Soaded jjurple. 

Brilliant rose. 

Rose color, large and fine. 

Pure wliite. 

Brittht pink, blooming in clusters. 
Brilliant red, inclining to purple. 
Rose, with crimson centre. 

Purplish blush, very double. 

Veined rose, very (hstinct. 

Pale rose, very double. 

Lilac rose, large. 

Deep red, spotted. 

Crimson, shaded with scarlet, large. 

Def|) vivid crimson. 

Bniliaul red, distinct. 

Brilliant crimson, large. 

Violet-spoited. 

Violet ])iu-ple, shaded. 

Ri(!h violet, spotted. 

Brilliant rose, very large. 

Silvery blush, large. 

Rose, .-polled. [pillars. 

Brilliant crimson scarlet, flagrant, and good fof 

Fine blush. 

White. 

Fine blu.-^h white. 

Deep |)urplisii red. 

F neblu.-.h. 

Very d irk purple. 

R;cli purplish crimson. 

Pale ruse. 

Purplish lila''. large. 

Bniiht ro-e. large, very double. 

Small and curious. 

Rose, with red centre. 

P de rose, moitlcd. 

Bnll'ant red, sjtotted with flesh, distinct. 

Brilliant red. approaching to .scarlet. 

Light rose, very large. 

Bright rose, very large. 

Rose color, very double. 

Shaded lilac rose. 

Bright rose, niottleri. 

Brilliant ro.~e, larire. 

Deep rose, marbled with rod. 

IJrinlit red. 

Rich velvety crimson. 

Red, marbled witli white. 

Lilac rose, distinct. 

Lilac rose, very double. 

Flesh, with rosy centre, verv large. 

Red, finely spotted with while. 

Lilac rose, striped white, suitable for pillars. 

Dei.'p rose, fine. 

R(>.sy red, robust and distinct. 

Lilac rose, very large. 

Bright rich pink. 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



23 



No.] 

'^i 
1278 
1279 
l-.su 
I'JSl 
1282 
1:283 
l:.'8} 
1285 
1286 
1267 
1288 
1289 
129U 
1291 
l-492i 
1-29.J 
1-'91' 
129.") 
1296 
1297 
129S 
1299 

1300 
1301 
1302 
1303 

1304 
1303 



1306 
1307 
130-:! 
1309 
1310 
1311 
1312 
1313 
131-1 

,3,.' 
1316 
1317 
131S 
1319 
13iO 

v.m 

1322 
1323 

1324 
1325 
1326 
1327 
132^ 
1329 
i:«0 
1331 
1332 

1333 
1334 
1335 
1336 
1337 
1338 
1339 
13-10 
1311 
1342 

134:; 

1344 
1345 
1346 
1347 



Diichesse d'Abrantcs-, 



queue, 



Diicliesse de Raihlf 
I)iichest;e d'Orleaii 
Duchess of Kent, 
Duchei^iie, 
Duguesclin, 
Diipuytren, 
Diiich, . . 
Diivivier, . 
Ehlouissante fie La 
Eclat lies R;)ses, 
Eclalante. . . . 
Eilouai'd Delair, 

Eiiie 

Eliza Lemei?le, . 
Elipa I.eker, . . 
Elise MercQcur, . 
Eliza, .... 
El;se lie Ilcnning, 
Eli.-e Voiart, . . 
ElseRennn. . . 
Elizahetii Fry, . 
Elizibetli Plaiitier, 

Re'inc hlizaijttli. 
Emma, .... 
Emeraiice, . . . 
Empemr Probus, . 
Emmt'line, . . . 

AJiirieli'ie. 

Eiifaiil, du Nonl, 
Euchaiitresse. . . 

Utile Heniiclte. 
Panne ndc.r. 

EniefJt Ferray, . . 
Esmeralda, . . . 

E4iiur 

Eloile lie Malmaii:on, 
Eujeiie N ipoleon, . 
Euphrasie, . . . 
Eiilalie Lebrun, 

Eveliiia 

Faiiiiv Parissot, . . 

Fanny lAa^. 

Famiy Eis.-<ler, . 
FiDuy Somersoii, . 
Fiiirne. . . . 

Feniiiiaiid, . . . 

Frl;r,ile 

Feu (rEiii:liien, 
F-'u Hi iliaiiie, . . 
Feliiitc Parnicntier, 
Fimbriaia, . . . 

,1 I rUih'-- Frnngce.^: 

Flava Pdiirpre, . . 
Fleiiretfe, . . . 

Flora Me Ivor, . . 
Foiitenelle, . . . 
Foniarina, . . . 

F<ix 

Franklin, .... 
Francois de Foix, . 
Fulfifns, .... 

Mnltun. 

Gazelle 

GabrioUe d'Estrees, 
General Foy, . . 
CJeneral Allard, . . 
General Christiani, 
General Lamarqiie, 
General Dansmenil, 
Gi^nera! Mertrand, . 
General Dnnnadieu, 
General Droiiet, 
General Jacqueminot, 
Georire IV., 
Gil Bias, . 
Giselle. . . 
Globe Hip. 



mont, 



('olor 



lid Character. 



cup. 
comp. 

CUl). 

cup. 



cup. 
cup. 



cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
Klob. 



Pale rope. 

Bi-ijrhtre.l. 

Blush. Willi pink centre. 

Pale rose. 

Rose, very large. 

Brilliant crimson. * 

Purple, distinct. 

Rose color, larfre. 

Bright red, distinct. 

Velvety scarlet. 

Deep rose, shaded, lar^e. 

Scarlet, brilliant and distinct. 

Bright rose. 

Deep rose, large. 

Blush white. 

Rose, spotted with white. 

Rose, with red centre, large. 

Blush, large. 

Pure white. 

Deep crimson purple. 

Creamy white, tinted with blush. 

[for pillars. 
Deep-shaded crimson purple, very large, and good 

Dark crimson. 

Pale lemon. 

Crimson purple, fragrant. 

Delicate Uesh color, bordered with lilac. 

Bright reddish rose. 
Deep rose. 



Deep rose, distinct. 

Deep red. 

Rose, finely striped with pink. 

Blush pink, with light edges, large. 

Purplish crim>on. 

Deep rose, spotted. 

Fie^h, striped with lilac am! red. 

Pale rose, shaded, very large. 

Pale blush, large. 



cup. r/'glit purple, spotted with rose, 
comp. Rose, very double, erect habit, 

cup. Rose, spotted, 

glob. Rcddisii lilac, very large, 

cup. French white, distinct. 

cup. I,!ght brilliant crimson, 

ex. I Brilliant scarlet. 

cup. Fine rosy lilush. 

cup. Cherry red. 

cup. jDiirk purple. 

cup. j Bright ro.se. 

glob. [Rosy lilac, very large, suitable for pillars. 

cup. iRose, spotted with red, large. 

cup. ll)epp rose, marbled with white. 

cup. IDark purj)le, spotted. 

glob. Red. tinged with lilac. 

cup. Bright rose. 

cup. Crijnson velvet. 



cup. 
cup. 

CU|). 

glob, 
cup. 
cup. 
glob, 
cup. 
conij), 
cup. 
cup. 
glob, 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 



Delicate rose, large. 

White, tinted with blush. 

Crimson violet, spotted. [blooms in autumn, 

Rosy red, distinct, fragrant, good for pillars, often 

Cherry color, distinct. 

Blackish crimson. 

Purple crimson, very large. 

Striped reil and lilac, very double. 

Purplisii nil. 

Red and pur|ile, dwarf liabit. 

Purplish red, liir:re. 

Deep velvety crimson, suitable for pi!lai"s. 

Shaded brilliant rose. 

Rose, spotteil. 

Creamy white. 



24 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST 0.^ ROSES. 



No. 1 



NAME. 



1354 

1355 
1355 
1357 
135S 
1359 
136U 
1361 
136:2 
1363 
1361 
1365 
1366 
1367 
I3i8 
1360 
1370 
1371 
1372 
1373 
1374 
1375 
1376 
1377 
1378 
1379 
13Sa 
1331 
13S-' 
1333 
1331 
1335 
1336 
1337 

1333 
13S9 
139IJ 
1391 
1392 

1393 
1391 
1395 
139-6 
1397 
139 S 



134S Glnry of France, 

1349 Glorieiix 

135'J Gloire d'un Partenc, 

1351 Gloire de Colinar, 

1352 Ginire de Couline, 
1^53 Grande Agatha, 

Ui 

Grandissima, 

LiOuis Fkuippe 

Grilony 

Great Western, . 

Grain (i'O 

Gran<l Cunlina 

Guerin's Gift, 

Ilirleciviin 

Uenrion de Pansey, 

Henri Barb 

Heurietie Campan, 

HeleneMaret 

Hebe 

Hurtense Leroy, 

Horteusia 

Holmes' Mandarin, 
Hulua. ..... 

Hypacia, .... 

Hypocrare. . . . 

Imperatrice. . . . 

Inez de Castro, . . 
Ismrr.ie, .... 

Isahelle de Lorraine, 
Isal)elle Deux. . . 
J am hart. .... 

Jean Bart 

Jeaime d'Urfe, . . 
.Jeanne de Laval, . 
Jeanne d'Albret, 
Je.inne Seymour, . 
Jeanne Hacliette, . 

Jenny, 

Jenny Duval, . . 
J'jlie Parnicntier, . 
Jo.sepliine Beauliarnais 
Bella di Segar. 

Julie, .... 

Julia 

Julie d'Etrange-s, 

Keau, .... 

Kleher, .... 
General Kleber. 

Krerly 

La Ciierie. . . 

La Calai^sienne, 

La Circas.sienne, 

I,a Constance, . 

La D.iupiiine, . 
1399|La Fiancee, . . 
14l)0;La Fiintauie. 

1401 l,a Fi'.le de 1' Air, 

1402 r-a Fidele, . . 

1403 La Jeune Reine, 
1404LaJu!ve, . . . 

1405 La Majestueuse, 

La Ai(jjk<j!ea 

1406 La Jlerveilleuse, 

1407 [-a Ne-rresse, . . 
1403 LaQuintinime. . 
1409[La Rochefoucault 
14 10' La Reniarquabie. 
Mll!r, 1 S mplicite, . 
LHJJLa Sviniiide, . . 
1413!LaSiiperhe, 



1414 
1415 
1416 



La Splendour, 
I/i, Sediiisante, 
La Soyeuse, 



1417 La Tourterelle, 

Pand. 
l)jve Ko'.". 



Clais. I Form. 



Color and Character. 



H P. 

H. B. 

F. 


ex. 

glob, 
cup. 


F. 

II. C 

P. 


coni[) 
cup. 
slob. 



F. 

11. C 
II. B. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 
H. B. 

A. 
II. C. 
11 B. 
II. B. 
11. B. 
II. C 
H. P. 
H. P. 
11 C 

D. 
H. P. 

D. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 
H. P 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 
H. C 
H. C. 

F. 

A. 

F. 
H. C. 

F. 

F. 
H. C 

F. 

D. 
H P 

F. 

D. 
H. B 

D. 
II C. 
H P 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 
D 

n. c 
II c 

A. 
II P 
H P 
H B 

F. 
A. 
D 

n. c. 



cup. 
ixlou. 
com p. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
glob, 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

CU(). 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

CUj). 

cup. 

cup. 

conip. 

CU|). 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

CU)D. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
ex. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
glob, 
cup. 

CUJ), 

cup. 

CUfl. 

cup. 

conip 

cup. 

cup. 



Deep sha(ied rose, very large, suitable for pillars. 
Silvery blush. [habit. 

Deep rose, tinned witli lilac, robust and di.stinct 
Dt^ep rich crimson. [ibr pillars. 

Brilliant carmine, shaded with crimson, suitable 
Pale flesh, bluoiaing in large dusters. 



cup. iBriUiunt crimson. 



Purplish slate color, large. 

Deep red crimson, very large, very robust, ant] 

Brilliant crimson. [well adapted to pillai's. 

Fine red. 

Bright rose. 

Brigiit red. marbled with white. 

Bright crimson. 

BriUiant pink, large, and adapted to pillars. 

Bright rosy red. 

Creamy while. 

Pale flesh, nearly white. 

Pale rose, dislirict. [and is adapted to pillars. 

Pink, tinged with fawn, blooms in large clusters, 

Rosy lilac, good for pillars. 

Di'cp velvety purple. 

Brigiit red, spotted. " 

Brilliant rose. 

Fine ro.sy salmon. 

Blush, vv'ith rosy centre. 

Pale flesh, large. 

Rose, edge,! and spotted, large. 

Brilliant rosy red. 

Bi-ight rose, very large. 

Deep rose, spoiled. 

Deep lilac rose. 

Brilliant pink, large. 

Brdliaul rose. 

Rosy lilac, lar^'e. 

lied, spotted with crimson, large. 

Deep rosy lilac, fine I'orm. [pillars 

P.ile blush, liabit distinct and very vigorous foi 

Deep brilliant rose. 

Delicate pale flesh. 

Blush, edged with purple, large. 

BnUiaut rose, fragrant. 

Delicate rose, large. 

Scarlet, tine. 

Deep red an^l purple. 

Violet, spotted with purple. 

Flesh, with pink centre. 

llo.^e, large, vigorous habit, suitable for pillars. 

Piuk, flue. 

Ro.sy' blush, large. 

P.ile flesh, large, and suitable for pillars. 

Blush, with rosy centre 

IJrilliant ci4mson. 

Flesh color, with rosette. 

Light red. 

Bii^iht ro.se. 

Purplisii rose, large. 

Velvety purple, very dark. 

Deep red. 

Very deep crimson purple. 

Deep rosy lilac, large. 

Bright red, bloo.ms in clusters, suitable for pillars 

Wliiie. very roDUst. 

Crimson, larire. 

Blush. 

Brilliant rose. 

Brisrlit reil, marbled wit!i pure white. 

Brilliant rosy blu^h. 

l)eep I'ose, very double. 

Dove c(jior. 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



25 



No. 


N.AMK. 


Class. 


Form. 


Color and Character. 


1.-1 1 8 


La Ville de Bruxcllcs, . 


- 


D. 


cup. 


Bright rose, fine glossy foliage. 


1419 


LaVe.=;lale, .... 






II P 


cup. 


Pure vvliite. 


14-20 


La Viile de Londres, . 






11. P 


cup. 


Bright rose, large. 


] in 


La Volupte, .... 






H P. 


cup. 


Deep rose. 


142: 


La Ville deGand, . . 






F. 


cup. 


Brilliant rose. 


14'23 


Laiu-a, 






IL P 


cup. 


Rosy blusli. A 


14:4 


L'A<lmiration, . . . 






H. B. 


com p. 


Rose very double. 


M:-T) 


L'Aimablp, .... 






F. 
F. 
D. 


cup. 
cup. 
cup. 


Pale rose. 


14:J6 


Lady Bathurst, . . . 




Lilac rose. 


1427 


Lady Fitzgerald, . . 




Light brilliant crimson. 


1428 


Lady Grey, .... 






H. C 
H. B. 


glob. 

CU[). 


Pale blush, very large. 


1429 


Lady Montgomery, 




Pale rose, very robust. 


li:^l) 


Lady Stuart, . .' . . 






XL C. 

F. 


cup. 
com p. 


Sdvery blush, fragi-ant. 


1431 


Lavoisier, 




Brigtif uy>e, spotted, leaves variegated. 


1432 


La^tlienie 






A. 

F. 


glob. 
cup. 


Pale llesli color. 


1433 


Latour d'Auvergne, . 




Crimson, large. 


U54il.,a:^ Casas, .■"..'. 






II. C. 


cup. 


Brii-lit rose, very large. 


1435 
1436 


I/Es^meralda. . . . 






A. 
A. 


cup. 


Bright pink, distinct. 

New. 


Lc Gras St. Germain, 




1437 iLe Grandeur, . . , 






n. c. 


cup. 


IJriLdit rose, tinged with lilac. 


1433 !l<- Meteorp 






H. C. 


cup. 


Brilliant red, suitable for pillars. 


MSiiiLe Sultan S^tlihe, . . 






H. P. 


cup. 


Blusli. spoiled. 


1440 Le Troubadour, . . 






H. C 


cup. 


Rich rosy cherry color. 


144lLeVesuve 






H. B. 


cup. 


Bright rosy pink, suitable for pillars. 


]442|Lep's Carnation, . . 






F. 


cup. 


Crimson, striped with pale red, distinct. 


14 13 1 Leopold de Bcauffremon 


t, 




H. C. 


cup. 


Delicaie rose, very robust habit, and well adapted 


1444 Letfuce Leaved, . . 






P. 


glob. 


Rose color, large. » [to pillars. 


1445'Leonea 






F. 


cup. 


Brilliant rose, large. 


J440 
1447 


Leon X. 






F. 

F. 


cup. 
cup. 


Rose, one cjf the largest. 


Leone. Demoustier, . 




Pale rose, very double. 


1448 
144'.5 
14.50 
Mil 
1452 


Lctitia, 






F. 
H. B. 

F. 

F. 

H. P. 


cup. 
glob. 


Veined deep rose. 

Puiailish crimson, suitable tor nillars. 


Le'iouve, 




L'Hn.spital, .... 




cup. Reddish rose, spotted, 
cup. Rose color. 


L'lnfivnte, 




L'lugeuns, .... 




comi). 


White, with buff centre. 


1453 
1454 


Lord Byn n 






F. 

n. B. 


cup. 
cup. 


Pnrplislt crimson, spotted. 

Brilliant rose, blooming in erect clusters 


Lord John .^i^sre'L . 




1455 Lo>"d Keiih, .... 






n. c. 


glob. 


Brilliant rose, large, suitable for pillans 


145'), Lord Nelsmi, .... 






H. c. 


cup. 


Deep velvety crimson. 


1457 
145^ 


T,ouis XYL, .... 






D. 
H. C 


cup. 
cup. 


Li,'j;h* crim.soa. 


Louis Foucquier. . . 




Brigtu pink, and suitable for pillars. 


1459 
1460 


Louis Fries . . . . 






II. 0. 
F. 


glob. 
ex. 


Glossy pink, distinct, 
iirighf rose, large. 


Louis Pliilippe, . . . 




1461; Louise Leker, . . . 






II. P. 


giob. 


Delicate blush, large. 


1462 
1463 


Lucile, 






F. 
H. B. 


ex. 

cup. 


Pink, spotted with white. 
P,Ue rose, large. 


Lu.sseldembou^-g. . . 




14iilJAC<iris 






F. 


cup. 


Deep pink, spotted. 


1465 Madame Audof, . . 






A. 


cup. 


Pale blush. 


1466 Madame Campar, . . 






A. 


cup. 


Briglit rose, spotted with white. 


1467 


Aladame Dubarry, . . 






F. 


ex. 


Ricli puri)lisli crimson. 


146S 


Madame Damoujp£U, 






F. 


"omp. 


Deep rose, large. 


1469 


Madame Ducliesuy, . 






F. 


CUM. 


Blusli, large. 


147U 


Madame Dindos. . 






F. 


cup. 


Rose, lar::e. 


1171 


Madame de St. HenMi.ie 






K. C. 


glob. 


Rich rosy pink. 


1472 


Madame Febiu-ier, . . 






D. 


co.mp. 


Rose, very large. 


1473 


Madame Ilom-iette, 






F. 


CUD. 


Briliiaut rose, large. 


1474 


Madame II irdy, . . 






D. 


cup. 


Pu'-e wliite. 


1475 


Madame Uuef,' . . . 






11. P. 


cup. 


Lelicate rose, snitable for pillars. 


1176 


?tTadame Lafayette, 






IL C 


cup. 


Black velvety ci!n?son. 


1477 


Madame Lambert, . . 






H. P 


(•U|». 


Brilliant crimscn, large. 


1478 


Madame I'Abbey, . . 






H. P. 


cup. 


Brilliant deep rose, suitable .'"or pillars. 


147') 


>I idame Lepras, . . 






A. 


cup. 


Pure while, widi na'e yellow centre. 


1480 


Madame Mortier, . . 

Dfuil du Marechal Mortiei 






H. C. 


cup. 


Dark velvet crintscn, suitable lor pillars. 


1481 


Madame Pisaroni, . . 






H. C. 


cup. 


Bright rose, viiroi'ous "u;bit tor pillars. 


14^2 


M idame Plantier, . . 






H. C 


cup. 


Pure v-,dii!e,abua Ian,' bloomer, suitable for pillars. 


1483 


Madame Pniu'ey, . . 






H C. 


cup. 


Deep crimyon pui'p!*;. 


11^4 


Madame Rameau, . . 






H C 


cup. 


Bri',dn crimson. 


!4«5 


Maria me Sfolz. . . . 






I) 


cup. 


Pale straw. 


14-6 


M idune Tre.^san, . . 






I). 


cup. 


Pde rose, large. 


14 ^^7 


Madame Zoutman, 






I). 


cup. 


Cream. sfmhtK sbad"?*.' with fawn, distinct 


14^- 


Mailiieu Mole, . . . 






F. 


cup. 


Crimson luu'p'e. vcrj k-rj^c. 


1489 


Marie An'oinette, . . 






F. 


cup. 


Lilac cr.mson. 'arge. 


14'.)0 


Marie de Cliamplouis, 






H C. 


cup. 


Briglit red. 


1191 


Marie Prevo.^t, . . . 






H. C. 


cup 


Blush, deep red centre, si.U tu'.lf ■ f f ^W-^ 


)492 


Maina Ro.^ea, . . . 






H. C 


cup. 


Liiiht blush, large, frar .etjI, \ =<j ■»♦■-.'•■«" lP"Jb«t. 


1493 


Mari;aret Mary (Wood's). 




F. 


cup. 


Rosy lilac. witlTdeep CtssO'' C. s, 



iQ 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



No. 

491 
495 
i496 
i497 
i49s 
*499 
15U0 
1501 
1502 
1503 
1504 
1505 
150'J 

1507 
1508 
1509 
151J; 
loll 
loiJ 
1513 
151-1 
1515 
1516 
1517 
1518 
1519 
1520 
1521 
1522 
1523 
1524! 
1525 
1526 
15:^? 
152S 
1529 

153o| 



1531 
1532 



1533' 
1534 
1535, 

1536 
1537: 
1538' 
1539 
1540, 
1541 
1542 
1543 
1&44 
1545 
1546, 
1547 
154S 
1549 
1550 
1551, 
1552! 

1553 
155 1 
1555 

1556 
1557! 
155S 
1559 
1560 
1531 
1562 



M;uielon Friquet 

;VIari!tieri!e de Valois, . . 

Mursiial Suult, 

Mai Vina, 

iMaric de Bourgogne, . . . 

M;i7.eppa 

Miilesuerbes, 

Alajestueuse, 

Marcus Aurelius, .... 

Marceau 

Marguerite d'Anjou, . . . 

Milil, 

Marjolin 

ijsiicral Dertrand. 

Melaiiie, 

.Viedee, 

Meceiie, 

Minos 

Mis!< Chaiincey (Rivers), . 
M !e. Montessu, .... 

?ir)nime, 

Mti teste Guerin, .... 

M)yenna, 

Miiiieaii, 

Moiieleda, 

Mrs. R'vers, 

Myrsa, . . .* 

Myrobalan, 

Naissance de Venus, . . . 

Napcjleon 

Nathalie Diniel 

Nircisse Desportes, . . . 

N uisicae, 

Niiiiietie, 

Nellv 

Nt'stor, 

New Village Maid, . . . 

Pitnirhc Flci'ie. 

New Double Globe. . . . 

a lute dc Nrige a jUurs pleines 

Ndui (Jiibd Hip. 

Nero 

Ne plus ultra, 

Palingi. 

O-'tirc dss Hyhrides. 

Mount VenuKius. 

Neiiala 

Nicoleife 

Nova Cselestis, . . 

Neio Ceic tial. 

Nouveau Camuset, 
Nouvelle Marbree, 
Noenii, .... 
Odette de Champ divers 
(Eillet Parfait, . . 
CEillet Flamand, 

Ohl, 

Olympic, .... 
Oiynipia, .... 
Oracle du Siecle, . 
Orillamme, . . . 
Orplieline de Juillet, 
Oaiello, .... 

Odio, 

Parigot, .... 
Paul Perras, . . . 
Painted, .... 

Lcda. 
Panache .... 
Pandore, .... 
Pauline Garcia, . . 
Pallida de Narbonne, 
Pergolesi, .... 
Petit Pierre. . . . 
Petite Mignonne, . 
Penel')pe, .... 
Petrarque, . . . 
Perle des jPanachees. 



Class. 

F. 

n p. 
II. c 

A. 

A. 

F. 

F. 
H C. 

D. 

F. 
II P 

F. 

F. 

II P. 

F. 

F. 

F. 
H B. 

F. 

F. 

F. 
H C. 
H C 

D. 
H P 

F. 
H C. 

A. 

F. 
H C 
H B. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

H. P. 



Form. 

comp 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 

cup. 

cup 

cup 

ciq). 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 
C(Mnp. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup, 

cup. 
comp. 

cup. 

cup. 
comp. 

cup. 



Color iiiirl Cliar.icter. 



H. P. 


cup. 


H. C. 


glob. 


F. 


cup 


H P. 


cup. 


A. 


cup. 


H. C. 


cup. 


F. 


comp. 


D. 




H P. 


cup. 


F. 


comp. 


F. 


cup. 


F. 


comp. 


D. 


cup. 


H. B. 


cup. 


F. 


cup. 


F. 


comp. 


F. 


cup. 


H C. 


cup. 


F. 


cup. 


H. (J. 


cup. 


H. B. 


cup. 


1). 


comp. 


H P 


cup. 


H C 


cup. 


H. P. 


cup. 


F. 


comp. 


F. 


comp. 


II C. 


cup. 


P. 


comp. 


I). 


!.'loh. 


F. 


cup. 


P 


cup. 



Rose, spotted with wiiiie. 

Briifht ro^-e. slightly mottled. 

Deep brilliant pink, distinct. 

Rose, tinged witii salmon, large. 

Pink, spotted with flesh. 

Bright red. marbled. 

Spotted purple. 

Deep rose. 

Deejj rose, spotted, large. 

Dark rose, spotted. [lowish green. 

Rose colored, tliornless, wood and leaves of a yel- 

Deep crimson. 

Purplish slate, large and distinct. 

Pure white, larse. 

Blush, with deep pink centre. 

VViiite. striped witii deep rose. 

Bri:.'ht ro.-e. spotied wiili flesh, large. 

Bright piuk. distinct, erect habit. 

Dcpp Mesh color. 

Rcijdish rose, spotted. 

Briirnt rose, mottled with white. 

Rich rosy purple. 

1) u'k purple. 

Marbled rose. 

P.de flesh color. 

Siiaded scarlet. 

Rosy red. large. 

Rosy blush. 

Light crimson, very large. 

Rosy lilac. 

Crimson, robust habit, 

Rose, large. 

Deep blusli. 

Blush, tuiiied with fawn. 

Deep rose, very lame and ilistinct. 

Red, striped witli pure white. 

White, tinged with pale lemon. 

Red, tinged with purple, suitable for pillars. 
Brilliant red. 



Purple, spotted with rose. 
Blush. ■ 
Pure white. 

Bright rose, suitable for pillars. 

Marbled rose. 

Deep rose, a little mottled. 

Rose, spotted with white, distinct. [red. 

Nearly white, finely striped v/itli rose and bright 

White, striped with rose and red. 

Deep rich crimson. 

Rich deep crimson. 

Delicate pink, shaded with fawn, distinct. 

Crimson. 

Dee(} scarlet. 

Black crimson. 

Clouded, deep purple, distinct. 

Brilliant rose. 

Vivid crimson, brilliant, suitable for pillars. 

Brilliant shaded rose, suitable for pillars. 

Creamy white, margined with rose. 

[good for pillars. 
Flesh, striped with deep red, large, semidouble, 
Deep crimson, singular \vo(id and foliage. 
Delicate straw color. 
Deep red, large. 
Crimson, very double. 
Bright rosy violet. 
l,ilac ro.^e. 

Deep red, lar,tre. robust habit. 
R:ch crimson jiurple. 
Pure white, striped with brisht red and purple. 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



27 



No. 
15G:}' 

156 1 

ir)05i 
156r;| 
VyfJT 
15681 
1569; 

1570 
15711 

1572 
1573! 
1574 1 

15751 

157^;! 

1577i 

157<^i 

1579! 

LxSllj 

1581 ! 

1532 

1583 

1584 

15S5i 

1586 1 

l5S7i 

158==! 

15S9 

159t), 

1591 

159 J I 

I59;r 

1594 
1595 
1596 
1597 
159S 
1599 
1600 
1601 
1602 
160M 
1604 
1605 
1606 
1607 
1608 
1609 
161(1 
1611 
161-2 
1613 
1614 
1615 
1616 
1617 
1618 
1619 
16-20 
1621 
16-22 
1623 
1624 
16-25 
16-26 
1627 
16-28 
16-29 
1630 
1631 
1632 
1633 
1634 
1635 
1636 
1637 



NAME. 



Pliarericus, . . 

(i art-iicun. 

Pliodre, . . . 
Phoebus. . . . 
Philippe IV., . . 
Pheiiice, . . . 
Philodame, . . , 
Picotee, 

Violet Picotee. 
Pierre Jaussens, . . 

Placidie, 

PhUn 

Piimpon lie BourKoirne, 
Pomjxin He la Queue, 
Pompon Bicolor, . 
Pompon Carmin. . 
Pnmpon Eie>fant, . 
Pompon Blanc, . . 
Pompon Carue, 
Porcelaiiie Royale, 
Potart 



Pope 

Portland Ponrpre. . 
Princesj.'je de Lamballe, 
Prinresse Clementine, 
Princcj^s Caroline, 
Prince Reiient, . 
Prince Albert (Hooker's 
President Mole, . . 
Promethee, . . . 

P rope re e 

PuUlierie. . . . 
Queen oi Denmark, 
Queen of Summer, 
Quesne, .... 
Quiiierio, .... 

Rachel 

Randolph, . . . 

Raucourf 

Rei •-•<:! dc Provence, 
Heine dey Belse.^. . 
Reine de BeljiKpie. 
Heine ]Mari;nerite Nonvelle 
Renoncule Ponctuce, 

Reboul 

Rien i;c me snrpasse, 
Richelieu (Verdier's), 
Richelieu (Duval), 
Rochebaniun, . . 
Rosimond, . . . 

Romulus 

Rouue Eblouissante, 
R')Uj:e Sup rename, 
Royalo Rouge, . . 
Robine Dupont, 
Rosemary, . . . 
Rouizei de Lisle, 
Ro.^e Devigne, . . 

Sdmacip 

Saiicho Panza, . . 
Suichette, . . 
Siudeur Panache, . 
Schismaker, . . . 
ScliiJnbrun, . . . 

Scipio, 

Seuuier, .... 
Semilas-so, . . . 
Semiramis, . . . 

Selima, 

Sephora 

Sextus Pompilius, . 
Sir Waller Scott, . 
Shakspeare, . . . 
Sidonia, .... 
S rocco, .... 
Smith's Seedling, . 
Sonibrieul, . . . 



Chis-s. I l\.Tin. 



Color aii'J Cliiiracter. 



F. 

F. 
D. 
F. 
F. 
D. 
F. 

F. 

D. 

F. 

P. 
H P. 
II C 
II. C 
H C 

A. 

A. 

F. 
H. C. 

D. 

D. 

A. 
H. P 

P. 

F. 
H. C. 
H. B. 
H. C. 

F. 

D. 

A. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

P. 

F. 

F. 

P. 
H. P. 
H. C 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 
H C. 
H. B. 

P. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

A. 
H. C. 

F. 

F. 
H P 
H. P 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 
H P. 

D. 

D. 

F. 
H. C. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 
H. C. 
H. P. 



f^up. Roty red, large. 



comp. 

cup. 
comp 

cup. 

cup. 
comp. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
comp. 
<-up. 
c\ip. 

CU]). 

cup. 
comp. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

CU}). 

comp. 

cup. 

glob. 

cup. 

cup. 

cuj). 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 
com p. 

CU{). 

comp. 
comp. 

giob. 

cup. 

cup. 

glob. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 
comp. 

cup. 

ex. 

c\ip. 

glob. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 
comp. 
comp. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup 

cup. 



Rose. 

Pink, large, distinct. 

Cherry rer). 

Reddish rvee. spotted. ♦ 

Fine light crim.son. 

Purple, striped with white. 

Deep rose, very double. 

Rose color, large. 

Deej) crimson, one of the darkest. [it. 

White, pink centre, small tlower, and dwarf hab* 

Blush, shaded with pale .«almon. 

Violet crimson and red, suitable for pillars. 

Brilliant red, very double. [fragrant. 

Pale llesh, wiih bright rosy centre, distinct and 

Blush, early bloomer. 

Delicale blush. 

Spotted rose. 

Bright pink, large, haoit ver.y vigorous, for pillars. 

Crimson purple, large, distinct, sometimes blooms 

Purplish light crimson, distinct. [in autumn. 

Pure white, early, abundant bloomer. 

Pure while, large, and adapted to pillars. 

Rose color, large. 

Brilliant rose. 

Pink. 

Pale rose, very large. 

Fine rose color. 

Slate color, large. 

Pure white, distinct. 

Blush, large. 

Lilac, with deep rosy centre. 

Deep rose. 

Fine rose, small. 

Rose, very large. 

Pink, shaded with rose. 

Crimson scarlet, large. 

Pale lilac rose, very large. 

Pure while. 

Ricii rose, suitable for pillars. 

Crimson, striped with cream. 

Red. sijotted witii white 

Brilliant crimson, large. 

Bright red. 

Rosy lilac, fine. 

Bright rose, distinct. 

Deep rose. 

Rosy liiac. 

Rich reddish lilac. 

Brilliant velvety scarlet. 

Bright rose. 

Glossy pink. 

Pale flesh, nearly white, suitable for pillars. 

Deep rose, mottled with tlesh, leaves variegated. 

Blush, tinged with lilac, large. 

Pale jiink, suilable for pillars. 

Deep rose, spotted. 

Slate color, large. 

Deep pink. 

Rose, distinctly striped. 

Dee[) purple. 

IJrighl crimson. 

Deep i:rimson. 

Deep crimson purple, spotted with red. 

Deep reddish rose, sjjotied, lariie. 

Rose, Willi fawn centre, distinct. 

Pale rose, very large. 

Marbled deep red. 

Light crimson, tinted with lilac. 

Purplish rose. 

Briirlit rose, with bril'^iant red centre, 

P,,le blush. 

Deep rich rose. 

Vivid carmine, large and brilliant. 

Deep rose, spotted with white. 



2F. 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF P.03ES. 



lG.-)3 
lOiJ-l 

lUoo 

16;./ 

I(3:.H 
lU3y 
IGO'J 
1661 
166i; 
1663 
1664 
1665 
1666 

lt>!i. 

166'.» 
1670 
1671 
167,' 
1673 
1674 
1675 
1C76 
1677 
1678 
1671) 
16-!l) 
16SI 
16-32, 
16S.J 

13S4 

IGSf) 
16S6 
16S7 
16SS 
1639 

ig;k)^ 

1691 
169. 

1696 
1697 
1G93 

1609 
171);) 
170). 
17a'2 
1703 
1704 
170o| 
170G 
17071 
170S| 



NAM.-;. 

Sopiiie Cot* in, .... 
Sophie il' Iloudclot, . . 
S(;pliie (ie lSI:irsilly, . . 
Siipliie dc liavn;i-(j, . . 

S.)linuin, 

Souvenir d' uiie Merc, . 
SpoLleil, 

Coitfcuille iV Autri.il. 

Strie, 

Srarliholder, 

Stella, 

St. lli-.suhi, 

Superb Striped Unique, . 
Superbe Cramoisie, . . 
Stiperb Tuscany (Rivers), 
Superb Marbleci, . . . 
General Da >:i rcmo.U. 

Sulkowski, 

Sylvaiu, 

T,.ffiii, 

Tcoliniie, 

'I't-leiU'ifpie, 

The Pruice, 

'I'lialin, 

Tiieodora, 

TUurette, 

Ttielesille, 

Tippoo Saib, 

T.l)ulle 

Tiniarette, 

Torn Jones, 

Tr, color, 

Tricolor 3, 

Tricolor 5, 

Tricolor Pom pone, . . 
Tricolor Snporba, . . . 
Tric(jlor d' Orlean?:, . 
Tricolor de ri:indrp>:, 
Ti'iomptie d' Abheville, . 
Triomphe d'An^ers, . . 
Triomplie de Flore, . . 
Trioinj)lie de .laus.sens, . 
Triomphe de IJeaiiie, 
Triomphe de I/iquene, . 
Triomphe de Reunes, . 

Tiillie 

T:irenne, 

Unique, 

WliiU Cabbage. 

Unique Panachee, . . . 

.y.ihl ;.f Ikc Vailei/. 

Vandyke, 

Vaudael, 

V^iuhaii, 

Venus de Medici.s, . . . 
Velour.-^ E|)iscopal, . . 

Vi ilct Epi-ro/iaL 

Veiui.s 

Vdlase Maid 

Vtilai:cuit;e Paree, . . . 

Victoria, 

Victoire des Hybritles, . 
Violet de Helijique, . . 

Vhi'e- dc ndgcs. 

Violet C.irne, .... 

Vitruvius 

Viridit- 

t<o e verts. 

Vir^'inie, 

V.rgine Zekler 

Vicomie Shrymaker, . 
Vinirt Neuf Ju'iUet, . . 
Volumineu.so. ..... 

Warrat.ah, 

vV;isliinj:;ou 

Wellin;j;l.on, 

Weill nj,'ton, 

Wilber'brce 



I'oi'in. 



Color and Chamcler. 



F. 


cup. 


11. C. 


cup. 


A. 


illol). 


A. 


cup. 


II C. 


ex. 


P. 


cup. 


JI. 15. 


cup. 


H. C. 


cup. 


F. 


cup. 


H. C. 


cup. 


P. 


cup. 


F. 


cup. 


F. 


ex. 


F. 


cup. 


II. P. 


C U p. 


H. 13. 


cup 


F. 


CU|.. 


F. 


cup. 


F. 


cup 


F. 


cup. 


F. 


cup. 


H. P 


cup. 


H. C. 


Clip. 


F. 


CU|). 


H B 


cup. 


F. 


cup. 


F. 


CU|). 


F. 


cujj. 


F. 


ex. 


F. 


ex. 


F. 


CU|). 


F. 


ex. 


F. 


ex. 


F. 


ex. 


F. 


conqj 


P. 


c u p 


H. C 




F. 


rom]) 


F. 


cup. 


F. 


comp 


II. C 


'"up. 


F. 


cup. 


F. 


cup. 


F. 


cup 


P. 


glob. 


P. 


CUJl, 


F. 


cup. 


H C 


cuj). 


11 C 


ciq). 


F. 


cup. 


11 C 


cup 


A. 
1,^ 


cup. 


F. 


cup. 


A. 


cup 


11. C 


cup. 


H C. 


cup. 


F. 


comp. 


F. 


cup. 


A. 


cup. 


F. 


cup. 


HO 


cup. 


A. 


cup. 


II C. 


<-up. 


I). 


comu. 


1). 


CU|). 


F. 


cup. 


P. 


cup. 


F. 


cup. 


P. 


cup. 



Dark rose, large. 

Brij;ht rose, blooming in large clusters. 

Flesh, with pink centre. 

Royy j)i:ik. 

Deep ro.--e. 

Brdiiaut rose, very large raid suitable for pillars. 

Ounnine, spotted with white. 

Violet ci-imson, striped 

Ro.sy })iuk. 

Piuk, yluided with white. 

Delicate rose, distinct. 

White, striped with bright pink. 

Rich crimson, large. 

Dark velvety crimson. 

Violet purple, marbled, variable. 

Rosy crimson, spotted. 

Bright crimson. 

Pur|.)lish crimson. 

Deep brilliaul rose. 

Brhiiaiit rosy red. vigorous liahit. 

Oiimsoji. spotted with bright red. 

Deep rose. 

Blush, anemone-form. 

Dark violet. 

Dark crimson. 

Deep mohled pink tiuL^ed with salmon. 

Rosy Mac, spotted, large. 

Rosy crimson, spotted. 

Rose, larize. 

Crimson, with yellow stripes. 

Brilliant crimson, striped wiih white. 

Crimson violet, slightly spotted. 

Red. Willi yellow stripes, constant. 

Cranson piu-ple, willi wliile stripes. 

Red. with white stripes. [and d'.stinrt. 

Lilac, siripf d with red and crimson, very double 

I.iitht viviil crimson. [large and fragrant,. 

Brilliant crimson, sometimes striped with white, 

Ro^e. with red centre. 

Brilliant crimson. 

Viulei crimson, veined. 

liilar rose, with red centre, fragrant. 

Purplish red. lavire. 

Deej) rose, marbled. 

Ri>se, very large. 

Pure while, fine. 

White, delicately striped with pink. 

Brilliant rose, very large. 

Deep jiurplish crimson, lanre. [pillars. 

Crimson purple, large, distinct, and suitable for 

Delicate rose, large. 

Rich deep red, adapted to pillars. 

Pure white, with hhish centre, very pretty. 

White, with broad sti'ipes of rose and purple. 

L'glu crimso'i. hirgc 

K ne creamy butT. 

Blackish crimson, very dark. 

Rich violet purple. 

Purplish lilac, 
linlliant rose. 
White, with green buds, cur ous. 

Bright ro.se. 

Rosy red, tinged with lilac. 

Deep rosy red, brilliant, large. 

])ee]i brilliant crimson. 

P lie rose, large. 

Pur!)i;sh crimson. 

Deep marbled crimson. 

Deep rose, large. 

Crimson purple. 



:up. Vivid purplish crimson, large. 



DESCFxIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



?>9 



NAMJv 



William Tell, . . 

CuiUaiime TtU. 
Xenopiion, . . . 
V(jrk und Lancaster, 

Zara 

Zenaide Delezeune, 
Zemibic, .... 
ZtUilla, 



1709 

1710 
1711 
1712 
1713 
1714 
1715 
1716lZiiera, 



n. B. 
u. 

D. 

F. 

A. 
H. C 
H. P. 



cup. 

glob. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 



f olor and Chanicior. 



Bright rose. 

Purplish red. 
Pale ro.se, s-rriped. 
Lijiriit pink, large. 
IJri'iht rose, larjje. 
Pale rose. 
Brijjhl ruse. 
Deep rich rose. 



MOSS ROSES. 



No. 



KAMI'.. 



rorni. 



Color and C hnraclor. 



1717iA F.-ullle.s Puuri.ics, 
1718iA Feuilie.j Luij-aiitcs, 
1719jAi;aIlie-leave(l. . . 

A I-'tiuiLtj d'Asat/ie. 

17-20!Aixa 

1721 j Alice Lerny, . . . 
1722| Aiijrclique Quetier, 
1723jAiieinoi)e, . . . 

Stiriguinea. 
Asepala, .... 

Oeiltet. 

Snn>: SejxUes. 

Blanche, .... 
Blush 



17S1 



172,5 
172G 



1727 Brilliant (I,ceV), . . . 
1728jC.illiarine dc Wurtcmberg, 

17:^9' Cidina 

173'.' Charlotie de Sor. . . . 

l/.jl CiimiiiDU 

173;;:C*;ttii«»s-e de Murinais, . 

1733 (Jiindiuct-r, 

i;3l (.'.iniie.^se de Noii, . . . 

1735 CiainoJsie Foucc Veloute, 

1736 Crif-tata 

Cre4:d Provence. 
F.i:iged Pi-(jvence. 

VIZI Crimson 

Tinwcll Mj^:s. 

173S De Meaux, 

17.39 De Mel?: 

r/-lu!Do laFieche, .... 

174l!De Veillird, 

1742 De Co mar, 

17-13'D.- pliin>e 

i7-i-l. \) aiie (If Co'mir, . . . 

r-!o,3)Oi-lein.s, 

!7}6|lv-|:i.r.iuie, 

1747 fimperor, 

1718 Eu.i, 

17491 French Crim:?on, . . . 

ICnidats. 
I liou^e Ties Fonei. 

17.'0,GriUid!llora, 

17r;liGlohuieuse 

17.')2 Ilelene Mau^'et, . . . 

17')3; ; Ieloi.se 

17.34J Hooker's Blush, . . . 

175.') JIor:ensia, 

177)6 liuhana, 

1757 .losf'ptiine, 

17:"i8 LalTav's Seedling Crimson, 

17591 Laueli 

1760|Laucel 

I VeliiuTi Pnurpre. 



cup. 

illub. 



cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

comp. 



BriL'ht red, youn;: leaves red, di.<iinct. 
Delicate hlul-h, dark green and ^los.-<y Ibliage. 
Delicate flesh colored. 

Delicate rose color. 
Lilac rose, large flower 
Blush, curious foliage 
Deep red, distinct. 

Pale ro.?e, curious sepals. 



Double white, medium size. 
Blush, distinct. 



cup. 

cup. Bright pink, semidouble. 

glob, niush, vigorous, and distinct habit. 

cu]). I Brilliant crimson, large, glossy foliage. 

cup. Bright rose. 

glob. Illo.we. 

P.dc flesh, changing to pure white, vigor:as habit. 

Pale rote. 

liriaht I'rimfson, very double. 

Deep velvety crimsnn. 
glob. llo.-:e, with fine crested buds. 



cup. 
glob, 
cup. 



cup. .Light crimson, very mossy. 



comp. ! Blush, early dwarf habit. 
i 
cup. I Brilliant ro.'-e. 
cuj). .Bright carmine, semiiloutjle, very mossy. 

glob. I Rose, very double. 

Medium size, and double, 
cup. Biii;hr rose, and small, vigorous habit. 

jDiiuhlc, and medium size, 
cup. lB/:giit red. 
e.\. [ Brilliant r(;se, very robust, 
cup. Bri:rht crimson, 
'lip. Li:,Mit brilliant crim.son, 
cup. I Bright ro.se, doubleHind tlislinct. 

I 

I 

cup. iVeineri i-ose, very large, 
"■up. Liylit crinihon, shaded, 
cup. Bright red. 
cup. Rosy red, very double, 
cup. {Blush, blooming in large clusters, 
cup. Reddish crimson, 
cuj). iPale rose. erec;. and distinct habit, 
cup. , l,a!<c color, 
cup. Ci imson. distinct. 
gloli. I Deep rose, large ami double, 
comp I Deep reddish rose, very mossy calyx. 



30 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES, 



NAMK. 



i:6i 

176-2 
1763 

1764 
1765 
1766 

1767 
176S 
1769 

1770 

1771 

1772 

1773 

1774 

I77r> 

1776 
177; 
177.- 

17/y 

17811 
1781 

1782 



1783 

i;&i 

17.S") 
17S6 
17S7 

17P8 
178'J 
17UU 
1791 

179J 
17 '.'3 
170-i 
17'.)." 
i:9G 

1797 

179- 
1790 

ISdLl 

1801 



1802 



Lanse/.oear, 

Lou!~p Coiet, 

Luxembourg, 

I-'tnugineuse. 

Hoiige. 

Malvina, 

Marbree 

.MiUfiet Perpetiielle, .... 

See Remontant Roses. 
MiniMtiire (Rivers), . . . . 
Moiisseuse Presque Partout, . 
Oscar Foulard, 

Ciiin.'on Pompone. 
Paiiachee Pleine, 

Djuhle Wi.ite Slnped. 

Perpetual While, 

VVi'iile Mos-iy Four Seasons. 

Perpetual Red, 

Picciola, 

iicarU-t Pompon'^. 

Pom}'j"e Ecarlate. 

Pompon Feu, 

Poinpou il'Angers, . . . . 

Pompon Rose, 

Pijiictuee Nouvelle, . . . . 
Ponctuee Semidouble, . . . 

Pouri)re Obscure, 

Pourpre de Laffliy, . . . . 
Prolific 

OracilU. 

Prolifere 

Peacrjck^s MoKled. 

Mottled Moss. 

Preco.-je, 

Priucesse Adelaide. . . . . 
Princess Royal (Rivers), . . 
Princesse Royale (Porlemus), 
Ilenoncule Pourpre, . . . . 

Mrs. Wood. 

Rosalie, 

Rosinella, 

Rose Fonce, 

Sage- leaved, 

' .1 FciiiUcs de Sauge. 
Semidouble Perpetuelle, . . 

Single (Rivers,) 

Single Crimson (Rivers), . . 

Splendens, 

Spotted, 

.1 Ficurs Ponctues. 
Striped, 

.1 F.'p}ir.<! PanaclUs. 

Unique de Provence, . . . . 

V^iracel 

While Bath, 

aifton White. 

White, 

B anche Ancienne. 
WiiiU French. 

Zoe 

Mjuiseuse Partout. 



Fun 11. 

cup. 

cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
glob, 
com p. 

cup. 

cup. 

cup. 
cup. 

cup. 

cup. 
cup. 

glob, 
glob. 



cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup 
cup. 



cup. 



cup. 
ex. 
ex. 



glob, 
cup. 
glob. 

glob. 



glob. 



Color .iiid Cli.uin.UT. 



Deep crimson, veined. 

Pale rose, witli curious leafy calyx. 
Crimson, with purple tinge, very robust 

Lilac rose, distinct. 
Marbled rose, semidouble. 



Light crimson, semidouble, distinct. [mossy. 

Rose, very double, and Tree blooming,lcaves somewhat 
Purple crimson, distinct. 

Frencli white, striped with pink. 

[in autumn. 
White, blooming in large clusters,sometimes flowering 

Deep rose, dwarf habit, very distinct. 
Bright red, distinct. 

Bright pink. 

Purplish red, small and double. 

Rose color, very small. 

Rose, spotted with white, large. 

Deep rose, sometimes blooming in autumn. 

Dark purple. 

Rich crimson, shaded, fine in bud. 

Rose, dwarf and distinct habit. 

Mottled rose, very large and robust. 



Deep pink, mottled, early. [in large clusters. 

Pale glossy rose, vigorous and distinct habit, flowers 
Deep crimson purple, mai'bled with red,lvs. and shoots 
Light pink, tinted with salmon. [deep red, vigorou.s. 
Deep red, tinged with purple, very double. 



Light crimson. 

Deep rose color, large. 

Bright rose, distinct. 

[autumn. 

Rose color, medium size, sometimes blooming in 

Rose, compact habit. 

Bright purplish crimson, often semidouble. 

Glossy pink, large. 

Reddish rose, spotted. 

Blush, striped with rose, semidouble. 

Pure white, blooming in large graceful clusters. 

Dark purple, spotted with rose. 

Pure white, sometimes striped, very mossy. 

Blush white, glaucous foliage, distinct. 
Rose, leaves covered with moss. 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



Si 



BRIARS. 



No. 



NAME. 



1803 
1804 
180.5 
IS06 

1S07 

ISUS 



1809 

ISIO 
ISll 
1812 



1S13 
1814 
1815 

1816 
1817 
181S 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1822 

1323 
1S24 
1825 
1826 



1827 
1828 
1829 

1830 
1831 



Carmine, . . . 

Cele.nial, . . , 
Chinese, . . . 
Copper, .... 
Cupucine. > 

Cuivre Rouse, 
Double Margined Hip, 

Ennni.Hne. 
Madeline. 

Double Yellow Provence, 

YeUniy Cabbage. 

Globe Yellow, . . . . 
Hessoise Rouge, . . . 
Harrisonii, 

Hogg's Yellow. 
Ye/low SfeH Briar. 

Harrisonii No. 1, 
Hogg's Straw-colored, 
Hebe's Lip, . . . 

Margined Hip. 

Tver Cottage. . . . 

l!ali3,n Yellow, . . 

Maiden'.s Blush, . . 

Manning's Biusli, . 

MonPtrou.'s 

Persian Yellow, . . 

Pompone Jaune, . . 

Dwdrf Douhle Yellow 

Riego, 

Rose Angle, . . . 

Royal, 

Scarlet 

La Belle Di-.tinguic. 

l.a Petite Duchesne. 

Lee'.-i Ducliein. 

Splendid, 

Superb 

Victoria, 

Double Blubh. 

Williams' Double Yellow, 
Williams' Superb Yellow, 



Class. 

S B. 

S. B. 

S. B. 

A. 

A. 

H. S. B. 



A. 


glob. 


S. B 




A. 


cup. 


A. 


cup. 


A. 


cup. 


H. S. B. 


cap. 


S. B. 


cup. 


A. 


cup. 


S. B. 


cup. 


S B. 




S. B. 


cup. 


A. 


cup. 




glob. 


H. S. B. 


glob. 


S. B. 


cup. 


S. B. 


cup. 


S. B. 


cup. 


S. B. 


cup. 


S. B. 


cup. 


A. 


cup. 


A. 


cup. 


A. 





Form. 



Color and Character. 



cup, 
cup. 
cup. 



cup. 



Brilliant carmine, distinct. 

Pale flesh color, fragrant. 

Deep rose. [yellow. 

Singular color, inside coppery red, outside pale 

Single red flowers, and thornless branches. 
White shaded with pink, suitable for pillars. 

Yellow, very fine, but difficult to make bloom. 

Pale lemon yellow. 
Bright rose coloi*. 
Brilliant yellow. 

Pale yellow, tinged with copper. 

Straw color. 

Creamy white, margined with pink, single. 

Pale rose. 

Straw, with yellow centre. 

Pale blush. 

Blush and fragrant. 

Pale rose, large. [deepest yellow rose known. 

Deep yellow, distinct, the best of its class, and the 

Yellow, and very double, dwarf habit. 

Rose, very fragrant. 

Deep lilac rose. 

Pale rose. 

Bright red, small and compacL 



Light brilliant crimson. 
Rose, robust habit. 
Salmon blush, buff centre. 

Bright yellow. 

Larger and more double than the preceding. 



SCOTCH ROSES. 



No. 
183-' 

isas 

1834 
183.5 
ia36 
Ja37 
ItSS 

ia39 
laio 

1841 
1S42 
1843 
1844 
184.5 
1846 
1847 
1848 
1349 
1850 



N.^MK. 



Color and Character. 



Adelaide, 

Aimable Etrangere, . . 

Athol 

Alrorubra, 

Blanda 

Blanche Double, . . . 
Countess of Glasgow, . . 

Daphne, 

Erebus, 

Estelle. JSee Remon/ants. 

Flora 

Guy Mannerlng, . . . 

Hafdii, 

I.tnihe 

.lugurtiia, 

La Cenomane, .... 

La Ncigp 

Lady Baillie 

Manette, 



Red, large, and double. 

Pure white, very double. 

New. 

Deep red. 

Marbled. 

White, small and full. 

Brilliant dark rose, abundant bloomer. 

Vivid dark red. 

Dark red. 

Brilliant dark red. 

Blush, large, double an,i distinct. 

White, edged with j-o,se, small and double. 

New. 

New. 

Pure white, fragrant, and large. 

Pure white, very double. 

Pale sulphur cofor. 

Deep i)ink. changing to rosy lilac. 



32 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



No. 



Color and Character. 



1851 

1852 
1853 
1854 
1855 
1856 
1857 
18.58 
1859 
18C0 
1861 
1862 
1863 
1864 



Marchioness of Lansdowne, 

Mrs. Hay, 

Painted I.«idy, 

Princess Elizabeth, . . . 

Purpurea, 

Queen of May, 

llcBser, 

Saturnia, 

Sulphurea, 

Stanwell. See Remontants. 

True Yellow, 

Venus, 

Victoria, 

William IV 



Pale sulphur color. 

Pale yellow. 

White, sometimes stnped with red. 

Brififht pink, distinct. 

Reddish purple. 

Bright pink, distinct. 

Sliaded red and white, singular. 

New. 

Pale straw color. 

Pale sulphur color. 

Dark rose, double and distinct. 

Dark red and rose, shaded. 

Pure white, large flower, luxuriant habit. 



CLIMBING ROSES. 



RUBIFOIilA. 



No. 



NAME. 



Form 



Color and Character. 



1865 
1866 
1867 

1868 
1869 

1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1381 

1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 



Anne Maria (Pierce's), . . 
Baltimore Belle, . . . . 
Common Michigan, . . . 

Caradori Allan, 

Elegans, 

C/iilirothe Multiflora. 

Eva Corinne (Pierce's), . . 
Jane (Pierce's), . . . . 
Linnean Hill Beauty, . . . 
Milledueville Prairie, . . . 

Miss Gunnell, 

Mrs. Henry Clay (Feast's), 
Mrs. Hovey (Pierce's,) . . 

Pallida 

Perpetual Pink, . . . . 

President, 

Pride of Washington, . , 
Queen of the Prairies, . , 

Beauty of the Praines. 

Ranunculiflora, 

Superba, 

Triumphant, 

Virginia Lass, 



cup. 
cup. 
ex. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 

cup. 
cup. 
cup. 



Rosy pink, very double. 

White, with blush centre, blooming in large clusters. 

Pale rose, single. 

Bright pink. 

Bright rose, semidouble. 

Pale blush, double. 

Deep rosy lilac, very double. 

Light blush. 

Clear brilliant carmine, with glossy foliage. 

Creamy white. 

Pure white, very large. 

Pale blush. [the autumn. 

Deep pink, changing to purple, sometimes blooms in 

Rosy lilac, double. [fine, and very luxuriant. 

Bright rose, with a stripe in centre of the petal, very 

Blush, small. 
Pale rose. 
Deep rich rose. 



SEMPERVIRENS, OR EVERGREEN ROSES. 



No. 


NAME. 


Form. 


Color and Character. 


1886 


Adelaide d'Orleans, .... 




Pinkish rose, shaded. 


1887 


Banksiffiflora, 




White, with yellow centre. 


1888 


Brunonii, 




Bright pink. 


1889 


Carnea Grandiflora, .... 




Pale flesh, large. 


1890 


Donna Maria, 




Pure white, with dark green foliage. 


1891 


Felicite Perpetuelle, .... 


comp. 


Creamy white. 


Md/le. Euplirasie. 






Abelard Soinpi:rvirens. 






1 Noisette Compacta. 






Noiaelie Floribunda. 






1892iJaunatre, 




Fawn colored rose, fragrant. [covering fences. 


18931 La3vigata, 




Single,but rapid grower,and in warm climates good for 


1 Georgia Evergreen Rose. 






1894 'Madame Plant ier 




Rose colored, double. 


1895 Melanie de Montjoie, .... 




Pure white, large, dark green and abundant foliage. 


1896 
1897 


Minor, 




Pale flesh, blooming in autumn. 


Myiianthes, 


Delicate rose. 


Ranunculacea. 







DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



33 



No. 
1898 
1899 

1900 

1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 

1905 



NAME. 



Color and Character. 



Creamy white, very large. 
Pure white, very double. 

Creamy blush. 

Bright rosy pink, blooming in largo clu.sters. 

Pure white, sometimes blooms in autumn. 

Briglit rose, double. 

Delicate buflf changing to pale flesh, luxuriant grower. 

Deep lilac rose, curiously cut petals, very vigorons. 



Odorata, 

Triomjihs de Bahoyllei'. 

Plena, 

Major. 

Dnthle White Noisette. 

Princesse Louise, . . 

Leopoidiiin (/' Orleans. 

Princesse Marie, . . 

Rampant, 

Heine des Fran^ais, . 

Scandens, 

Alice Grey. 

Spec tab ile, . . . . 

/Jo.e A'jiz. 



AYRSHIRE ROSE. 



No. 



NAME. 

Alice Grey, .... 
Ayrsliire Queen, . . 
Bennett's Seedling, 

Rosa Thorcabyana. 
Blush, 

Perllwhire. 

Countess of Lieven, . 
Dundee Rambler, . . 

Elegans, 

Double White. 

Jessica, 

Lovely Rambler, . . 

Cnmson. 

Myrrh-scented, . . . 
Queen of the Belgians, 
Rose Angle Blush, . . 

Ruga, 

Splendens, .... 
Variegated, .... 



Color and Character. 



1906 
1907 
1908 

1909 

1910 
1911 
1912 

1913 
1914 

1915 
1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 



cup. 
cup. 

cup. 

cup. 
cup. 



cup. 
ex. 



cup. 

glob, 
cup. 



Blush, large. 

Dark purplish crimson. 

Pure white. 

Blush. 

Shaded white. 

White, often edged with pink. 

Wliite, semidouble, blooming in large clusters. 

Delicate pink. 
Purplish red. 

Creamy blush, semidouble. 

Pure while, double. 

llof-e color, very vigorous habit. 

Pale flesh, very fragrant. 

Creamy white. 

Pink, single, variegated foliage. 



ROSA BANKSIA. 



No. 


NAME. 


Form. 


Colflr and Cliaracter. 


1921 
1922 

1923 

1924 
19-25 
1926 
1927 
1928 


Alba Grandiflora, 

Jaune Serin, 

Lulencens Spinosa. 

Spinosa Lutea. 

Odoratissima, 

Philadelphiaeflora, 

Single White, 

Spinosa Alba, 

Vibert's New Double Yellow, . 
White, 


cup. 


White. 

Bright yellow, larger flowers than the old yellow- 
Rose colored. 
Cream color. 
White. 

Hybrid of Banksia and Boursault, hardy. 
Finer than the old, and resembling Jaune Serin. 
White, fragrant, bloomin" in clusters. 


1929 


Yellow, 


Creamy yellow blooming in clusters. 



BOURSAULT ROSE. 



1930 



1931 

1932 
1933 
1934 
1935 

1936 
1937 



NAME. 
Blush, 

Bengal Florida. 
Bouraault Floiida. 
Calypso. 
Hose de Lule. 
White Boursault. 

Crimson, 

Ama/iis. 

Drummond's Thomless, 

Elegans, 

Gracilis, 

Inermis, 

Jioursault Pleine. 

Purpurea, 

Malicka. 
Purple Noisette. 

Red, . 



glob. 



cup. 

ex. 

cup. 
cup. 



cup. 



Color and Chaxacier. 



Pale flesh color, large. 



Brilliant purplish crimson, large. 

Bright red, abundant bloomer. 
Bright purple, with white stripes. 
Bright pink, vigorous habit. 
Bright red, large. 

Purple crimson, free bloomer. 
Bright red, semidouble. 



34 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



ROSA MULTIFL.ORA, 

BLOOMING IN CLUSTERS. 



No. 
1938 



NAME. 



Color and Character. 



1939 
1940 
19^1 
1942 
1943 
1944 
1945 

1946 
1947 
1948 

1949 
1950 

1951 
19.52 
1953 



1954 
1955 



Alba 

Double Wliite. 

Carmin Veloute, 

Crivellii, 

De la Grifferaie, 

Elegans, 

Floribuiida, 

Fragrans, 

Grevillii, 

S'VCn Sisfrrs. 

Grevillii Alba (Rivers), . . . 
Grevillii Graniiillora (Rivers), 
Grevillii Graultliii, 

Graulhir. 

Grevillii Minor, 

Laure Davoust, 

Hybrida. 

Purpurea, 

Rubra, 

Russelliana, 

Cottage Hose. 
Grevillii Scarlet. 

Superba, 

Single White, 



cup. 



cup. 



cup. 



comp. 



Creamy white, small flowers. 

Deep rose, large. 

Brilliant and unchangeable red, free growing. 

Deep rose, large loliaKe and flowers. 

Rose color, small flowers. 

Rose, tinged with buff, small flowers. 

'Very robust. 

Shaded bright rose, changing to crimson, large foliage; 

Pure while. 

Deep rose, very large. 

Pure wliile. 

Shaded rose. 

Rose color, small flowers, one of the best. 

Light purplish pink. 
Rose color, small flowers. 
Purplish crimson. 



Pencilled rose color. 



MISCELLANEOUS CLIMBIXG ROSES. 



1956 

1957 
19.58 
1959 
1960 



1%1 

1962 
1963 

1964 
1965 

1966 



Astrolabe, 

Fone d'Este. 

Banksia Rosea, 

Belle Henriette, 

Clair, 

Indica Major, 

Bengalensis Scandens. 
Rosa Bengalensis. 
Rosa Craculatum. 
Ru.ie Blanche. 
Striped Noisette. 
yVclton Ro.te. 

Madame d'Arblay, . . . . 

Wells' Wliitc. 

Miller's Climber, . . . . 
Rosa Elegans, 

Bengale Elegante. 

Sir .lohn Sebright, . . . . 
The Garland 

WoodK^ Garland. 

Watts' Climbing Provence, 



comp. 
cup. 

cup. 

cup. 

comp. 



Brilliant rose, very double. 

Rose colored, hardy. 
Pink, ilouble. 

Crimson, single and smalL 
Pale blush, rapid climber 



Creamy white, rapid climber. 

Bright pink, small, not quite double. 

Bright pink, nearly double, and blooming long. 

Brilliant red, semidouble. 

Creamy changeable white, fragrant. 

Pale rose, large and double. 



TWO HUNDRED SELECT VARIETIES. 

Thirty-two fine Remontants are, Nos. 5, 19. 20, 23, 28, 33, 51, 54, 58, 68, 84, 88, 93, 97,102, 106, 155, 
160, 168, 196, 204, 212, 219, 247, 258, 259, 266, 273, 279, 280, 296, 315. 

Thirty-one fine Bourbons are, 346, 360, 369. 375. 378, 400, 415. 417, 419, 432, 438, 439, 446, 452, 461, 
474. 480, 487,483, 492, 494, 496, 520, 547, 565, 570, 577, 582, 583, 585, 599. 

Fiftv-«even fine China Roses are, 617, 621. 622, 623. 642, 649, 651, 680, 682, 683,685, 692,696,710, 
713 716 718 7^3 7.32 736, 749; 751 756, 758. 769, 771. 775. 796. 802. 822, 827, 832, 854, 873, 875, 904, 
913,' 918,' 922,' 924,' 933, 937, 948, 954, 956, 960, 963, 974, 982, 986. 990, 992, 994, 995, 1000, 1018, 1038. 

Five good Musk, Macartney, and Microphylla Roses are. 1045, 1052, 1062, 1069, 1076. 

Thirty-six fine Garden Roses are, 1129, 1156, 1158, 1163, 1182, 1192, 1210, 1270, 1272, 1273, 1301, 
133'5 1344!T356 1407, 1430, 1482. 1487, 1530, 1531, 1535, 1540, 1562, 1582, 1584, 1585, 1592,1623, 1628, 
1640,' 1663, 1672. 1675, 1677, 1683, 1690. 

Fifteen fine Moss Roses are, 1721, 1728, 1729, 1731, 1736, 1737, 1746, 1760, 1763, 1771, 1781, 1784, 
1785, 1798, 1802. 

Nine good Scotch and Briar Roses are, 1804, 1806, 1808, 1809, 1821, 1824, 1838, 1856, 1864. 

Fifteen good Climbing Roses are, 1881, 1883, 1891, 1895, 1897, 1898,1909, 1911, 1922, 1928, 1931, 
1950, I960, 1961, 1965v 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



35 



SYNOXYMS. 

The number attached to each synonym corresponds with the number attached to its proper name 
in the Catalogue. Thus in this list Madu7ne Ferrei/ is numbered 28; and No. 28 in the catalogue 
shows its proper name to be Bernard. 



No. 



N':une. 



No. 



271 Alibe Raynal. 

44U Arniosa. 

62'3 Alzinil. 

637 Aiillierosa. 

920 A Bnutous Nankin. 
ir>2 Attelaine. 
1323 A Petales Frangees. 
1719 A Fftiilles d'Airathe. 
1791 A Feuilles de Sauge. 

1796 A Fieurs Pouctues. 

1797 A Fleurs Panaches. 
1891 Abeiard Sempervirens. 
1904 Alice Grey. 

1931 Amadis. 
43 Belle Normande. 
49 B.iroiine Aymer. 

133 Belle Faber. 

232 Blush Perpetual. 

376 Bourbou Jacques. 

699 Belle d'Esquermes. 

765 Bourbou Beauharnais. 

802 Blush Perpetual China. 

9S6 Bon Sdene. 
1047 Burr Rose. 
1050 Berberilolia Hardii. 
1305 Belle Henriette. 
1387 Belle deSegur. [pleines. 
1530 Boule de Neige a flours 
3801 Blanche Ancienue. 
1881 Beauty of the Prairies. 
1930 Bengal Florida. 
1930 Boursault Florida. 
19.35 Boursault Pleine. 
1960 Bengaleusis Scandens. 
1963 Bongale Elegante. 
41 Crimson Portland. 
60 Centfeuilles Cornet. 
67 Curled Perpetual. 

165 Constancy. 

372 Cerise d'Espa. 

582 Crim.-:on Madame Desprez 

621 Cranioisie Superieure. 

690 Carmin d'Yebles. 

699 Cerise. 

703 Cels. 

709 Cliampney's Pink Cluster 

710 Cloth of Gold. 
802 Carassana. 
802 C03le.stis. 

836 Carmine Cluster 

853 Crimson Noisette. 

930 Common Tea. 

937 Clirysanthimeflora. 
iD6l CIvuophylla Duplex. 
1114 Celery leav".d. 
1106 Centifolia Bullata. 
1644 Centlieuille d'Auteuil. 
1726 Carnee. 
1736 Crested Provence. 
1769 Crimson Pompone. 
1800 Clifton White. 
1806 Capucine. 
1869 Chilicothe Multiflora. 
1914 CrimsoQ Ayrshire. 



1030 Calypso. 
19.J3 Collate Rose. 

284 D'Essquermes. 

386 Dr. Roques. 

731 Darieux. 

822 Desprez d'Arcole. 

1045 Double White Macartney. 
1417 Dove Rose. " 

1480 Deuildu MarechalMortier 
1737 Dfimask Moss. 
1770 D.iuble White Striped. 
1822 Dwarf Double Yellow. 
1829 Double Blush Austrian. 
1899 Double White Noisette. 
1912 Double White Ayrshire. 
1938 Double Wliite Multiflora. 
98 Eoony. 

501 Emile Varangot. 

631 Eugene Pirolle. 

041 Egine. 

1260 Eugenie Dessauzais 
1749 Ecarlate. 
1808 Emmeline. 

133 Fabert. 

605 Fritz du Cussy. 

616 Fanny Dupuy. 

688 Fiancee d'Abydos. 

856 Fleur du .leune Age. 

SiSe Fleur de I'Aire. 

939 Fond jaune de Paillet. 
1041 Flave.-jcens. 

1046 Eraser's Musk. 
1314 Fanny Bias. 

1736 Fringed Provence. 
1763 Ferrugineuse. 
32 Georgina. 

115 Gloire des Perpetuelles. 

409 General Dubourg. 

497 Gloire de France. 

729 Gros Charles. 

793 Gigantesque de Lima. 
1017 Grande et Belle. 
1392 General Kleber. 
1.506 General Bertrand. 
1532 Gloire des Hybrides. 

16.52 General Damremont. 
1709 Guiilaume Tell. 
1781 Gracilis. 

1893 Georgia Evergreen Rose. 
1948 Graulhie. 

19.53 Grevillii Scarlet. 
582 Hennequin. 

795 Hardy. 

823 Hiuidred-leaved Daily. 
1812 Hogg's Yellow. 
19."0 Ilybrida. 

643 Isabel. 

732 Indica. 
1017 ludica Snperba. 
10:38 ludica Alba. 

414 Julie Sisley. 

650 Jaune Panach^e. 

744 Jeannie Deans. 

831 Julia Dantev i 



869 King of France. 
63 Lee's Crimson PerpetuaL 

115 La Mienne. 

134 La Magnanime. 

134 La Modeste. 

185 Lodoiska Marin. 

497 Le Brun. 

655 L'Angevine. 

802 Lee. 

876 L'infidelite de Lisetto. 

915 La MHJestueuse. 

945 L'iufidele. 

994 Lutca. 
1017 La Superba. 
1001 Lucida Duplex. 
1185 Lanzezeur. 

1353 Lac ken. 

1354 Louis Philippe. 
1405 La Moskowa. 
1552 Letla. 

1826 La Belle Distinguge. 
1826 La Petite Duchesse. 
1826 Lee's Duchess. 
1900 Leopoldina d'Orleant 
1922 Lutescens Spinosa. 
28 Madame Ferrey. 

134 Monslreuse. 

181 Madame Aim€e. 

4S8 Madame Hobitz. 

497 Monthly Cabbage. 

649 Madame Ilerscnte. 

700 Mutabilis. 

802 Monstrosa. 
1166 Monstrosa. 
1034 Madame Lacharme. 
1047 Microphylla Rosea. 
1303 Madeline. 
1332 Malton. 
1532 Mount Vesuvius. 
1684 Maid of the Valley. 

1781 Minor Moss. 

1782 Mottled Moss. 
1787 Mrs. Wood. 

1802 Mousseuse Partout 

1803 Madeline. 
1815 Margined Hip. 
1891 Mile. Euphrasie. 
1899 Major. 

1936 Maheka. 

115 Noel. 

771 Noisette Agrippina. 

822 New French Yellow. 

920 Noisette Mutabilis. 

937 New Yellow Tea. 
1071 New White Musk. 
1181 Nova Coelestis. 
1530 New Globe Hip. 
1535 New Celestial. 
1891 Noisette Compacta. 
1891 Noisette Floribuiida. 

933 Opliirie. 
1223 Old White. 
1724 Oeillet. 

28 Pompon Perpetual 



36 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ROSES. 



No. 



Name. 



Name. 



49 Pauline Plantier. 


981 Ruban Pourpre. 


134 Triomphe d'Anvers. 


60 Perpetual Provence. 


1046 Rosa Fraserii. 


495 Therese Margat. 


70 Pauline Dubreuil. 


1068 Rouge de Luxembourg. 


802 Triomphe des Noisettes. 


77 Perpetuatissima. 


1075 Rubra Variegata. 


907 Thea a fleurs jaunes. 


106 Pompone. 


1299 Reine Elizabeth. 


937 Thea Pactole. 


118 Perpetua BuUata. 


1698 Rose Verte. 


973 The Happy Dream. 


119 Paestana. 


1749 Rouge tres fonc6. 


1737 TinwellMoss. 


251 Portland Blanc 


1763 Rouge. 


1898 Triomphe de BoUwyller. 


269 Palotte Picotee, 


1897 Ranunculacea. 


134 Van Mons. 


298 Panache de Girardon. 


1905 Rose Ayez. 


165 Volumineuse. 


425 Pulchella. 


1908 Rosa Thoresbyana. 


1049 Violet Cramoisie. 


1017 P«ony Noisette. 


1930 Rose de Lisle. 


1049 Violacea. 


1028 Pictorium. 


1956 Rose d'Este. 


1050 Victoire Modeste. 


1305 Parmentier. 


1960 Rosa Bengalensis. 


1569 Violet Picotee. 


1417 Parni. 


1960 Rosa Craculatum. 


1G89 Violet Episcopal. 


1529 Panachee Pleine. 


1960 Ruse Blanche. 


1695 Violet de Beiges. 


1532 Pallagi. 


219 Superb Crimson Perpetual. 


1760 Velours Pourpre. 


1738 Pompone. 


419 Souvenir d'Anselme. 


461 White Bourbon. 


1761 Panaget. 


774 Societe d'Agriculture de la 


972 Wells' Pink. 


1773 Pompone Ecarlate. 


983 Semperflorens. [Marne. 


1563 Warericus. 


1782 Peacock's Mottled. 


994 Smith's Yellow. 


1683 White Cabbage. 


1909 Perthshire. 


1061 Semidouble White. 


1771 White Mossy Four Season*. 


1936 Purple Noisette. 


1064 Snow Bush. 


1801 White French. 


577 Queen of the Virgins. 


1250 Spongs. 


1930 White Boursault. 


68 Rose du Roi. [pres. 


1723 Sanguinca. 


1960 Walton Rose. 


219 Ro.se du Roi a fleurs pour- 


1724 Sans Sepales. 


1961 Wells' White. 


299 Rose du Roi Panachee. 


1740 Scarlet Moss. 


1965 Wood's Garland. 


497 Rose d' Amour. 


1773 Scarlet Pompone. 


1041 Yellow China. 


570 Reinedes Isles de Bourbon. 


1922 Spinosa Lutea. 


1809 Yellow Cabbage. 


623 Rosa Nivea. 


1945 Seven Sisters. 


1812 Yellow Sweet Briar. 


765 Roi des Cramoisies. 


1960 Striped Noisette. 





In the preceding pages are described all the Remontant and Bourbon Roses, of which the exist- 
ence can be ascertained ; nearly all of the China Roses, which include the Tea and Noisette; and 
nearly all of the Moss and Climbing Roses ; while from the List of Garden Roses we have omitted 
many old kinds which have been superseded by new and improved varieties, and w^hich, with 
other novelties of little value, would swell the Catalogue to an inconvenient size. The List of 
Synonyms has been prepared with great care, and we think will prove valuable both to the nurse- 
ryman and amateur, tending, in some degree, to coirect the confusion which exists in Rose nomoi' 
clature. 






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